近400多年下荆江河段古河道演变过程及特征

为研究下荆江河段古河道演变过程及特征,利用20世纪30年代和50年代的历史地形图、1954年航片、1968年美国KH-4B军事卫星影像及2016年国产GF-1卫星影像,结合古籍资料,全面分析了下荆江古河道的演变特征并反演了其明万历年以来400多年的历史变迁过程.下荆江河段的古河道横向摆动频繁,受河道坚硬岸坡和人工护岸工程约束,空间上为20~32 km的古河道平面摆动带,形态上分为沿主泓线侧向渐变式摆动和河道突变迁徙两种古河道类型,它们是反演下荆江河段古河道的定位依据.历史上,下荆江塑造经历了漫流、支汊分流、单一顺直河道形成和曲流演化发展等复杂过程.明弘治年间,曲流主要出现在监利-城陵矶段,石首至监利段仅微弯;明末清初,东港湖弯道和濠河弯道均自然裁弯取直,下荆江蜿蜒型河道已全面上溯到石首境内,并形成了一系列河曲弯;19世纪中叶,下荆江的河曲发展突出表现在横向移动、河曲颈变窄、凹岸环流侵蚀后退、凸岸堆积淤高推进等特点.此后,下荆江没有出现大的变迁.下荆江河段近代河弯的演变模式有凸岸淤积推进、凹岸崩坍后退型,凸岸撇弯切滩、弯顶消减型和心滩漂移并岸、凹岸串沟过流型.河流的本身作用是其演变的主要原因,但人工修建大堤与大规模围垸是重要外因.      

长江流域宜宾至宜昌段深切河曲平面特征

长江流域内的四川盆地和三峡地区分布着大量深切河曲,记录了曲流河的原始形态,通过分析深切河曲的形态可以了解地质历史时期古曲流河的相关信息。本文采用小波分析方法,利用软件MStaT从遥感影像中提取了深切河曲的干支流交汇角、小波功率谱、弯曲度、弧波长和振幅等参数。与现代曲流河进行对比后发现：在深切河曲中,交汇角为钝角的情况较为常见,占比为30.3%;在交汇点附近,干支流交汇作用对小波功率谱的影响较为显著,但是远离交汇点的小波功率谱则基本保持不变;大部分河流的弯曲度、弧波长和振幅等参数呈现出从上游至下游逐渐升高的趋势。从河谷形态分析上也可知：以嘉陵江为代表的深切河曲,其河谷形态以对称河谷为主,这表明河曲在下切形成深切河曲的过程中,河道的形态并没有发生大规模的变化。根据上述现象可推测,河道交汇角为钝角的情况并不能作为古长江流向发生倒转的证据;长江流域宜宾至宜昌段曾经是地形起伏度很低的准平原（或宽阔河谷）,现今的深切河曲是古曲流河发生深切后而形成;长江在四川盆地和三峡地区应当为“叠置河”成因,长江在现今河道上并没有发生过倒流。     

嘉陵江古河曲发育的古地理环境重建

嘉陵江古河道的遥感影像轮廓反映了自由河曲的河流形态信息,分析嘉陵江古河曲的发育条件对其区域古地理环境的重建和恢复具有重要的地貌学研究意义.本文在综合前人关于自由河曲的理论与实际案例研究成果的基础上,总结了自由河曲的发育条件.据此,结合野外调查资料,认为嘉陵江古河曲形成时,该区应为平坦开阔的冲积平原,河流纵比降较比现在更小;河流两岸为具有“二元结构”的松散沉积物.与长江下荆江河段的地理环境类似.且“三水汇流”(嘉陵江与渠江、涪江)格局已经存在.嘉陵江由自由河曲转为深切河曲是由于区域地质环境(或地质事件)的改变所引起的.     

河套地区全新世黄河古河道的分布及期次划分

黄河古河道的分布及其年代学框架的建立对于探讨黄河迁移规律、重建古气候演化历史具有重要意义。通过Landsat8遥感影像解译、1∶5万野外地质地貌调查、钻孔资料分析,结合剖面实测基本判定了色尔腾山以南至现代黄河以北河套平原区黄河埋藏古河道的分布,,采用OSL与14C测年较精确地确定了黄河古河道的年代。依据年代学研究结果,将全新世黄河古河道划分为三期:Ⅰ期古河道,分南北两支,南支分布在复兴镇西北部,埋深2~6 m,北支分布于呼勒斯太中南部,埋深8.2~9 m,时代为9.93~7.4 ka B.P.;Ⅱ期古河道,河道主体分布在色尔腾山山前,呈北西─南东向,埋藏于现今乌加河古河道下部4~11m处,南北最宽处约1.5km。塔尔湖区存在同一期的古河道,埋深7~9 m,以东西向展布为主,时代为7.4~4.1 ka B.P.;Ⅲ期古河道,呼勒斯太中部、塔尔湖中南部及复兴南部都曾发育,但河道主体为塔尔湖区的古河道,埋深2~9 m,时代为4.1~1.2 ka B.P.。黄河古河道分布及时代确定有助于更深入地研究黄河在河套段演化历史,为河套地区的水利建设和农业生产提供参考和借鉴。     

井震结合表征曲流型河道储层叠置样式:以准噶尔盆地东部阜东5井区侏罗系头屯河组为例

针对阜东5井区大井距下曲流型河道储层叠置样式认识不清的问题,应用岩心、地震、测井、试油试采等资料,采用井震联合、层次结构和地震正演等研究方法,确立了沉积微相类型,分层次开展了河道储层叠置样式和地震正演河道砂体叠置地震响应特征研究,提出了曲流型河道储层叠置分布样式.研究表明:（1）目的层自下而上呈曲流河三角洲→曲流型分流河道体系→曲流河.头一段时期发育曲流河三角洲沉积,多个朵叶状砂体连片叠置.头二段演变为曲流型分流河道体系,砂体呈条带状叠置;头三段为曲流河,砂体呈宽条带交错叠置状.（2）在合理地震正演参数设置后,对曲流型河道分4类开展正演模拟.不同期次的单河道相互叠置使得复合河道的地震反射表现出单斜状、阶梯状、下凹状的特征,同时伴随振幅的横向强弱变化,结合单井测井标定可判断单河道的发育期次和叠置关系.（3）曲流型河道储层叠置样式主要分为单河道型、多河道叠置型和稳定迁移型3种样式.单河道型地震反射振幅短轴强振幅特征,呈窄连续条带状分布（约250 m）;多河道叠置型地震反射振幅强弱变化大,呈连续性较差宽条带状分布（约500 m）;稳定迁移型地震响应波形振幅强度变化弱且连续,呈大范围连片状分布（约1 500 m）.研究不仅对曲流型河道油气储层提高采收率具有重要的指导意义,也对井震结合大井距河道砂体储层构型表征方法的拓展意义重大.      

舟山群岛和长江口邻近海域埋藏古河道水文环境特征

应用高分辨率地球物理方法揭示舟山群岛和长江口邻近海域埋藏大量古河道。对埋藏古河道断面特征参数进行统计分析,利用河流计算公式得到埋藏古河道相关水文环境参数值。然后应用最新河型判别方法,分析判别晚更新世末次盛冰期和冰消期研究区埋藏古河道的河流类型为辫状型;并分析得到研究区古河道的宽深比(F=22.22)、悬移质含量(M=10.10%)、河道弯曲率(P=1.52)、河曲波长(L=1 647 m)等古水文泥沙环境参数分类指标。     

基于岩性光谱特征的雄安新区地面古河道识别研究

雄安新区地面古河道与河漫滩岩性分别以砂土和黏性土为主,两种岩性所含矿物成分对电磁波的反射率不同。将地表岩性调查与光谱采集分析相结合,捕捉了这两种岩性在遥感影像中反射光谱的差异,在此基础上识别了古河道,并利用钻孔数据加以验证分析。结果表明:雄安新区表层砂土和黏性土在TM影像B5波段的DN值差值最大,该波段可作为识别河道砂体的必选波段;综合考虑波段信息量、波段之间信息重复程度,R(4)G(5)B(1)组合下河道砂体的形迹清晰可辨;钻孔数据与遥感解译结果吻合,岩心揭露的古河道发育深度在3.2~8.7 m之间;研究区古河道总体较发育,河道宽度多在0.5~2.0 km之间,多处分叉和汇聚后呈辫状河形态,河网密度约0.26 km/km~2;钻孔剖面显示河道地势高于河漫滩,属条状高地型古河道,河道有"游荡"痕迹;古河道的发育位置控制着区内居民地的分布。     

天津市滨海新区全新世浅埋古河道分布及演化特征

文章基于天津滨海新区54个典型地质钻孔和860余个工程地质钻孔资料的分析,通过钻孔联合剖面和砂体厚度统计,研究了滨海新区全新世古河道分布和演化的特征。结果表明,在全新世时期发育3期古河道,陆相古河道为曲流河河道带,海相古河道为三角洲水下分支河道及分支河口砂坝。其中,全新世中期又分为3个亚期,与渤海湾西岸全新世时期海进和海退作用过程密切相关;埋深25 m内的浅埋古河道分为蓟运河、海河和古黄河三个系统,古河道的形成明显受海平面变化和气候变化的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系直罗组砂岩发育特征

根据岩性旋回结构,在全盆地范围将直罗组划分为上、下两段。分段制图表明,直罗组上、下段地层厚度展布规律与全组厚度展布规律基本一致,均表现为西厚东薄;上段地层较下段厚。下段砂岩层数少、单层厚度大;而上段砂岩以层多、层薄为特点。直罗组砂岩总体成熟度较低,区域制图和碎屑组分等反映周缘存在多个源区。砂岩粒度分布表现为河道和分流河道等沉积特征。直罗组砂岩发育多种反映陆上河流沉积环境的层面和层理构造。综合分析认为,在今残留盆地范围内,直罗组下段以辫状河、曲流河沉积为主,东北部可见三角洲平原沉积。上段以辫状河、曲流河、三角洲和湖泊沉积为主。直罗组下段辫状河道砂岩具有良好的渗透性、连通性和成层性,是砂岩型铀矿和石油的良好储层。
     

二连盆地中部古河道砂岩型铀矿成矿特征

笔者通过对铀源、赛汉组上段沉积建造、构造演化等的分析认为,二连盆地中部具备古河道砂岩型铀矿成矿条件;古河道形态与规模、河道内沉积微相、潜水一层间氧化是铀矿床定位的“三要素”,其不同的组合方式构成了不同的古河道砂岩型铀矿成矿模式。据此,指出二连盆地中部具有较好的古河道找矿远景。     

嘉陵江曲流型叠置河谷成因对区域地质环境的响应

为了明确嘉陵江曲流型叠置河谷形成原因及其对区域地质环境演化的响应, 在综合分析区域地质地貌背景、水系演化模式等基础上, 认为嘉陵江曲流型叠置河谷的成因可能是三峡贯通这一重大地质事件作用的结果.三峡贯通前, 古分水岭两侧的四川盆地和江汉盆地水系相互独立发育; 由于江汉盆地水系溯源侵蚀速率快, 切穿其与四川盆地的古分水岭, 分水岭西侧水系被袭夺后东流, 两大水系完成统一; 在三峡贯通事件作用下, 嘉陵江古自由河曲快速下切嵌入基岩, 形成了曲流型叠置河谷的壮观地貌景观.基于砾石层中冲积物的电子自旋共振(electron spin resonance dating, ESR)测年结果, 表明三峡贯通的时间大致在早-中更新世之交.第四纪地壳活跃, 三峡的贯通可能与该时期内的"昆仑-黄河运动"密切相关.      

四川南充嘉陵江曲流的形成及曲流地质公园建立的意义

嘉陵江曲流地貌景观在世界曲流地貌中具有典型性和代表性。系统的阐述了嘉陵江曲流的演化、形成,并进行了与国际河谷曲流的对比研究,提出建立国家级曲流地质公园的意见和保护建议。     

Preservation of meandering river channels in uniformly aggrading channel belts

Channel belt deposits from meandering river systems commonly display an internal architecture of stacked depositional features with scoured basal contacts due to channel and bedform migration across a range of scales. Recognition and correct interpretation of these bounding surfaces is essential to reconstruction of palaeochannel dimensions and to flow modelling for hydrocarbon exploration. It is therefore crucial to understand the suite of processes that form and transfer these surfaces into the fluvial sedimentary record. Here, the numerical model ‘NAYS2D’ is used to simulate a highly sinuous meandering river with synthetic stratigraphic architectures that can be compared directly to the sedimentary record. Model results highlight the importance of spatial and temporal variations in channel depth and migration rate to the generation of channel and bar deposits. Addition of net uniform bed aggradation (due to excess sediment input) allows quantification of the preservation of meander morphology for a wide range of depositional conditions. The authors find that the effect of vertical variation in scouring due to channel migration is generally orders of magnitude larger than the effect of bed aggradation, which explains the limited impact bed aggradation has on preservation of meander morphology. Moreover, lateral differences in stratigraphy within the meander belt are much larger than the stratigraphic imprint of bed aggradation. Repeatedly produced alternations of point bar growth followed by cut‐off result in a vertical trend in channel and scour feature stacking. Importantly, this vertical stacking trend differs laterally within the meander belt. In the centre of the meander belt, the high reworking intensity results in many bounding surfaces and disturbed deposits. Closer to the margins, reworking is infrequent and thick deposits with a limited number of bounding surfaces are preserved. These marginal areas therefore have the highest preservation potential for complete channel deposits and are thus best suited for palaeochannel reconstruction.     

人类活动影响下的干旱区河流地貌演变——以塔里木河为例

全球范围内干旱区河流正日益受到高强度人类活动的扰动,但较少研究报道这种扰动对河流地貌过程的影响。采用历史文献、水文数据和遥感影像相结合的方式,详细分析了人类活动影响下中国最大内陆河塔里木河（简称塔河）的河流地貌变化过程。结果表明:塔河流域人类活动的规模和强度日趋上升,对河流水沙过程和地貌形态等影响显著。近50年来,塔河干流低流量过程发生频率呈显著上升趋势,而中、高流量过程则呈降低趋势,河道径流和输沙量减少显著。塔河干流上游现为游荡河道,冲淤变化剧烈且总体处于淤积抬升状态, 但河道平均河宽呈减小趋势,可能是因为塔河两岸冲积平原的开垦和河岸加固。塔河中游弯曲河道蜿蜒系数在近几十年呈缓慢上升趋势,但明显低于废弃古河道。     

Channel morphology and river flow in the northern Russian Plain in the Late Glacial and Holocene

The relicts of large meandering palaeochannels are found throughout the territory of the periglacial zone of the Last (Valdai=Weichselian) Glaciation on the Russian Plain. Channel widths of macromeanders can be 15 times larger than the recent meanders of the same rivers. Palaeolandscape and palaeohydrological reconstructions show that these periglacial river channels were formed under conditions of high spring water flow, up to eight times greater than the modern discharges, when the flow coefficient was close to 0.9-1.0 due to presence of permafrost, summers were dry and streams lacked ground water supply. Permafrost degradation increased soil permeability in spring and increased ground water flow in summer, causing a decrease of annual flow (due mainly to the flood flow decrease in spring). As a result, large periglacial channels were abandoned and transformed into lakes and bogs. Late Holocene channels have much smaller channel widths and meander lengths. These were formed under conditions of lower annual flows and much steadier flow regime.     

Controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by bed‐material load along the Sacramento River,California

Differences in the nature and quantity of sediment filling oxbow lakes have significant implications for the evolution of meandering rivers and the development of floodplains, influencing rates of meander migration and the valley width over which migration takes place. In an effort to identify the controls on the alluviation of oxbow lakes by coarse bed material, this study examined the sedimentary records stored within oxbow lakes of the Sacramento River of California, USA, and found that the volume of gravel in storage correlated negatively with the diversion angle separating flow between the river channel and the entrance into each lake. A method was devised for estimating the original channel bathymetry of the studied lakes and for modelling the hydraulic and sediment‐transport effects of the diversion angle within channels recently abandoned by meander cut‐off. The diversion angle determines the width of a flow separation within the abandoned‐channel entrance, reducing the discharge diverted from the river channel and thus limiting the ability of the abandoned channel to transport bed material. Aggradation rates are faster within entrances to abandoned channels with high diversion angles, resulting in the rapid isolation of lakes that store only a small volume of coarse‐grained sediment. Aggradation rates are slower within channel entrances where diversion angles are low, resulting in the slow transitioning of such channels into oxbow lakes with a larger and more extensive accumulation of coarse‐grained sediment. These findings compare well with observations in other natural settings and the mechanism which is described for the control of the diversion may explain why some oxbow lakes remain as open‐water environments for centuries, whereas others are filled completely within decades of cut‐off.     

基于地貌形态学交融的现代曲流河道迁移构型表征

曲流河道地貌迁移规律是重建与恢复古河道储层构型与历史演变的基础,是预测未来迁移演化趋势的前提,目前正成为国际河流沉积演化研究的热点。通过地貌形态学与河流沉积学的学科交融,以额尔齐斯河和诺威特纳河两条典型天然曲流河道为研究对象,结合Google Earth和ACME Mapper技术获取高分辨率历史卫星图像,提出现代曲流河道地貌迁移构型表征新方法与思路。在前人基础上,综合采用28种刻画要素对曲流河道平面构型进行层次解剖,更加精准定义弯度指数（S）与曲率（C）,并首次运用3种新构型表征参数:上游偏转角（Δθ）、下游偏转角（Δθ'）和扩张系数（K_M）,实现曲流河道迁移构型表征的定量过程学分析。通过对12条优选典型河曲的构型刻画,表征6种迁移结构:对称扩张、上游旋转扩张、下游旋转扩张、对称收敛、上游旋转收敛和下游旋转收敛结构,归纳出9种迁移模式,并结合地貌过程学定量表征思路,探讨其对现今地下储层构型方法的重要指导意义,以期推进河流地貌形态学与河流沉积学的共同发展。     

Planform architecture,stratigraphic signature and morphodynamics of an exhumed Jurassic meander plain (Scalby Formation,Yorkshire, UK)

Modern fluvial meander plains exhibit complex planform transformations in response to meander‐bend expansion, downstream migration and rotation. These transformations exert a fundamental control on lithology and reservoir properties, yet their stratigraphic record has been poorly evaluated in ancient examples due to the lack of extensive three‐dimensional exposures. Here, a unique exhumed meander plain exposed to the north of Scarborough (Yorkshire, UK) is analysed in terms of architecture and morphodynamics, with the aim of developing a comprehensive model of facies distribution. The studied outcrop comprises tidal platforms and adjacent cliffs, where the depositional architecture of un‐tilted deposits was assessed on planform and vertical sections, respectively. In its broader perspective, this study demonstrates the potential of architectural mapping of extensive planform exposures for the reconstruction of ancient fluvial morphodynamics. The studied exhumed meander plain is part of the Scalby Formation of the Ravenscar Group, and originally drained small coastal incised valleys within the Jurassic Cleveland Basin. The meander plain is subdivided into two storeys that contain in‐channel and overbank architectural elements. In‐channel elements comprise expansional and downstream‐migrating point bars, point‐bar tails and channel fills. Overbank elements comprise crevasse complexes, levées, floodplain fines and lake fills. The evolution of the point bars played a significant role in dictating preserved facies distributions, with high flood‐stage nucleation and accretion of meander scrolls later reworked during waning flood‐stages. At a larger scale, meander belt morphodynamics were also a function of valley confinement and contrasts in substrate erodibility. Progressive valley infilling decreased the valley confinement, promoting the upward transition from prevalently downstream migrating to expansional meander belts, a transition associated with enhanced preservation of overbank elements. Strikingly similar relations between valley confinement, meander‐bend transformations and overbank preservation are observed in small modern meandering streams such as the Beaver River of the Canadian prairies and the Powder River of Montana (USA).     

A contemporary appraisal of some key Fiskian concepts with emphasis on Holocene meander belt formation and morphology

Looking back five decades and reflecting on the contributions of Harold Fisk to Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) geological knowledge, it is apparent that he was highly successful in making engineers aware of the critical role of glacial advance and retreat, sea level changes, valley slope and river gradient, and time in affecting geomorphic processes, sedimentary patterns, and river regimes. Perhaps his greatest contribution to river engineering was in recognizing and elaborating on the effects of bed and bank materials on stream meandering. Fisk, however, could only work within the prevailing geological theory and method of his time with regard to glacial chronology and stratigraphy and such matters as global structure and tectonics. Major advances in these areas with new concepts and techniques have shown his LMV glacial response model to be oversimplified and invalid in some respects. More cycles of valley filling and cutting are now known to be represented in the alluvial sequence and his concept of deep valley entrenchment as a direct response to sea level changes is untenable in light of substantial new data. The presence of a regional, rectilinear fracture pattern with a corresponding network of major fault zones has not been substantiated by subsurface data. The most widely known aspect of Fisk's work is his detailed interpretation and colorful depiction of the complex pattern of overlapping, cross cutting, and discontinuous Holocene meander belts and their hundreds of abandoned channels. However, it is now recognized that Fisk's elaborate chronological reconstruction is largely invalid both because of some incorrect basic assumptions and his lack of radiocarbon and other numerical dating techniques for precise control. A newly emerging model of meander belt formation is more generalized and relies heavily on archaeological evidence. It places emphasis on episodes of multiple active river courses (partial flow channels), frequent formation of distributary channels, and the significant influence of Mississippi River tributaries and minor basin drainage. Interesting regional variations over time in meander belt configurations and morphology may reflect climate changes, but at present broad-scale variations in the lithology of the Quaternary alluvial sequence appear to be the dominant control.     

岷江上游槽谷曲流段大型古滑坡成因与复活性分析——以松潘县元坝子古滑坡为例

岷江上游靠近分水岭部位的槽谷曲流河段,由于地壳抬升缓慢,河谷宽、岸坡缓,降雨量相对偏少,通常被认为发生大型滑坡的可能性较小。但通过笔者近年来的调查发现,在岷江上游红桥关至西宁关的槽谷曲流段两岸大型滑坡密集发育,且大多具有地震滑坡的特征,同时个别滑坡受后期江水冲刷、工程开挖等因素影响复活。文章选取其中较为典型的元坝子滑坡为例进行解剖,元坝子滑坡位于岷江曲流凹岸,长780 m,宽480 m,体积293×104 m3。通过地质分析、测年鉴定和数值模拟,认为该滑坡是历史地震引发的大型岩质古滑坡,其发展经历了斜坡裂缝、地震滑坡、河流下切和前缘复活等阶段。稳定性计算结果显示,目前滑坡整体天然工况下稳定性好,极端暴雨工况下欠稳定,受江水冲刷、降雨、融雪等因素影响,出现局部变形复活。建议应加强滑坡变形监测,避免整体滑动造成堵江、威胁成兰铁路安全。