白云鄂博赋矿白云岩与微晶丘和碳酸岩墙的碳氧同位素对比研究

本文通过方解石和白云石的碳和氧同位素分析,对比研究了白云鄂博赋矿白云岩、黑脑包微晶丘、北京西山微晶丘、宽沟北正常沉积灰岩和白云鄂博碳酸岩墙,从而探讨了赋矿白云岩的成因及其与超大型Fe-Nb-REE矿床的成因关系。结果为:①黑脑包腮林忽洞群顶部微晶丘和北京西山寒武系顶部微晶丘碳酸盐的δ~(13)C值都在0±2‰左右,δ~(18)O值为18.3‰～25.1‰,均具有典型海相沉积碳酸盐岩的特点;②白云鄂博东矿采场δ~(13)C值为-7.9‰～-1.1‰,δ~(18)O值为9.1‰～20.9‰;矿区东西两端δ~(13)C值-7.9‰～-0.6‰,δ~(18)O值8.6‰～25.7‰;均介于地幔流体与典型沉积碳酸盐岩之间。部分赋矿白云岩样品中白云石与方解石之间的碳氧同位素分馏△~(13)C和△~(18)O值均小于0‰,表明其受到过次生蚀变作用,低δ~(18)O值白云石样品所对应的负△~(18)O值反映了地幔镁质流体对沉积碳酸盐岩的强烈交代作用;③矿区—富稀土碳酸岩墙的δ~(13)C值为-7.2‰～-4.7‰,δ~(18)O价值为11.9‰～16.4‰,表明其碳酸岩岩浆并非原始地幔来源,而可能与俯冲板块携带的沉积碳酸盐岩与地幔流体在深部的高温混合熔融有关。碳酸岩墙中白云石与方解石之间的碳和氧同位素分馏均小于0‰,说明该碳酸岩墙中的白云石与方解石并非同成因矿物,至少其中之一为     

白云鄂博碳酸岩墙碳氧同位素地球化学

对内蒙古白云鄂博 REE- Fe- Nb矿床周围碳酸岩墙中共存的方解石和白云石进行了 C和 O同位素分析。结果表明，方解石和白云石的δ 13C值变化范围一致，均为－ 3.5‰～－ 7.3‰，落在正常地幔δ 13C值范围 (－ 5‰± 2‰ )内；而它们的δ 18O值可分为两组，第Ⅰ 组为 9.5‰～ 18.0‰，第Ⅱ 组为 20.6‰～ 22.6‰，均远大于正常地幔δ 18O值范围 (5.7‰± 1.0‰ )。第Ⅰ 组低δ 18O值样品中共存白云石与方解石之间的 C和 O同位素分馏均为负值，因此处于热力学不平衡状态，指示它们自形成后受到过后期热液蚀变，与先前的岩石学观察一致。相反，第Ⅱ 组高δ 18O值样品中白云石与方解石之间的 C和 O同位素分馏均为正值，处于热力学平衡状态，指示它们自形成后未受到后期热液蚀变，因此可能沉淀于晚期低温高δ 18O值流体。第Ⅰ 组碳酸岩墙中白云石的 C和 O同位素组成不呈线性分布，指示碳酸岩浆并非由幔源碳酸盐与沉积碳酸盐混合形成。应用水-岩交换模型计算得到，第Ⅰ 组碳酸岩在侵位后经历了碳酸岩浆期后热液的不均一蚀变，蚀变温度约在 220～ 800℃之间，蚀变流体的 CO2/H2O比值较小 (1/500)，但水 /岩比值变化较大 (10～ 400)。由于低温下方解石与热液之间的碳氧同位素交换速率大于白云石，导致这部分碳酸     

湘中锡矿山超大型锑矿床的碳、氧同位素体系

本文系统地研究了锡矿山锑矿床的围岩、蚀变围岩和热液成因方解石的碳、氧同位素组成。研究表明，相对于区域地层，矿区灰岩明显亏损^18O；围岩蚀变过程中，围岩的δ^18O值趋于减小并有明显的空间变化趋势。不同期次方解石的碳、氧同位素特征明显不同：成矿早期显示出深特征；成矿晚期方解石的碳、氧同位素组成呈正相关，为水－岩反应和温度降低耦合作用所致；成矿期后方解石的碳、氧同位素组成呈明显的负相关，这种方解石的沉淀介质成成矿流体明显不同。水－岩反应的理论模拟显示，成矿流体不可能为未经深部循环的大气降水；成矿流体中的可溶性碳以H2CO3为主；早期成矿流体的δ^13C、δ^18O分别为－6‰、＋10‰，晚期成矿流体的δ^13C、δ^18O分别为0‰、4‰。     

若尔盖铀矿田碳氧同位素特征及其成因

研究了若尔盖铀矿田中灰岩、硅灰岩及方解石脉的碳氧同位素组成,结果表明产于地层中的灰岩、硅灰岩及方解石脉的δ13C值为-1.48‰～3.18‰,平均为1.51‰,为海洋沉积碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成特征;δ18O值为-12.81‰～-3.71‰,平均为-9.92‰,在铀矿田中δ18O值最高.与成矿作用关系最为密切的含矿方解石脉δ13C值为-2.78‰～-4.81‰,平均为-3.93‰,明显表现为地幔来源的特点;δ18O值为-13.14‰～-15.05‰,平均为-13.87‰,其值在铀矿田中介于地层中岩石(脉)与矿区方解石脉之间.矿区方解石脉的δ13C值为-3.53‰～-6.35‰,平均为-4.93‰,与含矿方解石脉的碳同位素组成相近,表明其亦是成矿作用的产物;δ18O值为-16.00‰～-24.75‰,平均为-19.36‰,在铀矿田中δ18O值最低,明显表现为深部来源特征.综合若尔盖铀矿田的碳氧同位素组成特征,暗示其成矿流体应当来源于地幔.     

白云鄂博矿床成因的Mg同位素制约

白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb矿床是世界著名的巨型多金属矿床,它的成因一直是个激烈争论的问题。近年来Mg同位素研究快速发展,在示踪幔源火成碳酸岩和沉积碳酸盐岩方面显示出一定的潜力,为白云鄂博矿床成因问题的究提供了新的途径。对白云鄂博矿床H8白云岩、碳酸岩墙白云岩,以及中元古代沉积白云岩,腮林忽洞微晶丘白云岩的Mg同位素进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:碳酸岩墙样品的δ26Mg-DSM3变化范围为-0.34‰～-0.14‰,平均值-0.24‰,落在地幔岩端元;中元古代沉积白云岩的δ26MgDSM3为-1.81‰～-1.53‰;H8白云岩的δ26MgDSM3变化范围为-1.13‰～-0.10‰,平均值-0.53‰,部分落在地幔岩范围,部分落在地幔岩和沉积白云岩之间;而腮林忽洞微晶丘白云岩的δ26MgDSM3最轻,为-1.99‰～-1.93‰。白云鄂博矿床赋矿白云岩的Mg同位素组成特征不支持正常白云岩沉积成因和微晶丘成因观点,更倾向于火成碳酸浆成因观点。     

汉诺坝-阳原火成碳酸岩成因探讨

大多数幔源硅酸盐岩浆都含少量碳酸盐岩浆,这些少量的碳酸盐岩浆在地幔演化中起了非同寻常的作用。本文报道了发现于汉诺坝、阳原地区新生代玄武岩中鲜见的火成碳酸岩。碳酸岩脉贯穿于玄武岩及其捕虏体橄榄岩,并导致橄榄岩强烈的碳酸盐化现象。碳酸岩脉主要由方解石组成(90%以上),岩石类型为方解石碳酸岩,含少量被裹挟的地幔橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石和尖晶石等矿物。碳酸岩化橄榄岩由原先的黄、绿色变为紫褐色,灰白色网状碳酸岩细脉穿插其中。碳酸岩脉和碳酸盐化橄榄岩的全岩稀土含量很低(∑REE=8.7×10-6～13.7×10-6),球粒陨石标准化REE模式呈LREE略微富集(～10×球粒陨石)分布模式,微量元素也只显示轻微富集(数倍于原始地幔),它们的δ13C均为负值(-11.2‰～-12.3‰),δ18O均为正值(22.0‰～22.6‰)。碳酸岩的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成均显示富集(87Sr/86Sr=0.7078～0.7079,143Nd/144Nd=0.5129,206Pb/204Pb=18.0,207Pb/204Pb=15.5,208Pb/204Pb=38.0)。由于碳酸盐岩浆喷出地表后易于风化,导致REE、微量元素和同位素组成明显偏离原生火成碳酸岩。但从张北少数新鲜碳酸岩所具有的原生火成碳酸岩的C、O同位素组成(δ13C=-5.7‰～-7.3‰,δ18O=8.5‰～10.1‰)特征,以及接沙坝碳酸岩的正εNd(5.3～5.5)为亏损地幔的特征,表明汉诺坝碳酸岩与玄武岩的同源性——它们都来自地幔。     

云南都龙Sn-Zn多金属矿床成矿物质来源——硫、碳、氧稳定同位素证据

为进一步探讨都龙锡锌多金属矿床的成矿物质来源,本文开展了硫、碳、氧同位素研究。结果表明,58件硫化物单矿物的δ34S值变化小,靠近零值,具岩浆硫特性,说明该矿床的硫主要来自岩浆分异作用;23件含矿方解石样品的δ13 C值为-3.09‰~-8.57‰,均值-6.57‰,与岩浆碳同位素组成一致,且明显偏离大理岩分布范围。相对于早期含矿方解石,晚期不含矿方解石的δ13 C基本未变化,但δ18 O降低,显示后期有大气降水加入;大理岩的δ13 C值变化不大,近地表浅部的大理岩较深部、重结晶明显的大理岩的δ18 O更小。说明碳、氧主要来自岩浆,晚期则有大气降水的混合。     

四川里庄稀土矿床岩浆碳酸岩的地球化学

里庄稀土矿床位于四川冕宁县西南方向49 km，为侵位于碱性杂岩体中的碳酸岩脉状矿床。本文从稀土元素地球化学和同位素地球化学的角度探讨了碳酸岩与地幔过程之间的关系。研究表明，碳酸岩的∑REE为（9236.2~5943.6)×10-6,为LREE富集型，与典型岩浆碳酸岩特征相似；碳酸岩的C、O同位素组成非常稳定，其δ13CV-PDB和δ13OV-SMOW，分别为-3.9‰~-5.3‰和8.7‰~11.9‰,均落在“原生碳酸岩”的C、O同位素组成范围之内；碳酸岩的Pb、Sr同位素组成比较均一，其87Sr/86Sr,206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb,208Pb/204Pb分别为0.706305~0.706997、18.197~18.220、15.601~15.604、38.401~38.434，与EMⅠ型地幔源区的同位素组成基本一致。所有这些特征均表明岩石来自交代富集地幔源区。     

滇西北衙金矿方解石的碳氧同位素特征及其成因

北衙金矿床是金沙江-哀牢山富碱侵入岩带上迄今发现的与富碱侵入岩有关的最重要的金矿床.方解石是北衙金矿体中的主要脉石矿物,其形成与金矿化关系密切.本文在划分方解石期次基础上,定量模拟了北衙金矿方解石的碳、氧同位素成因模式.该模式暗示:北衙金矿方解石为碳酸盐蚀变(重结晶)成因,与Ⅱ期方解石形成有关的主成矿期流体的C、O同位素组成分别为δ13C=-5.5‰,δ18 O=10.5‰,具典型的岩浆流体特征;而与Ⅲ期方解石形成有关的晚期流体的C、O同位素组成相对较低,分别为δ13C=-12‰,δ18 O=7‰,说明部分地加入了大气降水.     

石笋矿物由文石转变为方解石后碳、氧同位素组成的变化

石笋矿物由文石转变为方解石,其碳、氧同位素组成如何变化的认识对于古环境研究具有重要意义。选取江西省神农宫洞石笋SN15进行研究,X衍射分析测试证明其主体部分的矿物组成为文石,部分位置文石转变为方解石。相同层位文石和转变方解石的碳、氧同位素组成分析结果表明,转变方解石与原生文石相比,δ13 C值几乎没有变化;而δ18 O值明显偏负,且不是系统性偏负,偏负范围为0.2‰~1.4‰。因此,原生文石记录的降水氧同位素组成在矿物转变时受到扰动,转变方解石的氧同位素组成信息不能用于高分辨率古气候与古环境研究;碳同位素组成虽然变化很小,使用时也需慎重。     

Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner Mongolia, China

Trace element and isotopic compositions of carbonate from ore bodies, country rock which hosts the ore bodies (H8 dolomite), a carbonatite dyke exposed in Dulahala near Bayan Obo, and rare earth element (REE)-rich dolomite in Bayan Obo have been determined to understand the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit, the world’s largest resource of REE. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of samples from the REE-rich carbonatite dykes are identical to those of mineralized carbonate rocks, indicating a genetic linkage between the REE-rich carbonatite and mineralization in this region. By contrast, carbon and oxygen isotopes in the mineralized carbonate varied significantly, δ¹³C = −7.98‰ to −1.12‰, δ¹⁸O = 8.60-25.69‰, which are distinctively different from those in mantle-derived carbonatite. Abnormal isotopic fractionations between dolomite and calcite suggest that these two minerals are in disequilibrium in the carbonatite dyke, ore bodies, and H8 marble from Bayan Obo. This isotopic characteristic is also found in mineralized sedimentary marine micrite from Heinaobao, ∼25 km southeast of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit. These facts imply that the carbonate minerals in the Bayan Obo deposit have resulted from sedimentary carbonate rocks being metasomatised by mantle-derived fluids, likely derived from a REE-enriched carbonatitic magma. The initial Nd isotope values of ore bodies and carbonatite dykes are identical, indicating that ore bodies, carbonatite dykes and veins may have a similar REE source.     

New evidence from a calcite-dolomite carbonatite dyke for the magmatic origin of the massive Bayan Obo ore-bearing dolomite marble, Inner Mongolia, China

Summary New data on Sr and Nd isotope composition and major and trace element distribution in dolomite-calcite carbonatite dykes at Bayan Obo are provided, and a Mid-Proterozoic age is deduced. The dykes and the neighbouring massive dolomite (H8) body have similar geochemical characteristics, interpreted to indicate a carbonatitic magmatic origin. The occurrence of riebeckite-bearing fenitized quartzites marginal to both dykes and H8 dolomite body, and the presence of xenoliths in the latter, supports this conclusion. Taken together with previously published stable isotope data, these data confirm a mantle-derived origin for the H8 body. The oxygen isotope composition of the dolomite and magnetite in the dykes is lower than that in the fine-grained dolomite. Oxygen data from samples of the coarse-grained dolomite host are either similar to the dykes or to the fine-grained type in agreement with their other geochemical characteristics. The carbonate-magnetite thermometric pairs of the fine-grained dolomite indicate a range of 350–540 °C, which is probably lower than that of the original main magmatic emplacement. This supports the distinction made between the original coarse-grained dolomite marble and dyke composition from the later fine-grained dolomite. Thus the large H8 dolomite is interpreted as a carbonatite intrusion that contains wall-rock xenoliths and caused fenitization of the hanging wall, foot wall and the xenoliths, and that the coarse-grained portions of the H8 marble are those portions that, in the Late Proterozoic to Palaeozoic, escaped recrystallization to fine-grained dolomite and subsequent REE-Fe mineralization. Currently at National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK An erratum to this article is available at .     

A rare earth element-rich carbonatite dyke at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, North China

Summary ?A carbonatite dyke, extremely enriched in rare earth elements (REE), is reported from Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, North China. The REE content in the dyke varies from 1 wt% to up to 20 wt%. The light REEs are enriched and highly fractionated relative to the heavy REEs, and there is no Eu anomaly. Although carbon isotope δ¹³C (PDB) values of the carbonatites (−7.3 to −4.7‰) are within the range of normal mantle (−5±2‰), oxygen isotope δ¹⁸O (SMOW) (11.9 to 17.7‰) ratios apparently are higher than those of the mantle (5.7±1.0‰), indicating varying degrees of exchange with hydrothermal fluids during or after magmatic crystallization. The carbonatite is the result of partial melting followed by fractional crystallization. Primary carbonatite melt was formed by less than 1% partial melting of enriched mantle, leaving a garnet-bearing residue. The melt then rose to a crustal magma chamber and underwent fractional crystallization, producing further REE enrichment. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of the carbonatites are similar to those of fine-grained dolomite marble, the ore-host rock of the Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe giant mineral deposit. This fact may indicate a petrogenetic link between the dykes described here and the Bayan Obo mineral deposit. Received November 1, 2001; revised version accepted June 16, 2002     

Integrated U–Pb and Sm–Nd geochronology for a REE-rich carbonatite dyke at the giant Bayan Obo REE deposit,Northern China

The Bayan Obo deposit in North China contains the largest rare-earth element (REE) resources in the world, but its forming time remains controversial. Nearly one hundred carbonatite dykes occur around the Bayan Obo deposit, including dolomite, calcite and calcite–dolomite carbonatite varieties. Zircons from a REE-rich carbonatite dyke and wallrock quartz conglomerate at Bayan Obo have been analyzed for U–Pb to determine the age of the dyke. Zircon from the carbonatite dyke, analyzed by conventional isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS), yielded an upper intercept age of 1417 ± 19 Ma. This age is confirmed by SHRIMP U–Pb analysis of zircon from the same carbonatite dyke, which gave a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb weighted mean age of 1418 ± 29 Ma. In situ Nd isotope measurements of monazite collected from the carbonatite dyke gave an isochron age of 1275 ± 87 Ma. These results demonstrate that the dyke intruded ~ 1400 Ma. In view of predecessor's results, it is clarified that the REE mineralization at Bayan Obo occurred at ca. 1400 Ma, consistent with the timing of carbonatite dyke intrusion in the region. The youngest detrital zircons from the quartz conglomerate yielded a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb weighted mean age of 1941 ± 7 Ma using LA ICP-MS U–Pb method. Detrital zircons in the carbonatite dyke also gave a mean apparent age of 1932 ± 3 Ma using ID-TIMS U–Pb method and 1914 ± 14 Ma using SHRIMP U–Pb method. These ages constrain the beginning active time of the Zha'ertai–Bayan Obo rift in the northern margin of the North China Craton after ~ 1900 Ma.     

南海台西南区碳酸盐岩矿物学和稳定同位素组成特征——天然气水合物存在的主要证据之一

南海台西南区是中国南海中天然气水合物赋存的最有利场所。研究表明,该区的碳酸盐岩主要以结壳、烟囱的形式出现,结壳的裂隙或孔洞中常常充填有淡黄-白色的文石晶体。碳酸盐岩中自生碳酸盐矿物主要为文石、高镁方解石,少量白云石、铁白云石和菱铁矿。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,文石主要呈针状、长柱状、放射束状,高镁方解石呈颗粒状。碳酸盐岩的碳同位素δ13C值主要在-56·878‰~-32·829‰PDB之间,大多数小于-40‰PDB,显示了生物甲烷成因碳源的特征;氧同位素δ18O值在2·1875‰~5·045‰PDB之间,主要在4‰PDB以上,这种较重的氧同位素比值表明,天然气水合物分解产生的富18O水体可能是碳酸盐岩沉淀的流体源。矿物学和碳氧稳定同位素研究表明,南海台西南区的碳酸盐岩为细菌性甲烷成因碳酸盐岩,可能与天然气水合物有关,显示了该区水合物存在的可能性很大。     

白云鄂博地区碳酸岩脉侵位序列与稀土元素富集机制

白云鄂博地区发育大量的火成碳酸岩脉。按照矿物组成,碳酸岩脉可分为白云石型、白云石-方解石共存型和方解石型。野外穿插关系表明,白云石型碳酸岩脉形成得早,而方解石型碳酸岩脉形成得晚。白云鄂博地区的碳酸岩浆存在由白云石型到共存型再到方解石型的先后结晶顺序和演化趋势。碳酸岩脉的主量、稀土和微量元素组成特征表明,随着碳酸岩脉中方解石矿物组分的增加,轻稀土元素的含量呈明显富集趋势,而长期的结晶分异作用正是稀土元素,尤其是轻稀土元素在晚期岩浆中强烈富集的内在机制。     

A Geochemical Study of an REE-rich Carbonatite Dyke at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, Northern China

An REE-rich carbonatite dyke was found in Dulahala, close to the Bayan Obo superlarge REE-Nb-Fe mineral deposit in Inner Mongolia, northern China. The REE content in the dyke varies greatly, from 1% up to 20% (wt), which might constitute rich REE ores. Light REEs in the carbonatite are enriched and highly fractionated relative to heavy REEs and there is no Eu anomaly. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of the carbonatite are identical to those of fine-grained dolomite marble which is the host rock of the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe superlarge mineral deposit. This indicates a petrogenetic linkage between the REE-rich carbonatite and the mineralizations in this region.     

白云鄂博碳酸盐矿物的矿物化学成分标型特征

对白云鄂博地区不同产状的碳酸盐矿物进行了系统的电子探针分析,其结果表明白云鄂博ＲＥＥ－Ｎｂ－Ｆｅ矿床的赋矿白云岩中,无论是粗粒结构的,还是细粒结构的白云岩,其主要造岩矿物白云石或者铁白云石均具高锰（ＭｎＯ〉０．５ｗｔ％）和高锶（ＳｒＯ〉１．５ｗｔ％）的特征,与矿床北东方向０￣３．５ｋｍ范围内切割五台群花岗片麻岩－混合岩及白云鄂博群碎屑岩的火成碳酸岩岩墙中的碳酸盐矿物非常相似。它们完全不同于宽沟段裂以北典型沉积石灰岩厦白云质石灰岩中的方解石和白云(MnO<0.1wt％ ,SrO<0.1wt％ )。赋矿白云岩中自云石的锶和锰含量系统变他反映碳酸岩浆发生了分离结晶作用,其结果可以导致其余岩浆中REE高度富集．本文认为碳酸盐矿物的锶和锰含量可以作为识别其成囡的重要标型特征,其氧化物MnO>0.15wt％ 和Sr>0.15wt％为火成碳酸岩的标志。     

The Yungul carbonatite dykes associated with the epithermal fluorite deposit at Speewah, Kimberley, Australia: carbon and oxygen isotope constraints on their origin

The Yungul carbonatite dykes at Speewah in the Kimberley region of Western Australia were emplaced along a north-trending splay from the northeast-trending Greenvale Fault located at the western boundary of the Halls Creek Orogen. The Yungul carbonatite dykes intrude a thick composite sill of the Palaeoproterozoic Hart Dolerite (~1,790 Ma), consisting of tholeiitic dolerite and gabbro with its felsic differentiates that form the Yilingbun granophyres and associated granites. The carbonatite dykes consist of massive, calcite carbonatite that host very coarse, pegmatitic veins and pods of calcite, and have largely replaced (carbonatitized) and fenitized the country rock Hart Dolerite suite in a zone up to 150 m wide. Dykes of red-brown siliceous fluidized-breccia and epithermal-textured veins consisting of bladed quartz, adularia and fluorite are closely associated with the carbonatite dykes. The Yungul carbonatites are closely associated with fluorite occurrences with resources currently reported as 6.7 Mt at 24.6% CaF₂. The precise age of the Yungul carbonatite is not known, although it is believed to be post early Cambrian. The total REE content of the Yungul carbonatite is low (174.0–492.8 ppm; La/Yb 2.28–10.74) and thus atypical for calciocarbonatite. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the carbonatite are relatively flat compared to average calciocarbonatite, and show small negative Eu anomalies. These unusual geochemical features may have been acquired from the Hart Dolerite suite during emplacement of the carbonatite, a process that involved extensive replacement and fenitization of country rocks. Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of massive calcite carbonatite and the coarse calcite veins and pods from the carbonatite suggest a deep-seated origin. The C and O isotope compositions show an overall positive correlation that can be attributed to both magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal processes in their evolution. The magmatic δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O trend is also indicative of crustal contamination and/or low-temperature water/rock exchange. The carbon isotopic compositions have δ¹³C values that range from about ?5.2‰ to ?6.3‰ that support a mantle-derived origin for the Yungul carbonatites and are consistent with earlier conclusions based on whole-rock geochemistry and radiogenic isotopes studies.