华北克拉通北缘喀喇沁变质核杂岩早白垩世构造演化过程与形成模式

对于喀喇沁变质核杂岩早白垩世构造过程与形成模式长期以来存在着不同的认识。通过详细的野外构造观察及擦痕应力场反演,并结合前人年代学数据,有效地制约了喀喇沁变质核杂岩早白垩世的构造演化,并对其形成模式进行了分析。结果表明,起源于晚侏罗世的喀喇沁变质核杂岩,在早白垩世(141～100 Ma)再次经历了强烈的伸展与岩浆活动。在此伸展活动中,沿着核部杂岩两侧分别发育了NE走向、倾向相反的楼子店-八里罕和上店-东风大型正断层,进而控制两侧半地堑式的小牛与平庄盆地的发育。在这两条边界断层的伸展运动及随后的均衡隆升中,核部杂岩不断抬升与剥露,先后发育了NE-NNE向的伸展韧性变形带与脆性正断层。这些早白垩世韧性和脆性伸展构造一致指示拉张方向为NW-SE向。综合分析表明,区内早白垩世伸展活动经历了141～134 Ma的初始伸展与同构造岩体侵位阶段、133～126 Ma的边界断层强烈活动与核部快速抬升阶段以及125～100Ma的均衡隆升阶段。喀喇沁变质核杂岩在早白垩世的伸展活动中转变为地垒式伸展穹窿,其强烈伸展活动出现在华北克拉通破坏峰期,动力学背景是古太平洋板块俯冲导致的远场弧后拉张。     

辽西医巫闾山地区瓦子峪变质核杂岩的厘定

以前未被发现的辽西医巫闾山地区瓦子峪变质核杂岩主要由一条向西倾的低角度正断层———瓦子峪拆离断层组成 ,它将由早白垩世沉积岩和火山岩组成的上盘与糜棱岩化和未变形的下盘分开。瓦子峪拆离断层 (以前称之为孙家湾—稍户营子断裂 )位于变质核杂岩的西侧 ,倾角 10～ 4 0°,构造标志指示向北西方向 (约 2 90°)剪切。与早白垩世地壳伸展相伴生的下盘糜棱岩剪切方向也是北西向 ,这与瓦子峪拆离断层运动相关。已经发表的和未发表的锆石U Pb年龄、40 Ar/3 9Ar热年代学和上盘阜新盆地中生物地层的时代研究表明 ,地壳伸展和变质核杂岩形成时代为早白垩世 (约 12 7～ 116Ma)。我们未发现以前文献报道的医巫闾山是一对称的变质核杂岩的任何证据。瓦子峪变质核杂岩以及WNW侧的拆离断层的厘定会加深我们对华北克拉通早白垩世伸展作用的理解和认识 ,下一步的研究重点包括野外构造研究以确定拆离断层和下盘糜棱岩的空间展布 ,进一步采集样品以研究变质核杂岩的地质 /热年代学和变质核杂岩范围内的岩体成因。我们认为瓦子峪变质核杂岩的形成是太平洋板块边界重组、早白垩世岩浆作用致使地壳升温 ,从而导致经造山作用而加厚的地壳垮塌的结果。     

松辽盆地变质核杂岩和伸展断陷的构造特征及成因

文中讨论了松辽盆地北部中央基底隆起变质核杂岩和徐家围子伸展断陷的构造特征、成因和演化 ,重点讨论了下列问题 :( 1)中央基底隆起变质核杂岩具有科迪勒拉变质核杂岩的许多特征 ;( 2 )识别出组成中央基底隆起变质核杂岩的多层次、低角度韧性拆离体系 ,它们是使中地壳的中深变质岩层抽拉至上地壳的主要原因 ;( 3)穹窿状火山岩台地于晚侏罗世 ( 145.7±6.2 )Ma形成 ,受顶部拆离断层控制的伸展断陷于早白垩世 ( 133～ 12 0Ma)形成 ,而邻近顶部拆离断层的糜棱岩年龄为 ( 12 6.7± 1.54)Ma。这表明变质核杂岩的形成始于晚侏罗世。早白垩世递进的伸展构造与变质核杂岩较深部的部分上拱至地表相伴生 ,推测该变质核杂岩的上拱和剥露、火山岩台地和伸展断陷盆地的形成可能是由伊泽奈奇和亚洲板块陆陆碰撞后的地幔拆沉作用、地幔的岩浆底侵作用以及伸展垮塌作用联合造成的。     

内蒙古呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性拆离带40Ar-39Ar定年及其构造含义

晚中生代,内蒙古大青山依次经历晚侏罗世盘羊山逆冲推覆、早白垩世呼和浩特变质核杂岩伸展、早白垩世大青山逆冲推覆断层及早白垩世以来高角度正断层复杂构造演化。其中,呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性剪切带的冷却时间和抬升机制的制约尚不明确。本文在野外考察和显微构造分析基础上,采用逐步加热40Ar-39Ar定年法对韧性剪切带内不同单矿物的冷却年龄进行了测定。角闪石、白云母、黑云母和钾长石单矿物40Ar-39Ar冷却年龄处于120~116Ma之间。结合已有年龄数据及单矿物封闭温度,构建了韧性剪切带的冷却曲线。结果表明,韧性剪切带在122~115Ma期间存在一个明显的快速冷却过程。这一阶段快速冷却是与变质核杂岩拆离断层相关核部杂岩拆离折返作为大青山逆冲推覆断层上盘抬升的结果。     

辽南变质核杂岩饮马湾山和赵房岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

辽南变质核杂岩形成于晚中生代华北岩石圈伸展和减薄背景下,其演化过程分为三个阶段：第一阶段（约130Ma）,在伸展作用下辽南地区发育拆离断层及其下伏韧性剪切带;第二阶段（130~120Ma）,同构造花岗质岩体的主动侵位影响了拆离断层的演化;同时在124Ma变质核杂岩的构造-岩浆活动达到峰值;第三阶段（113Ma之后）花岗质岩体在较浅层次侵位于停止活动的拆离断层带。辽南变质核杂岩发育与演化过程在年代学意义上揭示了华北板块晚中生代时期的区域性岩石圈伸展与减薄过程。本文认为由伸展后期侵位的赵房岩体所记录的拆离断层停止的时限（113Ma）可以作为华北岩石圈强烈构造岩浆活动的转捩点,113Ma之前华北板块广泛发育变质核杂岩、拉分盆地等一系列伸展构造,之后则以平稳的隆升和冷却过程为主。     

庐山变质核杂岩伸展拆离和岩浆作用的年代学约束

庐山变质核杂岩是华南中生代岩石圈减薄事件的浅层响应。研究伸展拆离和岩浆作用在其形成过程中的相互关系,对于认识地壳浅层的伸展减薄过程和变质核杂岩的形成机制具有重要的意义。在宏观和显微构造研究的基础上,分别对基底拆离断层和玉京山岩体进行了40Ar/39Ar年代学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,为伸展拆离和岩浆作用提供了年代学约束,主要获得了以下认识:(1)变质核杂岩核部玉京山花岗岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄为(133.0±2.1)Ma,代表了变质核杂岩核部岩浆活动的启动时间。(2)基底拆离断层下盘韧性剪切带内的白云母40Ar/39Ar年龄(140.4±1.7)Ma代表了庐山变质核杂岩的形成时间,也代表了庐山地区岩石圈伸展减薄的时间,即岩石圈伸展减薄始于早白垩世。(3)庐山变质核杂岩是中生代不同尺度的伸展拆离和岩浆活动共同作用的结果,在地壳浅层的具体形成过程中伸展拆离早于岩浆侵位,基底拆离断层的减压效应为深部岩浆的上升侵位创造了条件,岩浆侵位造成山体的隆升,又引发了盖层的重力滑脱。     

135~130 Ma: 大别山第二次“去根”时间？

大别杂岩主要由早白垩世侵入岩和三叠纪变质岩组成。它的四周是四条区域性韧性剪切带:郯城—庐江断裂,商城—麻城断裂,襄樊—广济断裂和晓天—磨子潭断裂。其中,晓天—磨子潭断裂和襄樊—广济断裂在早白垩世具有相反的走滑剪切方向:北侧的边界断裂(晓天—磨子潭断裂)是一个左行剪切断裂,而南侧的边界断裂(襄樊—广济断裂)是一个右行剪切断裂。在大别杂岩内部,早白垩世低角度剪切面理的倾伏向以SE向或NW向为主。这些晚期剪切面理上的拉伸线理的倾伏向同样为SE或NW向。大别杂岩总体具有朝SE向挤出和顶部相对朝NW向剪切的构造特征。这些表明晚中生代是该杂岩演化的重要阶段。该杂岩的边界断裂和内部构造特征指示其晚期抬升是沿造山带方向(SE—NW)以低角度方式进行的。这一过程直接导致高压-超高压变质岩和同构造岩浆岩被抬升至近地表。同时,年代学研究表明:大别杂岩(扬子板块东北缘地壳)在晚侏罗世—早白垩世经历大规模混合岩化的时间为145~135 Ma,同造山岩浆作用的时间为145~135 Ma,后造山火山-岩浆活动的时间为135~120 Ma。因此,该杂岩中三叠纪高压-超高压变质岩所记录的早白垩世抬升过程不是印支事件的后续,而是燕山期陆内造山及随后发生的伸展过程有关。尽管这一陆内造山事件的起始时间至今仍不确定,但大别山未变形岩体(130~120 Ma)的年代学研究结果和我们新测得的同构造伟晶岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄(130 Ma)为早白垩地壳变形提供了良好的上限制约。这样,大别山经历了三叠纪碰撞造山和伸展,晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆内造山-伸展二次过程。     

黑龙江省嫩江地区科洛杂岩隆升时代

科洛杂岩出露于黑龙江省嫩江县大兴安岭北段,构造解析指示其为一大型伸展滑脱构造,整体反映杂岩体向南东伸展滑脱的特征。依据杂岩体显微构造特征,推测科洛地区伸展滑脱变形带变形温度约为300～450 ℃。滑脱带中变形花岗片麻岩样品中黑云母单矿物的 ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar 年龄为118.39～117.37 Ma,指示伸展滑脱带形成时代为早白垩世晚期。结合大兴安岭地区中生代岩浆活动特征和南北变质核杂岩对比研究,认为大兴安岭整体经历了早白垩世中晚期的快速隆升,形成一系列变质核杂岩,发育大规模伸展变形作用,与松辽盆地坳陷期具有良好的耦合关系。     

东北地区新开岭－科洛杂岩变形规律与成因

新开岭－科洛杂岩位于中国东北地区的嫩江－黑河构造带中,其变形规律与成因一直是制约东北地区乃至邻区构造演化的关键问题之一.据详尽的野外调查,系统分析了岩石宏观糜棱面理、矿物拉伸线理、“A”型褶皱、不对称褶皱、眼球状旋转构造和显微书斜式、眼球状旋转等构造样式.构造解析及运动学分析反映杂岩带两侧整体分别向NW及SE向的伸展滑脱特征;杂岩带内黑云斜长片麻岩及侵入糜棱岩中的闪长玢岩锆石U-Pb（LA-ICP-MS）定年及区域对比研究结果显示,其韧性变形变质作用时代为中侏罗世（167 Ma）,变质峰期时限为170~163 Ma,中侏罗世晚期（163 Ma）暴露于地表.新开岭－科洛杂岩具上盘盖层、拆离韧性剪切带及下盘核杂岩3层式结构特征.核内为大面积分布的花岗岩类,地层时代远比核外地层偏新,并无“古老”的变质岩;拆离韧性剪切带变形温度约400~500℃,其变质强度达绿片岩相,后期发生明显退变质作用.新开岭－科洛岩浆核杂岩主要是在岩浆底侵、花岗岩岩体强力侵位引起地壳隆升的伸展构造背景下形成.      

胶东地区玲珑岩基隆升机制探讨

本文通过详细的野外构造观察,综合主干正断层运动学观测、擦痕应力场反演、岩体变形分析、岩脉与石英脉展布方位等多个方面,对胶东地区玲珑岩基的构造演化进行了有效地制约.研究结果表明,其为早白垩世的伸展穹窿构造,是NW—SE向区域性伸展的结果,并且北部的伸展与岩浆活动及金矿化作用要强于南部.在早白垩世强烈伸展与岩浆活动背景下,晚侏罗世侵位的玲珑岩基沿着倾向相背的两条大型脆性正断层(招平断裂带与焦家断裂带)以地垒构造形式发生隆升而最终出露地表,并非变质核杂岩型伸展构造.玲珑岩基在晚侏罗世侵位后并没有立即出露地表,而是在早白垩世区域伸展中才隆升与剥露,并伴随区内大规模金矿形成.玲珑伸展穹窿的厘定,一方面证实了区内早白垩世强烈岩浆活动是发生在NW—SE向伸展背景下,另一方面进一步验证了华北克拉通东部破坏的峰期出现在早白垩世.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。