非均质黏土地层隧道开挖面稳定运动单元上限有限元分析

将刚体平动运动单元上限有限元方法(UBFEM-RTME)与程序作进一步改进,使之适应分析非均质黏土地层稳定性问题。应用该程序系统分析了地表超载作用下非均质黏土地层隧道开挖面稳定性,获得了隧道埋深比C/D、土体重度参数γD/c_(u0)、土体强度非均质参数ρD/c_(u0)等因素综合影响下开挖面失稳临界荷载上限解σ_s/c_(u0)图表和以有效间断线网表征的地层破坏模式及其演变规律。研究表明:隧道埋深比C/D和强度非均质参数ρD/c_(u0)对临界荷载σ_s/c_(u0)及地层破坏模式影响显著;土体重度参数γD/c_(u0)对σ_s/c_(u0)影响明显,但对破坏形态影响不大。进一步展示了不同有效间断线数目及分布等网格参数下地层破坏形态的差异,解释了上限解精度提高的原因,与多块体上限法及上下限有限元法对比表明,UBFEM-RTME适宜于非均质黏土地层隧道开挖稳定性评价研究,特别是极限状态破坏模式的分析。     

大型穿越钻进工程防冒浆钻井液技术

在大型穿越钻进铺管工程中,地面冒浆是很突出又很难解决的问题。冒浆的主要原因是钻井液配方选择不当,钻屑无法从钻孔顺利排出,导致钻孔环空泥浆压力过大并压裂上覆地层,从而使地面发生冒浆。经过大量室内外实验,得出以高剪切稀释(降低流阻)为主要性能指标,同时兼有降滤失、抑制孔壁失稳等性能的防冒浆钻井液体系。工程应用证明,该钻井液技术能有效减少钻孔环空泥浆压力,从根本上解决冒浆问题      

非开挖HDD地表变形数值模拟及DCRP识别技术研究

采用非开挖水平定向钻进技术近地表施工时,由于地层及钻井液压力等原因易产生地表变形。结合美国梅萨市一处通信管道施工实例,对0-0.9 MPa钻井液压力作用下的地表变形程度进行了数值分析,得到地表最大隆起量为26 mm。采用DCRP技术及水准仪方法对该变形区域钻井液压力作用前后的地表进行位移检测,得到地表最大隆起量分别为28 mm和30 mm,表明数值模拟分析结果同现场检测结果比较吻合。同时,在现场所布置的26个检测点中,两种方法检测到的隆起量最大相差2.7 mm,表明其精度比较接近。此外,由于DCRP技术属于非接触式三维检测,受施工现场条件及人员操作限制少,故具有较为理想的应用前景。     

水平定向钻穿越施工钻井液压力分析

孔壁稳定是水平定向钻进铺管成败的关键。影响孔壁稳定的主要因素是钻井液压力及其性能。通过对水平孔中钻井液和地层压力平衡机理以及孔壁周围应力位移的分析,结合摩尔强度准则得出了孔壁稳定时钻井液的允许压力区间公式,并对该区间进行修正得出了地层不单一以及地下水存在情况下的钻井液允许压力区间公式。通过对公式的计算分析得出孔壁稳定的钻井液允许压力区间的宽度随孔深的增加而扩大。     

超深地连墙成槽富水软弱层局部失稳理论研究

地下连续墙成槽施工穿越富水软弱地层容易诱发软弱地层局部失稳,为从理论上分析其局部失稳机制,构建了局部失稳受力模型。模型中考虑了上覆荷载、地层剪切强度和地下水渗流等影响因素,对理论模型进行了极限平衡分析,得到槽壁局部失稳的极限支护压力和最低泥浆液面高度。开展参数敏感性分析,研究地连墙尺寸、地层厚度、强度和渗透特性对富水软弱层稳定性的影响,结果表明极限支护压力主要受槽段长度、软弱层强度和覆土层厚度影响,软弱层中承压水渗流对支护压力影响较小。用理论模型对苏州某超深地连墙工程进行了案例分析,现场监测与研究结果吻合较好,表明理论模型能够较好应用于类似工程中,可以对可能发生的局部失稳进行有效预测。     

HDD铺管引起地表工后变形的数值模拟分析

水平定向钻进（HDD）是一种重要的非开挖铺管技术,在非开挖领域应用非常广泛。由于其会扰动周围地层以及造成地层损失,进而造成一定程度的地表变形,如地表沉降、地表水平变形等。本文采用有限差分数值模拟方法,运用FLAC3D软件分析了HDD铺管的引起的地表工后变形问题;综合考虑了不同地层内聚力、地表荷载及扩孔级数情况下的地表工后变形。     

盾构穿越砂卵石地层地表沉降特征细宏观分析

以成都砂卵石地层中地铁1号线的土压平衡盾构掘进施工为研究背景,采用室内试验、PFC2D二维颗粒流程序和 Plaxis 3D有限元软件对盾构穿越砂卵石地层地表沉降特征进行了细宏观数值模拟,揭示了土压盾构穿越砂卵石地层的失稳机制和沉降规律,并结合实际施工参数和实测地表沉降数据进行了对比分析,获得了土压盾构在砂卵石地层中掘进引起的地表横向沉降槽和纵向沉降槽曲线,分析了不同大小的开挖面土仓压力和盾尾注浆压力对地表沉降的影响,给出了砂卵石地层开挖面土仓压力的建议值和盾尾注浆压力参数的合理取值范围。细宏观分析表明,与注浆压力相比较,土仓压力对地表最大沉降曲线的形状影响较小;但必须关注土仓压力的变化,在砂卵石地层中由于土拱效应对开挖面稳定性影响较大,甚至发生突然坍塌破坏。     

基于压力拱理论的水下隧道合理覆岩厚度研究

建立了水下隧道流固耦合数值模型,通过正交试验优化计算方案,分析土岩复合地层和全断面岩层拱顶竖直方向上围岩压力拱的成拱规律,并据此提出以成拱临界板厚为判据求解水下隧道合理覆岩厚度的思路,建立水下隧道合理覆岩厚度回归模型,并通过BP神经网络模型对回归模型进行评价与校验,结合佛莞城际狮子洋隧道工程,进行了合理覆岩厚度回归模型的应用算例分析。研究表明：土岩复合地层上覆岩层岩性较好时,压力拱高度主要受覆岩厚度影响,上覆岩层岩性较差时,压力拱高度主要受上覆软土厚度影响;压力拱高度随覆岩厚度增加线性增加,达到成拱临界板厚时,逐渐减小随后趋于稳定,上覆岩层岩性越差,成拱临界板厚越大;全断面岩层压力拱高度随覆岩厚度的变化比土岩复合地层平稳。算例分析表明,以成拱临界板厚为判据建立的合理覆岩厚度模型能给出较优的覆岩厚度预测值,可为土岩复合地层水下盾构隧道的设计和施工提供参考。     

低固相钻井液在煤田钻探施工中的应用

在新疆焉耆煤田塔什店勘探区的钻探施工中,存在着上覆地层坍塌严重,经常出现卡钻、埋钻事故;进入煤系后,由于煤层厚度较大,在使用煤碱剂、络制剂,Na—CMC做钻井液处理剂时,经常出现煤层部位孔壁无法维护好,多数钻孔出现煤层坍塌问题,导致无法顺利测井的问题。通过对该地区地层特性认真分析,积极吸取其他地区类似地层的施工经验,应用膨润土、纯碱Na OH、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHP)、部分水解聚丙烯腈(PAN)作为钻井液处理剂,总结了一套低固相钻井液配比方案。结果表明:该种低固相钻井液具有护壁性能好,排粉能力强的特点,从而使孔内事故减少,钻探效率提高,取得了令人满意的经济效益。     

水合物分解对钻井液侵入影响的一维数值模拟研究

海洋含水合物地层往往是具有渗透性的多孔介质体,钻井过程中钻井液不可避免地会与它发生能量和物质交换,水基钻井液驱替侵入水合物地层和温差下热传导导致的水合物分解这二者是耦合在一起的,其侵入可描述为一个包含相变的非等温非稳态渗流扩散过程。在综合分析钻井液侵入含水合物地层特性的基础上,结合水合物开采数值模拟以及常规油气藏钻井液侵入模型,建立了一维径向钻井液侵入含水合物地层的侵入模型。利用编程,分析了钻井液侵入水合物地层时地层压力、各相饱和度和温度的分布规律。     

龙门山地震断裂带地应力分布及其对井壁稳定的 影响———以WFSD-2 井为例

[摘 要]龙门山地震断裂带是我国最为强烈的地震带之一,地层破碎、地应力异常,钻孔缩径造成孔内事故频发,井壁稳定问题十分突出。本文介绍了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探施工中所发生的孔内事故情况,并通过对地层应力数据的统计分析,得出龙门山地震断裂带最大水平应力和最小水平应力随深度变化的回归曲线,最大水平应力梯度为4. 52MPa/100 m,最小水平应力梯度为2. 51 MPa/100 m。以WFSD-2 井为例,分析了龙门山地震断裂带地层应力、尤其是断层泥应力对井壁稳定的影响;针对膨胀性地层,介绍了一种通过泥浆密度微调现场测定地层坍塌压力和破裂压力的简易方法。     

含砂量对HDD钻井液性能影响的试验研究

水平定向钻进铺管钻遇地层多为土、砂层,钻井液对成孔质量影响较大,而固相含量又直接影响钻井液的综合性能。本文通过室内试验,分析了不同含砂量条件下,钻井液的塑性粘度、表观粘度、动切力、动塑比的变化规律,认为含砂量在15％以下时,对钻井液流变性能变化不大,而当钻井液中的含砂量超过20％时,钻井液会产生系统破坏,需要进一步处理方可二次使用。     

Stability analysis of a horizontal coalbed methane well in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges of southeast British Columbia, Canada

This study describes a wellbore stability analysis undertaken for a horizontal coalbed methane well in the Mist Mountain Formation, SE British Columbia, Canada. Three triaxial compression tests, with ultrasonic velocities, were conducted on 38-mm-diameter core plugs taken from a large, fresh block of Seam 7. Due to the small size of the tested samples, the laboratory-derived strength values were reduced to reflect the in-situ stress conditions considered relevant for a 156-mm-diameter horizontal well. The vertical stress gradient was calculated by integrating a bulk density log from an offset well. Horizontal maximum and minimum stresses were estimated from regional stress data, whereas formation pressure was estimated on the basis of a local hydrological study. The 2D elastoplastic STABView™ numerical modeling code was used to forecast horizontal wellbore stability. The sensitivity of the predicted yielded zone size was examined for varying linear and non-linear rock strength criteria, horizontal in-situ stresses, bottom-hole pressures, formation pressure, drilling depth, and wall-coating efficiency. Stability analysis was performed at bottom-hole pressures ranging from overbalanced to underbalanced in order to simulate the conditions expected during drilling and production. The effects of weak bedding planes and varying well trajectories were also investigated. When drilling at 650 m depth under underbalanced to slightly overbalanced conditions, a high probability of getting the drill pipe stuck was predicted. STABView™ showed that, if the 38-mm-diameter core plug strengths were used directly for forecasting purposes, the predicted yielded zone would be almost 20% overgauge when drilling at balanced conditions. When peak cohesion of coal was reduced by 50% to reflect the conditions expected along weak intervals of a horizontal wellbore, the predicted enlarged borehole was almost 85% overgauge under the same drilling conditions. The most unstable trajectory has N–S azimuth, which is perpendicular to the maximum horizontal stress in the study area. STABView™ indicates that a production liner should be inserted immediately following the drilling of the horizontal well in this structurally complex geologic setting since pressure drawdown and reservoir pressure depletion would undoubtedly lead to enlarged yielded zones and collapse of the wellbore over time.     

煤矿井下3 000 m顺煤层定向钻孔钻进关键技术

保德煤矿大盘区工作面采前瓦斯超前治理模式要求井下定向长钻孔能够沿煤层钻进3 000 m以上,针对现有技术装备在超长定向钻孔施工中存在滑动钻进困难、进水水路压耗大、有线随钻测量信号传输距离受限、冲洗液无法循环利用等问题,开发了煤矿井下基于螺杆马达水力加压和超长钻具正反扭转给进的滑动钻进减阻工艺、基于回转钻进倾角控制和侧钻分支的复合钻进轨迹控制技术,设计了低压耗进水水路系统、泥浆脉冲无线随钻测量系统和冲洗液净化循环系统,结合保德煤矿生产需要,完成了主孔深度3 353 m、孔径120 mm的顺煤层超长贯通定向孔。钻进效果表明:滑动钻进减阻工艺有效降低了给进力,显著提高了深孔滑动定向钻进能力;基于复合钻进的轨迹控制技术,保证了钻孔轨迹沿煤层定向延伸,并提高了钻进能力和钻进效率;泥浆脉冲无线随钻测量信号长距离传输稳定可靠,克服了有线随钻测量信号传输的局限性;井下冲洗液净化循环系统净化效果良好,实现了井下定向钻进冲洗液循环利用。研究成果对支撑煤矿大区域瓦斯超前治理、以孔代巷工程、水害防治及地质勘探等技术进步具有重要意义。      

Hydrologic testing during drilling: application of the flowing fluid electrical conductivity (FFEC) logging method to drilling of a deep borehole

Drilling of a deep borehole does not normally allow for hydrologic testing during the drilling period. It is only done when drilling experiences a large loss (or high return) of drilling fluid due to penetration of a large-transmissivity zone. The paper proposes the possibility of conducting flowing fluid electrical conductivity (FFEC) logging during the drilling period, with negligible impact on the drilling schedule, yet providing important information on depth locations of both high- and low-transmissivity zones and their hydraulic properties. The information can be used to guide downhole fluid sampling and post-drilling detailed testing of the borehole. The method has been applied to the drilling of a 2,500-m borehole at Åre, central Sweden, firstly when the drilling reached 1,600 m, and then when the drilling reached the target depth of 2,500 m. Results unveil eight hydraulically active zones from 300 m down to borehole bottom, with depths determined to within the order of a meter. Further, the first set of data allows the estimation of hydraulic transmissivity values of the six hydraulically conductive zones found from 300 to 1,600 m, which are very low and range over one order of magnitude.     

横观各向同性水敏性地层斜井眼坍塌压力确定

在以泥页岩为目标储层的非常规油气藏水平井开发中, 钻遇井壁的稳定性问题突出, 一方面是由于在设计钻井液密度时简单采用各向同性介质模型和Mohr-Coulomb强度准则, 另一方面则是由于选用的钻井液性能欠佳, 难以保证建井全过程的井壁稳定。为此, 将地层视为横观各向同性介质, 采用Mogi-Coulomb强度准则判别岩石基体和层理面的稳定性, 同时考虑泥页岩水化作用对岩石力学强度参数的影响, 建立了水敏性地层井壁稳定分析模型, 分析了坍塌压力随井斜、方位、钻井液性能、钻井时间等因素的变化规律。研究结果表明:对于具有显著层理面结构的泥页岩地层, 采用横观各向同性模型比各向同性介质模型更能描述强度的各向异性;采用Mogi-Coulomb准则比Mohr-Coulomb强度准则得到的坍塌压力值与实际吻合程度更高, 在保证井壁稳定的前提下有利于降低钻井液密度, 实现钻井提速;提高钻井液封堵能力、减小泥页岩吸水扩散能力, 有利于延长坍塌周期。利用东濮、威远、焦石坝等工区多口页岩气水平井的实钻资料对本文方法进行了验证, 证实本文方法确定的钻井液密度窗口下值更能满足安全钻井需求。     

ADM6-4H井四开水平段钻井液技术

ADM6-4H井是AHDEB油田使用常规随钻测量仪器（MWD）和螺杆动力钻具组合完成的一口水平段长度1500 m、最大水平位移1915.17 m的6 in小井眼大位移水平井,也是AHDEB油田目前水平位移最大的一口水平井。该井四开水平段钻进使用聚磺混油钻井液体系,在携砂、井眼稳定和润滑减阻等方面效果突出。四开水平段钻速快,钻进扭矩小,钻井液性能稳定,无井壁失稳,无漏失,无卡钻,无托压,其经验技术值得借鉴。     

层理性地层钻井稳定性分析模型

针对钻井工程常遇的层理性地层,以应力张量坐标转换关系和井孔应力集中方程为基础,引入弱面剪切滑动和岩体Mogi-Coulomb双强度准则,建立了分析层理性地层井壁稳定性的模型。对含层理弱面的典型油气储层中钻井的合理钻井液密度和安全钻井方向进行研究,结果表明：层理面的存在加剧了井壁围岩的破坏,且改变了围岩破坏的位置;水平井坍塌压力随着钻井方向变化而连续性变化,其在特定钻井方向取得最小坍塌压力;斜井取得最小坍塌压力的方位与层理面在空间中并不垂直,空间中关于主平面对称的斜井破裂压力相同;既可获得较大钻井液安全压力窗口又可取得较小坍塌压力的方向为优选钻井方向,在钻井液压力窗口变化大的倾向上钻井需严格控制钻井轨迹曲线。     

An analysis of drilling fluid pumping pressure for the Maxi-HDD crossing project

For horizontal directional drilling crossing project, pumping pressure is a key factor that influences the drilling efficiency and the stability of borehole wall. There are nevertheless many theoretical difficulties in calculating and analyzing the dynamic law of pumping pressure. This paper aims to resolve these problems based on construction features and rheological theory. The power-law fluid model is adopted to describe rheological properties of drilling fluid. In order to prevent blowout from occurring in the drilling process, the maximum allowable mud pressure at different reaming stages is calculated by numerical method under condition of complicated geological structure. The borehole pressure must be greater than minimum required mud pressure which is achieved by hydrodynamic calculation method, only meet this condition can it transport the cuttings to the ground surface. Moreover, the pressure loss in the drill string, including loss in drill rod and loss through bit nozzles, is also calculated by newly derived equations. Finally, combining with practical engineering field data, the appropriate range of pumping pressure at different reaming stages is obtained through the calculation results of three types of pressure, which can help engineers minimize the occurrence of accidents and enhance the drilling efficiency.