Flowing fluid electrical conductivity logging of a deep borehole during and following drilling: estimation of transmissivity,water salinity and hydraulic head of conductive zones

Flowing fluid electrical conductivity (FFEC) logging is a hydrogeologic testing method that is usually conducted in an existing borehole. However, for the 2,500-m deep COSC-1 borehole, drilled at Åre, central Sweden, it was done within the drilling period during a scheduled 1-day break, thus having a negligible impact on the drilling schedule, yet providing important information on depths of hydraulically conductive zones and their transmissivities and salinities. This paper presents a reanalysis of this set of data together with a new FFEC logging data set obtained soon after drilling was completed, also over a period of 1 day, but with a different pumping rate and water-level drawdown. Their joint analysis not only results in better estimates of transmissivity and salinity in the conducting fractures intercepted by the borehole, but also yields the hydraulic head values of these fractures, an important piece of information for the understanding of hydraulic structure of the subsurface. Two additional FFEC logging tests were done about 1 year later, and are used to confirm and refine this analysis. Results show that from 250 to 2,000 m depths, there are seven distinct hydraulically conductive zones with different hydraulic heads and low transmissivity values. For the final test, conducted with a much smaller water-level drawdown, inflow ceased from some of the conductive zones, confirming that their hydraulic heads are below the hydraulic head measured in the wellbore under non-pumped conditions. The challenges accompanying 1-day FFEC logging are summarized, along with lessons learned in addressing them.     

某铁路勘察近水平孔取心钻探施工技术

采用水平、近水平孔钻探取心是了解隧道地质情况的有效手段。某铁路隧道近水平钻孔设计倾角11°,终孔深度491.1 m,是工区内具有代表性和特殊性的一个钻孔。钻探施工中钻遇长段硬、脆、碎花岗岩地层,且伴随持续涌水,施工难度很大。通过改进设备、合理选择钻孔结构和取心钻具、使用环保型冲洗液和高效润滑脂等方法,保障了钻进施工正常进行。同时,就测斜和孔内事故处理提出解决方案,总结了水平钻孔施工安全注意事项。针对尚待解决的问题,提出相应建议。实践证明,该孔采用的设备器具与技术方法是有效可行的。     

煤矿井下3 000 m顺煤层定向钻孔钻进关键技术

保德煤矿大盘区工作面采前瓦斯超前治理模式要求井下定向长钻孔能够沿煤层钻进3 000 m以上,针对现有技术装备在超长定向钻孔施工中存在滑动钻进困难、进水水路压耗大、有线随钻测量信号传输距离受限、冲洗液无法循环利用等问题,开发了煤矿井下基于螺杆马达水力加压和超长钻具正反扭转给进的滑动钻进减阻工艺、基于回转钻进倾角控制和侧钻分支的复合钻进轨迹控制技术,设计了低压耗进水水路系统、泥浆脉冲无线随钻测量系统和冲洗液净化循环系统,结合保德煤矿生产需要,完成了主孔深度3 353 m、孔径120 mm的顺煤层超长贯通定向孔。钻进效果表明:滑动钻进减阻工艺有效降低了给进力,显著提高了深孔滑动定向钻进能力;基于复合钻进的轨迹控制技术,保证了钻孔轨迹沿煤层定向延伸,并提高了钻进能力和钻进效率;泥浆脉冲无线随钻测量信号长距离传输稳定可靠,克服了有线随钻测量信号传输的局限性;井下冲洗液净化循环系统净化效果良好,实现了井下定向钻进冲洗液循环利用。研究成果对支撑煤矿大区域瓦斯超前治理、以孔代巷工程、水害防治及地质勘探等技术进步具有重要意义。      

Impact of drilling mud on chemistry and microbiology of an Upper Triassic groundwater after drilling and testing an exploration well for aquifer thermal energy storage in Berlin (Germany)

After completion of an exploration well, sandstones of the Exter Formation were hydraulically tested to determine the hydraulic properties and to evaluate chemical and microbial processes caused by drilling and water production. The aim was to determine the suitability of the formation as a reservoir for aquifer thermal energy storage. The tests revealed a hydraulic conductivity of 1–2 E-5 m/s of the reservoir, resulting in a productivity index of 0.6–1 m³/h/bar. A hydraulic connection of the Exter Formation to the overlaying, artesian “Rupelbasissand” cannot be excluded. Water samples were collected for chemical and microbiological analyses. The water was similarly composed as sea water with a maximum salinity of 24.9 g/L, dominated by NaCl (15.6 g/L Cl and 7.8 g/L Na). Until the end of the tests, the water was affected by drilling mud as indicated by the high pH (8.9) and high bicarbonate concentration (359 mg/L) that both resulted from the impact of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) additives. The high amount of dissolved organic matter (>?58 mg/L) and its molecular-weight distribution pattern indicated that residues of cellulose, an ingredient of the drilling mud, were still present at the end of the tests. Clear evidence of this contamination gave the measured uranine that was added as a tracer into the drilling mud. During fluid production, the microbial community structure and abundance changed and correlated with the content of drilling mud. Eight taxa of sulfate-reducing bacteria, key organisms in processes like bio-corrosion and bio-clogging, were identified. It can be assumed that their activity will be affected during usage of the reservoir.     

A field study (Massachusetts, USA) of the factors controlling the depth of groundwater flow systems in crystalline fractured-rock terrain

Groundwater movement and availability in crystalline and metamorphosed rocks is dominated by the secondary porosity generated through fracturing. The distributions of fractures and fracture zones determine permeable pathways and the productivity of these rocks. Controls on how these distributions vary with depth in the shallow subsurface (<300 m) and their resulting influence on groundwater flow is not well understood. The results of a subsurface study in the Nashoba and Avalon terranes of eastern Massachusetts (USA), which is a region experiencing expanded use of the fractured bedrock as a potable-supply aquifer, are presented. The study logged the distribution of fractures in 17 boreholes, identified flowing fractures, and hydraulically characterized the rock mass intersecting the boreholes. Of all fractures encountered, 2.5% are hydraulically active. Boreholes show decreasing fracture frequency up to 300 m depth, with hydraulically active fractures showing a similar trend; this restricts topographically driven flow. Borehole temperature profiles corroborate this, with minimal hydrologically altered flow observed in the profiles below 100 m. Results from this study suggest that active flow systems in these geologic settings are shallow and that fracture permeability outside of the influence of large-scale structures will follow a decreasing trend with depth.     

煤层底板孔多分支点取样钻进技术及应用研究

针对碎软煤层长距离瓦斯参数测定、瓦斯抽采钻孔工程设计指导和抽采效果评价的技术需求,在分析现有碎软煤层取样钻进技术存在问题的基础上,提出了煤层底板孔多分支点取样钻进方法,制定了取样钻进工艺流程,开发了随钻轨迹精准调控、“机械+水力”高效排渣等关键钻进技术,选型配套了定点取样钻孔钻进装备和密闭取样装备。在安徽省宿州市某矿开展了现场试验,施工了1个主孔深度301 m的取样定向钻孔,在取样分支孔中实施了2次定点密闭取样,取样深度分别为178、238 m,顺利在碎软煤层中采取了煤样,获取煤样的瓦斯含量分别为9.05 m3/t和10.08 m3/t,与常规方法相比测得瓦斯含量分别提高了12.4%和25.2%,确保了煤层瓦斯参数测试的准确性,可为碎软煤层瓦斯参数测定提供一种新的技术途径。      

钻井液流态对孔壁稳定性的影响

沉积地层中孔壁的稳定性与钻井液流态有着密切关系。结合河南叶舞凹陷盆地2 386 m盐矿钻探工程,采用不同的泵量和上返流速在不同孔段进行了钻探试验。试验和理论计算表明:在水敏性地层（黏土、泥岩、砂质泥岩等）浅层岩石孔隙率和塑性指数较高时,在钻井液层流流态情况下,主要以缩径为主,最大缩径率达26.6%;中部和深部同等地层,在紊流流态情况下,缩径和超径同时存在。其中,随着孔深的增加,缩径率呈减小趋势,超径率则有增大趋势,泥岩地层最大超径率达157.4%,盐岩地层超径率高达225.7%。      

井下定向钻进用小直径通缆水力振荡器的研制

针对煤矿井下定向钻进过程中由于托压效应引起的钻进摩阻大、钻进效率低、钻孔深度受限等问题，提出通过钻柱振动减阻的技术思路。采用理论分析和数值模拟进行激振力、激振频率等关键技术参数的设计，研制ø89 mm小直径通缆水力振荡器。在室内测试碟簧和圆柱弹簧两种辅助复位原件结构的振荡器性能，并在淮南张集煤矿井下进行实钻试验。结果表明:碟簧式水力振荡器在300 L/min流量时，最大压降1.9 MPa、激振力8.11 kN、频率13 Hz，适合安装在近钻头位置辅助减阻；圆柱弹簧式水力振荡器频率在300 L/min流量时，模拟测试150 m通缆定向管柱最大变形量2.86 mm，最大复位力7.98 kN，频率11 Hz，适合安装在钻柱中间主要减阻；在张集矿井下-600 m疏水巷10号孔定向钻进产生明显托压时使用圆柱弹簧式水力振荡器，使平均钻压降低33%，钻效提高126%，显著降低钻进摩阻，提高定向钻进效率。研制的ø89 mm小直径通缆水力振荡器为煤矿水平定向钻进中托压问题提供一种新的解决方法。      

ZDY12000LD大功率定向钻机装备研发及应用

针对常规定向钻机不能完全满足长距离回采工作面瓦斯预抽钻孔和顶底板岩层大直径钻孔施工需求所存在的主要问题,分析了研制煤矿井下大功率定向钻机装备和配套定向钻进工艺方法的必要性,提出了成套钻机装备钻车和泵车两体式布局及配套复合定向钻进工艺的技术思路,重点解决总体布局及关键部件设计、复合定向钻进用多功能逻辑保护液压系统和大流量泥浆泵车设计等关键技术问题。在煤矿井下实际生产应用中取得了本煤层孔径Φ120 mm深度1 881 m顺层定向长钻孔和孔径Φ153 mm深度1 026 m顶板岩层定向长钻孔的创造性成果,并探讨了ZDY12000LD大功率定向钻机装备在顶板大直径定向长钻孔替代高抽巷和配套无线随钻测量系统技术方面的应用前景。      

超深涌水钻孔的钻探工艺及水文地质试验方法研究

C4Z—G-05孔为某铁路高黎贡山隧道工程勘察钻孔,钻孔深度1075．5m。钻探过程中分别在孔深288～400m和611～724m穿过落差大于100m的断裂构造破碎带,并出现涌水及漏水现象,施工难度大,水文地质试验难以进行。据此,采取了合理的施工顺序,并根据钻进时的机械设备及钻进情况及时调控钻进参数;针对不同的地层,选用不同的泥浆类型,从而顺利的完成了该孔钻探工作。在水文地质试验中,对松散层潜水,采取了抽水试验,对两个断裂带,适时的运用观测涌水量和压力水头及涌水试验的方法,并选择适宜的计算公式,较好的完成了该孔的水文地质参数的计算工作．取得了良好的效果。     

Well-based hydraulic and geochemical monitoring of the above zone of the CO2 reservoir at Ketzin, Germany

In order to detect hydraulic and geochemical impact on the groundwater directly above the CO₂ storage reservoir at the Ketzin pilot site continuous monitoring using an observation well is carried out. The target depth (446 m below ground level, bgl.) of the well is the Exter formation (Upper Triassic, Rhaetian) which is the closest permeable stratigraphic overlying formation to the CO₂ storage reservoir (630–636 m bgl. at well location). The monitoring concept comprises evaluation of hydraulic conditions, temperature, water chemistry, gas geochemistry and δ¹³C values. This is achieved by a tubing inserted inside the well with installed pressure sensors and a U-tube sampling system so that pumping tests or additional wireline logging can be carried out simultaneously with monitoring. The aquifer was examined using a pump test. The observation well is hydraulically connected to the regional aquifer system and the permeability of about 1.8 D is comparatively high. Between Sept. 2011 and Oct. 2012, a pressure increase of 7.4 kPa is observed during monitoring under environmental conditions. Drilling was carried out with drilling mud on carbonate basis. The concentration of residual drilling mud decreases during the pump test, but all samples show a residual concentration of drilling mud. The formation fluid composition is recalculated with PHREEQC and is comparable to the literature values for the Exter formation. The gas partial pressure is below saturation at standard conditions and the composition is dominated by N₂ similar to the underlying storage reservoir prior to CO₂ injection. The impact of residual drilling mud on dissolved inorganic carbon and the respective δ¹³C values decreases during the monitoring period. The pristine isotopic composition cannot be determined due to calcite precipitation. No conclusive results indicate a leakage from the underlying CO₂ storage reservoir.     

富含FeS2结核松软突出煤层高效成孔技术与装备

针对河南义煤集团义安矿二1煤11080工作面富含FeS₂结核的松软突出煤层中的瓦斯抽采孔施工时,采用常规风压钻进技术出现的成孔深度浅、排粉困难、煤层钻遇率低等难题,提出了以钻杆翼片排粉为主、风压排粉为辅的复合排粉方式,通过对钻机能力的优选,钻具级配的参数优化,研制了Φ95/60.3 mm插接密封式螺旋钻杆和Φ98 mm胎体弧角型钻头,制定了钻进工艺参数,形成了一套可解决富含FeS₂结核的松软突出煤层施工的技术与装备。通过现场工业性试验,累计施工8个钻孔,最大成孔深度103.5 m,平均成孔深度近97 m,平均钻进效率10.4 m/h,纯钻进效率约18.3 m/h,表明了该套技术与装备在同类煤层施工中具有很好的应用效果。      

Effects of drilling fluid invasion on hydraulic characterization of low-permeability basalt horizons: A field evaluation

Low-permeability basalts at the Hanford Site, in south-central Washington State, are currently being investigated for suitability as repository horizons for the terminal storage of commercial, high-level radioactive wastes As part of on-going Basalt Waste isolation Project (BWIP) studies, a field evaluation was conducted to assess the effect that drilling fluid invasion may have on the hydraulic characterization of low-permeability basalts The test formation selected for the field evaluation was a 24 7-m section of basalt flow interior that had been previously core-drilled utilizing only fresh water. The test design of the field evaluation included an initial phase (phase I) of hydrologic testing followed by the injection of bentonite-base drilling fluid into the test section, removal of the drilling fluid from the borehole, and a final phase (phase II) of hydrologic testing Hydrologic tests conducted during each phase included overpressure pulse tests (pressurized slug tests) and a multiple-step, constant head injection test Results of the field evaluation indicate that no discernible impact on hydraulic property estimates or test response could be attributed to drilling fluid invasion.     

漏失地层近水平钻孔水力反循环取心试验

基于煤矿井下陷落柱、小断层等地质异常体精确探查对漏失地层近水平孔取心钻进的迫切需要,采用双壁水力反循环连续取心技术进行井下地质异常体探查,分析其技术原理及特点,研制配套的ø89/42 mm双壁取心钻杆和反循环取心钻头,并在某地面矿山进行功能性试验,共施工完成3个近水平取心钻孔,单孔最高取心率为83.6%,最大回次进尺69 m,平均钻进效率为3.61~6.26 m/h。针对漏失地层冲洗液漏失严重的问题,提出双壁取心钻具的结构改进优化方案,采用改进后的取心钻具岩心上返通道返水流量和流速大幅提升,最后指出该套反循环取心施工中出现的钻孔环空排渣及岩心卡堵问题并提出了针对性的解决方案,包括采用正反循环排渣法解决钻孔环空排渣问题和采用中心通道打水解卡方法解决岩心卡堵问题。试验表明:该套双壁取心钻具满足煤矿井下地质异常体探查的施工需要,为煤矿井下地质异常体探查提供新的技术途径。      

河南省寺家沟银多金属矿区复杂地层绳索取心钻进技术

河南省陕县崤山地区寺家沟-宽平一带银多金属矿区ZKS001孔,设计孔深900 m,直孔。上部地层坚硬破碎,裂隙发育,漏失严重,坍塌掉块,进尺缓慢,取心困难,钻进过程中钻头、钻杆磨损严重,造成多次钻杆断裂事故。钻孔位于山沟交汇处,严重涌水,从200～460 m,多处存在夹层泥,钻孔缩径。施工时由于钻进技术措施不当,导致钻进困难,引发事故,延误工期,增加了施工成本。本文介绍了该孔钻探施工技术措施,总结的经验教训可供类似工程参考借鉴。     

极地深部冰层取心钻探孔壁水压致裂研究

为了维护极地深部冰层取心钻探工作中钻孔的稳定,避免孔内事故的发生,冰层孔壁的水压致裂问题是亟待解决的重要科学问题之一。本文在深入分析国内外冰层钻探资料的基础上,结合冰盖动力学相关理论,计算得出了钻孔所在区域冰层的密度、温度及内部应力随深度的变化规律。在此基础上,结合油气资源勘探水力压裂技术与冰层钻进钻井液等相关理论,建立了合理的孔壁压差计算方法,深入探讨了适用于深部冰层钻探孔壁水压致裂机理。研制了冰层钻孔水压致裂模拟实验装置,可分析研究不同围压条件下冰样的脆性变形机理。结合我国Dome A深冰心钻探工程实际,提出钻孔可能发生水压致裂的深度区域及孔壁所需的起始裂纹长度判定,以期为后续的安全高效冰层钻进提供重要的理论依据。     

松辽盆地大陆科钻二开段大井眼钻井液技术

CCSD-SK2井是一口钻穿松辽盆地白垩纪陆相沉积地层的中国大陆科学钻探井。二开段先以216mm口径钻至2806.20m,然后进行444.5mm口径扩孔。泥页岩地层大井眼钻进过程中粘土矿物含量高且易造浆,砂砾岩层渗透性强易粘卡,井壁稳定控制与钻屑携带难度大。选用了钾铵聚合物钻井液体系和聚磺钻井液体系,通过正交实验确定了钻井液配方。将钻井液控制在合适的密度、较低的失水量以及较强的封堵性,有效实现了井壁稳定;保持适当的环空返速、较高的动塑比以及定期打稠塞举砂等措施,有效实现了井眼净化。1086.45m~1147.56m与1182.74m~1256.01m井段累计收获岩心130.90m,取心率达到97.41%,平均机械钻速为0.84m/h;最终顺利钻至2806.20m。     

煤矿井下大盘区瓦斯抽采定向钻进技术与装备

以顺煤层超长定向钻孔组覆盖整个工作面,对矿井大盘区瓦斯进行采前预抽是区域瓦斯治理的新模式。从大盘区瓦斯抽采顺煤层超长定向钻孔施工工艺出发,介绍了顺煤层超长定向钻孔成孔的几大关键技术,包括钻孔递进式轨迹延伸技术、复合钻进轨迹控制技术、水力加压减阻钻进技术、正反扭转减阻钻进技术及复合侧钻分支技术等。还介绍了顺煤层超长定向钻孔施工的主要配套装备,包括ZDY15000LD大功率定向钻机、BLY460/13泥浆泵车、YHD3-3000泥浆脉冲测量系统、无缆大通孔钻杆、水力加压螺杆马达等。利用该技术与装备在保德矿二盘区进行了工程示范应用,应用结果表明,该套工艺技术与装备具备施工长度超过3 300 m顺煤层超长定向钻孔能力。最后对瓦斯抽采效果进行了分析,结果显示超长定向钻孔抽采周期长,抽采量高,可以对大盘区瓦斯进行超前综合治理。      

宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔冲洗液护壁技术

宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔设计深度800 m,钻探过程中钻遇200余米第四系未胶结松散地层,主要有砾石（漂砾）—粗砂—中砂—细砂互层,钻孔护壁难度大,容易发生掉块、塌孔事故,取心困难;进入第三系钻遇清水营组紫红色泥岩,地层造浆且易打滑;进入白垩系宜君组,钻遇365.91 m的破碎砾岩,地层松散破碎,钻进过程易卡钻,回转阻力大,回次进尺少,进尺慢。根据类似钻孔施工资料及地层情况最终采用成膜护壁冲洗液,钻进过程中穿过多层复杂地层,成膜护壁冲洗液在破碎砾岩孔段起到了很好的护壁效果,没有出现掉块、塌孔事故;岩心采取率满足地质设计要求,全孔平均采取率达到95.89%;节约了套管下入深度,终孔深度800 m,终孔口径124.00 mm。     

川藏铁路DZ-深02-1钻孔高密度冲洗液的研究与应用

川藏铁路林康段DZ深021孔系构造勘察孔,地层非常复杂。钻探施工中出现了涌水、涌砂,掉块、缩径等复杂孔内情况。涌水携带破碎颗粒极容易造成孔内卡钻。同时孔内涌水稀释冲洗液,造成孔内压力失衡,加大了孔内垮塌事故,提高了钻孔的施工难度。通过研究和应用高密度冲洗液,平衡孔内压力,防止泥砂涌入钻具,使内管能顺利到位钻进。通过强抑制性低失水冲洗液的选择与配置,减少了泥岩的垮塌与缩径现象。通过采用加大钻头,增大环空间隙,使孔内岩粉能顺利排出,减低循环泵压,有利于断层泥段孔壁稳定。通过下入花管隔离等方法,分离出部分涌水量,减少了对冲洗液性能的破坏。通过强化钻进参数控制,减少了钻进中对孔壁的扰动,尽可能维持了孔壁稳定。最终钻进至设计孔深,达到了工程勘察的目的。