钛粒硅镁石:冷俯冲带蛇纹岩超高压变质的特征变质矿物

蛇纹岩矿物组合简单,主要组成矿物蛇纹石的温压稳定范围很大,这导致确定蛇纹岩的变质温压条件存在困难。本文通过实验岩石学模拟的方法,确定了钛粒硅镁石是蛇纹岩经历超高压变质的特征变质矿物。根据实验观察,压力达到3.0~3.5 GPa条件下,600~700℃范围内均存在钛粒硅镁石的生成反应,说明钛粒硅镁石在压力大于3.0~3.5 GPa条件下才能稳定;温度高于750℃,钛粒硅镁石开始减少直至消失。至于钛粒硅镁石的压力上限,由于实验条件所限,本次实验并未得出。钛斜硅镁石先于钛粒硅镁石出现,晚于钛粒硅镁石消失,稳定的温压范围更大。对实验样品观察发现,普遍存在钛粒硅镁石、钛斜硅镁石和橄榄石互为核边、互相交生的现象,这些实验现象与自然界中观察到的现象一致。低温高压条件下,由于这3类矿物结构的相似性,钛斜硅镁石与橄榄石通常出现互为核边的现象;随着温度升高,钛斜硅镁石以斑块或者片晶出现在橄榄石中,直至最终分解消失。钛粒硅镁石的出现与否取决于温压条件：低温低压条件下,钛粒硅镁石不稳定,发生分解产生钛斜硅镁石,出现钛斜硅镁石包裹钛粒硅镁石的现象;低温高压条件下,钛粒硅镁石稳定生长,出现钛粒硅镁石发育于钛斜硅镁石边部的现象;高温条件下,钛粒硅镁石不稳定,以片晶形式存在于橄榄石或钛斜硅镁石中。研究表明,钛粒硅镁石稳定于低温高压条件,确定其为冷俯冲带蛇纹岩超高压变质的标志。同时详细的岩相学显示了钛硅镁石矿物在高压变质过程中的行为,从而为俯冲带超基性岩变质研究提供理论依据。     

蛇纹石化和俯冲带蛇纹岩变质脱水过程中流体活动性元素的行为

蛇纹石是大洋岩石圈和俯冲带内水和流体活动性元素最重要的载体之一。研究蛇纹石化和蛇纹岩变质脱水过程中流体活动性元素的行为是认识俯冲带元素地球化学循环的关键。蛇纹岩是指主要由蛇纹石类矿物构成的岩石,包括利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。蛇纹石化过程中会造成流体活动性元素(B、Li、As、Sb、Pb、Cs、U、Sr和Ba等)的显著富集,并且由于原岩性质、流体成分和氧逸度等条件的不同,大洋岩石圈蛇纹岩和弧前蛇纹岩的特征也略有不同。例如,弧前蛇纹岩具有相对高的As、Sb、B和相对低的U,这反映了俯冲沉积物来源流体的贡献。在俯冲带蛇纹岩的变质脱水过程中,利蛇纹石向叶蛇纹石的转变伴随着矿物内超过50%F和Cl的释放,以及一些流体活动性元素(如B和Li)的迁出;此外,蛇纹石分解形成的变质橄榄石中的流体包裹体指示,蛇纹石脱水分解所产生的流体具有高于原始地幔几个数量级的Cl、Cs、Pb、As、Sb、Ba、Rb、B、Sr、Li和U含量。由于利蛇纹石中的Fe~(3+)含量较叶蛇纹石高,这种矿物相转变过程中也伴随着俯冲通道内的一系列氧化还原过程,从而影响流体性质和新形成的叶蛇纹石的成分。蛇纹岩与岛弧岩浆在流体活动性元素富集规律上的相似性说明蛇纹岩在俯冲带元素循环中扮演着重要的角色。此外,蛇纹石矿物相转变过程中F、Cl、B等元素的释放,可能对于斑岩型金矿、蛇绿岩中的金矿和某些蛇纹岩作为赋矿围岩的硼矿的形成起到重要的作用。     

大洋橄榄岩的蛇纹石化过程:从海底水化到俯冲脱水SCIEI北大核心CSCD

蛇纹石化是海底最重要的水岩相互作用之一,指基性岩和超基性岩中的橄榄石和辉石等镁铁质矿物在相对低温条件下发生水热蚀变产生蛇纹石等矿物的热液变质作用。蛇纹石族矿物主要有三种,分别是利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。低温状态蛇纹石族矿物主要以利蛇纹石和纤蛇纹石的形式存在,高温状态下主要以叶蛇纹石的形式存在。影响大洋蛇纹石化过程的因素不容忽视,温度、氧化还原程度、pH值、水岩比(W/R)等都在其中扮演着重要的角色。总的来说,地幔物质易出露在地壳减薄区域和断裂构造处,这有利于与流体充分接触反应,从而决定了大洋蛇纹石化作用发生的可能位置。对蛇纹石化程度的描述,当前人们大多通过岩石微观结构、地球化学指标来定性指示,磁学指标有望实现对蛇纹石化程度的定量解释。蛇纹石化作用对海底磁异常、地球生命演化进程、成矿作用等都有一定的贡献。此外,俯冲带脱水及弧岩浆的形成都与之有联系。总之,基性与超基性岩石蛇纹石化与俯冲带蛇纹岩脱水过程是地球水循环过程的重要机制,但未来揭示蛇纹岩的磁学性质和俯冲变质过程,仍需进一步探索。     

俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区含绿纤石榴辉岩的岩石学特征及其变质演化

俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区榴辉岩中发现的绿纤石形成于榴辉岩化早期亚绿片岩相阶段。该绿纤石多以包体形式存在于退变榴辉岩的变斑晶石榴石矿物中,并与榍石、金红石、单斜辉石、绿泥石、绿帘石、石英等矿物伴生,极少量单颗粒绿纤石包裹在基质单斜辉石(透辉石)矿物中,呈浑圆状。绿纤石成分上属于铝绿纤石和铁绿纤石,其中以铝绿纤石为主。在详细的岩相学研究基础上,通过相平衡计算,结合矿物温压计计算结果,发现含绿纤石榴辉岩共经历了4阶段的变质演化:Ⅰ早期进变质阶段,以石榴石中的绿纤石+绿泥石+绿帘石+石英等矿物包裹体为特征,依据实验岩石学研究的矿物组合绿纤石+绿泥石+石英和铁绿纤石+绿帘石稳定域,估算该变质阶段温压条件t=160~320℃,p=0.2~0.8 GPa;Ⅱ峰期榴辉岩相阶段,矿物组合为石榴石+Di-Pl后成合晶推测的绿辉石+金红石±角闪石+石英,石榴石核部镁等值线和绿辉石硬玉分子等值线限定其峰期温压条件为t=725~740℃,p=1.4~1.5 GPa;Ⅲ高压麻粒岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合为石榴石+透辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英,石榴石-单斜辉石温度计和后成合晶中斜长石钙等值线限定该阶段的温压条件t=725~750℃,p=1.1~1.3 GPa;Ⅳ晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合角闪石+斜长石±黑云母+石英,相平衡计算和角闪石-斜长石温度计限定温压条件为t=670~700℃,p=0.7~0.9 GPa。综上,确定了俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区含绿纤石榴辉岩具有顺时针的p-T演化轨迹,峰期对应的地温梯度为15℃/km,俯冲进变质阶段经历了绿纤石-绿帘石相变质,由峰期榴辉岩相到退变质高压麻粒岩相具近等温降压的特征。研究表明,板块的"冷"俯冲作用在地球演化早期太古宙时期就可能出现了。     

拉萨地块吉朗榴辉岩的岩石学研究及其对古特提斯洋壳俯冲折返过程的限定

拉萨地块东部松多(超)高压榴辉岩记录了古特提斯洋俯冲及折返过程。松多榴辉岩带已发现松多、新达多、白朗和吉朗4个榴辉岩出露区,它们的峰期温压条件及变质p-T轨迹的研究对揭示拉萨地块古特提斯时期的俯冲及折返过程有重要意义。松多榴辉岩带东段吉朗榴辉岩的主要矿物为石榴子石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、角闪石、金红石、绿帘石、石英以及退变形成的后成合晶结构(透辉石+角闪石+斜长石)和少量的黑云母。石榴子石具有含丰富矿物包裹体的"脏"核和极少包裹体的"净"边,具有典型的进变质成分环带特征,从核部到边部镁铝榴石组分升高,锰铝榴石和钙铝榴石组分降低。石榴子石边部发育窄的角闪石+斜长石(An=28)组成的冠状体,表明石榴子石边部发生了后期角闪岩相退变质作用。通过变质相平衡模拟计算得到石榴子石以及多硅白云母记录的峰期温压条件为563℃、2. 4 GPa。结合岩相学特征,确定吉朗榴辉岩经历了4期变质演化阶段:(1)进变质阶段以石榴子石核部及其包裹体为代表性矿物组合;(2)峰期变质阶段矿物组合为石榴子石边部、绿辉石、多硅白云母、蓝闪石、硬柱石、金红石和石英;(3)早期退变质阶段以硬柱石分解产生绿帘石为特征;(4)晚期退变质阶段以绿辉石发育后成合晶和石榴子石生长冠状体为特征。认为吉朗榴辉岩为典型的低温高压榴辉岩,经历了顺时针p-T演化轨迹,折返过程为近等温降压过程。与松多带内其他(超)高压岩石相比,吉朗榴辉岩峰期温压条件较低,其围岩为变石英岩,区别于区内其他(超)高压榴辉岩的石榴子石白云母片岩及蛇纹岩围岩。推测吉朗榴辉岩来自于俯冲带浅部,由俯冲隧道中低密度沉积物裹挟折返。     

大别山北部超高压变质大理岩及其地质意义

岩石学研究表明 ,大别山北部镁铁 超镁铁质岩带中白云质大理岩至少经历过三期变质阶段 :(1)榴辉岩相峰期变质阶段 ,矿物组合主要为方解石 +白云石 +金红石 +镁橄榄石 +钛 斜硅镁石 +富镁的钛铁矿±文石±石榴子石 ;(2 )麻粒岩相退变质阶段 ,矿物组合主要为方解石 +白云石 +金云母 +镁橄榄石 +透辉石 +钛铁矿 +尖晶石±斜方辉石等 ;(3)角闪岩相退变质阶段 ,主要矿物组合为方解石 +白云石 +磷灰石 +磁铁矿+榍石等。它的峰期变质矿物组合 ,类似于苏 鲁超高压大理岩 ,形成压力至少大于 2 .5GPa。这进一步证明 ,大别山北部大多数高级变质岩 (包括大理岩等 )都曾经过超高压变质作用 ,应属于印支期扬子俯冲陆壳的一部分。     

拉萨地块松多高压变质带不同类型榴辉岩的变质演化过程及其限定方法探讨

拉萨地块中东部松多高压变质带是揭示拉萨地体形成与演化过程的重要研究对象。松多变质带记录了古特提斯洋的俯冲和闭合过程。前人对松多地区出露的榴辉岩及围岩开展了大量的岩石学工作,但变质峰期温压条件没有得到很好的限定,温压分布范围较广,且变质演化过程仍存争议。笔者等总结了松多变质带不同地区榴辉岩的岩石学和矿物学特征,汇总了不同计算方法得到的温压条件。通过对比发现,松多高压变质带内榴辉岩的峰期温压条件处于465~880℃,2.5~3.9 GPa的范围,其宽泛的峰期温压条件是由于不同计算方法和折返机制造成的。与传统矿物对温压计相比,变质相平衡模拟方法更适合低温榴辉岩的峰期温压条件及变质过程的限定。     

拉萨地块松多高压变质带不同类型榴辉岩的变质演化过程及其限定方法探讨

拉萨地块中东部松多高压变质带是揭示拉萨地体形成与演化过程的重要研究对象。松多变质带记录了古特提斯洋的俯冲和闭合过程。前人对松多地区出露的榴辉岩及围岩开展了大量的岩石学工作,但变质峰期温压条件没有得到很好的限定,温压分布范围较广,且变质演化过程仍存争议。笔者等总结了松多变质带不同地区榴辉岩的岩石学和矿物学特征,汇总了不同计算方法得到的温压条件。通过对比发现,松多高压变质带内榴辉岩的峰期温压条件处于465~880℃,2.5~3.9 GPa的范围,其宽泛的峰期温压条件是由于不同计算方法和折返机制造成的。与传统矿物对温压计相比,变质相平衡模拟方法更适合低温榴辉岩的峰期温压条件及变质过程的限定。     

柴北缘锡铁山两类榴辉岩的退变质过程 及其对俯冲带折返机制的制约

榴辉岩作为俯冲带中重要的岩石类型保存有丰富的地球动力学信息。对榴辉岩及其退变质岩石的研究有助于建立俯冲带演化的p-T轨迹,了解俯冲岩石在折返过程中温压条件及矿物相的变化,从而对俯冲带折返的动力学机制进行限定。对柴北缘锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩及含多硅白云母榴辉岩进行了详细的岩石学研究。在NC（K）FMASH体系中对两类榴辉岩进行变质相平衡模拟,得到双矿物榴辉岩的峰期温压条件为745~790℃,大于2.8~3.0GPa（M1）,后经历等温降压过程达到角闪石榴辉岩岩相（670~770℃,1.6~2.2GPa,M2）,与含多硅白云母榴辉岩经历了相同的折返过程。锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩的原岩具有N-MORB的地球化学特征,而含多硅白云母榴辉岩则显示E-MORB或者OIB特征,二者原岩成分存在明显差异。两类榴辉岩的p-T演化过程和地球化学特征表明,锡铁山双矿物榴辉岩与含多硅白云母榴辉岩矿物学特征的差异是其原岩的多源性造成的,而与俯冲后折返过程中的退变质作用无必然联系。     

东准噶尔塔克札勒蛇绿混杂岩带变质作用特征

塔克札勒蛇绿混杂岩带的变质作用 ,具大洋水热变质、俯冲变质和区域低温动力变质作用的特征 ,其中以大洋水热变质作用为主。中志留世末洋盆扩张阶段 ,形成葡萄石、绿纤石相→低绿片岩相→角闪岩相的递增变质特征 ;早石炭世初洋壳向陆壳之下俯冲 ,俯冲变质作用不显著 ,仅见超镁铁岩具叶蛇纹石、纤维蛇纹石及绢石蚀变矿物 ;早石炭世中期塔克札勒有限洋盆开始粘连闭合 ,于晚石炭世早期褶皱造山 ,使蛇绿混杂岩带产生角闪岩相→高绿片岩相→低绿片岩相的退变质特征 ,使蛇绿岩带在辉长岩中由棕色角闪石退变为透闪石、阳起石和绿泥石、绢云母及绿帘石等变质矿物 ,是区域低温动力变质作用的产物 ,属低绿片岩相     

Serpentinites of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite complex and their texture evolution

The Zermatt‐Saas serpentinite complex is an integral member of the Penninic ophiolites of the Central Alps and represents the mantle part of the oceanic lithosphere of the Tethys. Metamorphic textures of the serpentinite preserve the complex mineralogical evolution from primary abyssal peridotite through ocean‐floor hydration, subduction‐related high‐pressure overprint, meso‐Alpine greenschist facies metamorphism, and late‐stage hydrothermal alteration. The early ocean floor hydration of the spinel harzburgites is still visible in relic pseudomorphic bastite and locally preserved mesh textures. The primary serpentine minerals were completely replaced by antigorite. The stable assemblage in subduction‐related mylonitic serpentinites is antigorite–olivine–magnetite ± diopside. The mid‐Tertiary greenschist facies overprint is characterized by minor antigorite recrystallization. Textural and mineral composition data of this study prove that the hydrated mineral assemblages remained stable during high‐pressure metamorphism of up to 2.5 GPa and 650 °C. The Zermatt‐Saas serpentinites thus provide a well documented example for the lack of dehydration of a mantle fragment during subduction to 75 km depth.     

苏北东海青龙山变斑状榴辉岩的变质演化

青龙山部分榴辉岩以含绿帘石、蓝晶石和滑石变斑晶为特征,但是其峰变质矿物组合由基质中细粒的石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+柯石英+金红石+绿帘石构成,它们定向分布形成片理构造。相图中石榴石组成等值线温压计确定的峰变质组合为:石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+蓝晶石+金红石+柯石英+硬柱石+滑石,与岩相学观察结果不符。这可能是超高压变质流体显著偏离计算相图假设的流体相为纯水所致。无定向的变斑晶切割片理,晚于峰变质组合结晶于弱剪切应力的环境。岩相学观察和相图模拟结果显示,变斑晶的形成顺序为蓝晶石-绿帘石-滑石。绿帘石在<2GPa大量生长形成变斑晶,它包含柯石英并不一定说明二者平衡共生,更可能是温压快速下降后峰变质组合被绿帘石变斑晶包含。由矿物组合限定的青龙山变斑状榴辉岩P-T路径为典型的"发卡式"。含水矿物出现于岩石的各个变质组合,并且沿退变质P-T路径陆续结晶数量增多,表明在退变质过程中不断有流体渗入岩石。     

Study of antigorite Crystal Cell Parameters Changing with Temperature and Pressure by TEM

To determine the P‐T conditions of serpentinite without any specific metamorphic minerals is a difficult work, because the main mineral antigorite could stable at a wide P‐T range of about 400–700°C, 10–50 kbar. Observations from natural rocks and high‐pressure experiments both suggest that the length of a‐axis of antigorite (can calculate as m value) is related to temperature and pressure, which could be used as a thermobarometer. However, some researchers disagree with this point. In this study, transmission electron microscope (TEM) technique is used to measure the crystal structure of antigorite obtained by whole‐rock system high pressure experiments, and then compare with the experimental results in the predecessors’ MgO‐SiO₂‐H₂O (MSH) system, to find out the correlation between m value of antigorite and P‐T conditions in the whole‐rock system. According to this study, several conclusions have been drawn: (1) the m value of antigorite is elevated with increasing pressure; (2) the increase content of aluminum in antigorite migrate the m values to high temperature field; (3) as the temperature rises, the m value of antigorite decreases, and the water content increases.     

Trace-element geochemistry of transform-fault serpentinite in high-pressure subduction mélanges (eastern Cuba): implications for subduction initiation

The Sierra del Convento and La Corea mélanges (eastern Cuba) are vestiges of a Cretaceous subduction channel in the Caribbean realm. Both mélanges contain blocks of oceanic crust and serpentinite subducted to high pressure within a serpentinite matrix. The bulk composition of serpentinite indicates spinel-harzburgite and -herzolite protoliths. The samples preserve fertile protolith signatures that suggest low melting degrees. High concentration of immobile elements Zr, Th, Nb, and REE contents (from ~0.1 to ~2 CI-chondrite) point to early melt–rock interaction processes before serpentinization took place. Major- and trace-element compositions suggest an oceanic fracture-zone–transform-fault setting. A mild negative Eu anomaly in most samples indicates low-temperature fluid–rock interaction as a likely consequence of seawater infiltration during oceanic serpentinization. A second, more important, serpentinization stage is related to enrichment in U, Pb, Cs, Ba, and Sr due to the infiltration of slab-derived fluids. The mineral assemblages are mainly formed by antigorite, lizardite, and chlorite, with local minor talc, tremolite, anthophyllite, dolomite, brucite, and relict orthopyroxene. The local presence of anthophyllite and the replacements of lizardite by antigorite indicate a metamorphic evolution from the cooling of peridotite/serpentinite at the oceanic context to mild heating and compression in a subduction setting. We propose that serpentinites formed at an oceanic transform-fault setting that was the locus of subduction initiation of the Proto-Caribbean basin below the Caribbean plate during early Cretaceous times. Onset of subduction at the fracture zone allowed the preservation of abyssal transform-fault serpentinites at the upper plate, whereas limited downward drag during mature subduction placed the rocks in the subduction channel where they tectonically mixed with the upward-migrating accreted block of the subducted Proto-Caribbean oceanic crust. Hence, we suggest that relatively fertile serpentinites of high-pressure mélanges were witness to the onset of subduction at an oceanic transform-fault setting.     

An experimental investigation of antigorite dehydration in natural silica-enriched serpentinite

Piston cylinder experiments were performed to constrain the pressure and temperature conditions for two high-pressure antigorite dehydration reactions found in silica-enriched serpentinites from Cerro del Almirez (Nevado–Filábride Complex, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). At 630–660°C and pressures greater than 1.6 GPa, antigorite first reacts with talc to form orthopyroxene ± chlorite + fluid. We show that orthopyroxene + antigorite is restricted to high-pressure metamorphism of silica-enriched serpentinite. This uncommon assemblage is helpful in constraining metamorphic conditions in cold subduction environments, where antigorite serpentinites have no diagnostic assemblages over a large pressure and temperature range. The second dehydration reaction leads to the breakdown of antigorite to olivine + orthopyroxene + chlorite + fluid. The maximum stability of antigorite is found at 680°C at 1.9 GPa, which also corresponds to the maximum pressure limit for tremolite coexisting with olivine + orthopyroxene. The high aluminium (3.70 wt% Al₂O₃) and chromium contents (0.59 wt% Cr₂O₃) of antigorite in the investigated starting material is responsible for the expansion of the serpentinite stability to 60–70°C higher temperatures at 1.8 GPa than the antigorite stability calculated in the Al-free system. The antigorite from our study has the highest Al–Cr contents among all experimental studies and therefore likely constraints the maximum stability of antigorite in natural systems. Comparison of experimental results with olivine–orthopyroxene–chlorite–tremolite assemblages outcropping in Cerro del Almirez indicates that peak metamorphic conditions were 680–710°C and 1.6–1.9 GPa.     

Subduction metamorphism of serpentinite‐hosted carbonates beyond antigorite‐serpentinite dehydration (Nevado‐Filábride Complex,Spain)

At sub‐arc depths, the release of carbon from subducting slab lithologies is mostly controlled by fluid released by devolatilization reactions such as dehydration of antigorite (Atg‐) serpentinite to prograde peridotite. Here we investigate carbonate–silicate rocks hosted in Atg‐serpentinite and prograde chlorite (Chl‐) harzburgite in the Milagrosa and Almirez ultramafic massifs of the palaeo‐subducted Nevado‐Filábride Complex (NFC, Betic Cordillera, S. Spain). These massifs provide a unique opportunity to study the stability of carbonate during subduction metamorphism at P–T conditions before and after the dehydration of Atg‐serpentinite in a warm subduction setting. In the Milagrosa massif, carbonate–silicate rocks occur as lenses of Ti‐clinohumite–diopside–calcite marbles, diopside–dolomite marbles and antigorite–diopside–dolomite rocks hosted in clinopyroxene‐bearing Atg‐serpentinite. In Almirez, carbonate–silicate rocks are hosted in Chl‐harzburgite and show a high‐grade assemblage composed of olivine, Ti‐clinohumite, diopside, chlorite, dolomite, calcite, Cr‐bearing magnetite, pentlandite and rare aragonite inclusions. These NFC carbonate–silicate rocks have variable CaO and CO₂ contents at nearly constant Mg/Si ratio and high Ni and Cr contents, indicating that their protoliths were variable mixtures of serpentine and Ca‐carbonate (i.e., ophicarbonates). Thermodynamic modelling shows that the carbonate–silicate rocks attained peak metamorphic conditions similar to those of their host serpentinite (Milagrosa massif; 550–600°C and 1.0–1.4 GPa) and Chl‐harzburgite (Almirez massif; 1.7–1.9 GPa and 680°C). Microstructures, mineral chemistry and phase relations indicate that the hybrid carbonate–silicate bulk rock compositions formed before prograde metamorphism, likely during seawater hydrothermal alteration, and subsequently underwent subduction metamorphism. In the CaO–MgO–SiO₂ ternary, these processes resulted in a compositional variability of NFC serpentinite‐hosted carbonate–silicate rocks along the serpentine‐calcite mixing trend, similar to that observed in serpentinite‐hosted carbonate‐rocks in other palaeo‐subducted metamorphic terranes. Thermodynamic modelling using classical models of binary H₂O–CO₂ fluids shows that the compositional variability along this binary determines the temperature of the main devolatilization reactions, the fluid composition and the mineral assemblages of reaction products during prograde subduction metamorphism. Thermodynamic modelling considering electrolytic fluids reveals that H₂O and molecular CO₂ are the main fluid species and charged carbon‐bearing species occur only in minor amounts in equilibrium with carbonate–silicate rocks in warm subduction settings. Consequently, accounting for electrolytic fluids at these conditions slightly increases the solubility of carbon in the fluids compared with predictions by classical binary H₂O–CO₂ fluids, but does not affect the topology of phase relations in serpentinite‐hosted carbonate‐rocks. Phase relations, mineral composition and assemblages of Milagrosa and Almirez (meta)‐serpentinite‐hosted carbonate–silicate rocks are consistent with local equilibrium between an infiltrating fluid and the bulk rock composition and indicate a limited role of infiltration‐driven decarbonation. Our study shows natural evidence for the preservation of carbonates in serpentinite‐hosted carbonate–silicate rocks beyond the Atg‐serpentinite breakdown at sub‐arc depths, demonstrating that carbon can be recycled into the deep mantle.     

The P-T evolution of the Middle Köli Nappe Complex,Scandinavian Caledonides (68° N) and its tectonic implications

Near 68° N the Scandinavian Caledonides are composed of 3 tectonic domains each of which has a different tectonostratigraphy. The lower 2 domains can be related stratigraphically to Scandinavia prior to Caledonian deformation, whereas the highest domain, the Middle Köli Nappe Complex (MKNC) represents a fore-arc accretionary complex that was accreted to Scandinavia during Caledonian deformation. Subsequent to accretion, the flyschoid sediments that dominate the MKNC were metamorphosed to the amphibolite facies. In the area covered by this study, the MKNC is composed of two nappes, a lower Langvatn nappe and an upper Marko nappe, each of which has a unique early metamorphic history. Pelitic mineral assemblages in the Marko nappe constrain the peak P-T to be: 625°<T<775° C and P>7.0 kbars whereas ultramafic mineral assemblages in the lower Langvatn nappe constrain its peak temperature to be <580° C. P-T estimates from garnet-biotite and garnet-plagioclase geothermobarometry for both nappes overlap; ranging from 528° C and 6.6 kbars to 620° C and 8.8 kbars, with an average of 567±32° C and 8.0±0.9 kbar.Analysis of garnet zonation profiles from low variance pelitic assemblages from the Marko nappe using the Gibbs method of Spear and Selverstone (1983) suggests that P-T paths showing cooling (37–125° C) and decompression (20–1700 bars) were followed during the development of the outer part of garnet zonation profiles. The slope of these retrograde P-T paths is approximately 15 bars/° C. Because of the high variance of pelitic assemblages from the Langvatn nappe P-T paths have not been determined.The retrograde cooling rate of the Marko nappe has been estimated by numerical modeling of garnet zonation profiles that are interpreted to have formed by volume diffusion during retrograde cooling. This modeling suggests that the Marko nappe cooled very rapidly (25–100° C/m.y.) between the metamorphic peak and the temperature at which cation-exchange reactions closed. The form of Langvatn nappe garnet zonation profiles suggests that it did not undergo this rapid cooling.The cooling rate estimated for the Marko nappe is probably too high to be produced by unroofing alone and may be the result of late metamorphic thrusting and imbrication within the MKNC during which the cooler Langvatn nappe was underthrust beneath the warmer Marko nappe. The metamorphic peak of the Marko nappe therefore predates the peak of the Langvatn nappe. The peak P-T of the Langvatn nappe and the P-T recorded by geothermobarometry (570° C, 8.0 kbar) approximates the conditions under which the two nappes were juxtaposed.     

西南天山变质俯冲杂岩带的内部结构——来自木扎尔特剖面的启示

西南天山高压-超高压变质带是世界上少有的经历深俯冲的增生杂岩带,是古天山洋向北俯冲的结果。针对该俯冲杂岩带内部结构的研究目前仍存在争论。本文以木扎尔特地区一条长约4 km的南北向剖面为例,对西南天山高压-超高压变质带的野外特征、矿物学和变质演化研究进行了综述。目前的研究表明,木扎尔特地区存在超高压和高压两类硬柱石榴辉岩,但绝大部分都经历了强烈的退变质和变形改造,被蓝片岩相或绿片岩相矿物组合取代。这些变基性岩在空间上构成北部和南部两个榴辉岩带,二者为构造接触。木扎尔特超高压硬柱石榴辉岩与其围岩经历相似的峰期压力,构成西南天山超高压带的西端。与东侧阿克牙孜地区超高压榴辉岩相比,它们在变形特征、岩石组合和变质演化方面表现出一定的独特性,很可能说明深俯冲板片在折返过程中沿构造带走向存在差异变质-变形演化。这些基础研究对全面认识冷俯冲增生杂岩带的变质演化及其俯冲和折返的地球动力学机制具有重要意义。     

Metamorphic evolution of lawsonite eclogites from the southern Motagua fault zone,Guatemala: insights from phase equilibria and Raman spectroscopy

Lawsonite eclogite (metabasalt and metadolerite) and associated metasedimentary rocks in a serpentinite mélange from an area just south of the Motagua fault zone (SMFZ), Guatemala, represent excellent natural records of the forearc slab–mantle interface. Pseudosection modelling of pristine lawsonite eclogite reproduces the observed predominant mineral assemblages, and garnet compositional isopleths intersect within the phase fields, yielding a prograde P–T path that evolves from 20 kbar, 470 °C (M1) to 25 kbar, 520 °C (M2). The dominant penetrative foliation within the eclogite blocks is defined by minerals developed during the prograde evolution, and the associated deformation, therefore, took place during subduction. Thermometry using Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasedimentary rocks associated with the SMFZ eclogites gives estimates of peak‐T of ～520 °C. Barometry using Raman spectroscopy shows unfractured quartz inclusions in garnet rims retain overpressures of up to ～10 kbar, implying these inclusions were trapped at conditions just below the quartz/coesite transition, in agreement with the results of phase equilibrium analysis. Additional growth of Ca‐rich garnet indicates initial isothermal decompression to 20 kbar (M3) followed by hydration and substantial cooling to the lawsonite–blueschist facies (M4). Further decompression of the hydrated eclogite blocks to the pumpellyite–actinolite facies (3–5 kbar, 230–250 °C) is associated with dehydration and veining (M5). The presence of eclogite as m‐ to 10 m‐sized blocks in a serpentinite matrix, lack of widespread deformation developed during exhumation and derived prograde P–T path associated with substantial dehydration of metabasites within the antigorite stability field suggest that the SMFZ eclogites represent the uppermost part of the forearc slab crust sampled by an ascending serpentinite diapir in an active, moderate‐T subduction zone.