基于农业地质的福建光泽耕地质量评价及其利用建议

以福建光泽的耕地为研究对象,基于农业地质角度以及从土壤质量内涵出发,将农业地质调查成果中的土壤地球化学元素与土壤肥力作为评价指标,结合土地变更调查成果等相关数据,建立耕地质量综合评价的指标体系,将耕地土壤肥力、耕地利用条件以及土壤微量元素进行综合分析,探讨研究区基于农业地质的耕地质量评价指标体系及方法。结合对光泽耕地的实证分析,探讨不同耕地质量以及有益微量元素含量耕地适合的利用方向,进行合理的耕地利用分区应用研究,为该研究区域发展特色农业、耕地保护和利用提供借鉴意义。     

低山丘陵区土地整理与可持续发展研究——以广安区为例

介绍了土地开发整理的背景与条件,调查测算土地整理、开发潜力,利用MAPGIS软件综合处理研究区大量与土地利用相关的基础数据,针对低山丘陵区土地资源利用的现状,从多方面探讨了土地整理的迫切性。依据经济、社会、生态相统一的目标,划分土地开发整理区,确定开发整理的方向及重点,并提出低山丘陵区土地可持续利用的对策。     

松嫩平原耕层土壤固碳潜力估算

提高土壤碳收集能力对减缓全球温室效应具有重要意义。利用松嫩平原南部第二次土壤普查及多目标区域地球化学调查获取的两期表层土壤有机碳数据,根据近20年来各土壤类型不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳量变化趋势,估算了松嫩平原南部各土壤类型、各用地方式下土壤碳源、汇潜力。由估算得出,如果目前的土地利用方式、气候条件、耕作方式、种植技术不变,松嫩平原耕地土壤0~20 cm土层的固碳潜力为-1.229Tg碳,各土壤类型的林地土壤固碳潜力绝大多数为正值,说明林业用地为碳汇区,固碳潜力合计为3.169Tg碳,而天然牧草地绝大多数的固碳潜力为负值,固碳潜力合计为-2.235Tg碳,为碳源区,本次研究估算得出,松嫩平原总体的固碳潜力为-0.917Tg碳。     

对黄河下游第四系覆盖区国土资源大调查内容的思索

对黄河下游第四系覆盖区的综合地质调查是山东省国土资源大调查的重点。根据该地区的地质情况，其调查内容主要包括土地资源调查、基础地质调查、农业地质调查、农业地质区划、农用矿产调查、水工环地质调查、旅游地质及城市地质调查。在调查过程中要力争解决国土资源调查评价与利用新技术和新方法过程中面临的新问题，建立国土资源调查与评价的综合体系，为黄河下游第四系覆盖区工农业生产提供科学依据。     

毛乌素沙地沉积物粒度特征与土地沙漠化

为了研究毛乌素沙地沉积物的粒度特征与土地沙漠化的地质成因类型,通过系统研究沙地及相邻地区晚更新世以来在沙地内部、覆沙黄土区、黄土高原和河流谷地与湖泊等不同地质构造地貌条件下所形成的沉积物粒度特征,指出不同地质成因类型的沉积物是这些地区土地沙漠化的物质基础,区分不同类型的沉积物也是构成不同地质成因类型土地沙漠化分类的理论基础,探讨了不同地质作用对土地沙漠化的贡献及其对土地沙漠化防治方面的意义。研究表明,研究区的土地沙漠化是以各种类型的就地起沙为主要特征,地表径流的水力搬运是沙漠化物质搬运的重要途径。现代毛乌素沙地及其邻区的土地沙漠化是对地质历史时期形成的各种沉积物的进一步搬运、分选和再沉积过程,具有相对复杂的粒度特征。     

基于RS和GIS的南汀河流域石漠化评价

以南汀河流域ETM、DEM和地质岩性数据为基础数据,应用遥感和地理信息技术提取了石漠化评价因子,构建石漠化评价指标并对石漠化强度进行评价。运用空间叠加分析和统计分析方法对石漠化信息进行分析,得到流域岩溶区石漠化强度分级特征,利用土地利用数据及石漠化信息与土地利用/覆盖类型的相关关系以分析土地利用方式对石漠化的影响。结果表明（1）研究区石漠化强度为:中度石漠化>轻度石漠化>潜在石漠化>强度石漠化>无石漠化>极强度石漠化。（2）强度石漠化区和极强度石漠化区主要分布在以耕地和疏林地为主要覆盖类型的区域。说明了造成石漠化的因素除裸岩率、植被、坡度、岩性等主要影响因子外,人们利用土地的方式对石漠化也具有很大促进作用。      

遥感技术在广西矿山开发占损土地中的应用

基于多种高分辨率遥感影像的数据特征,结合外业调查建立了广西矿山开发占地、矿山开发状态以及矿山环境恢复治理等主要矿山地物的解译标志,并根据建立的解译标志,通过区域地质、矿业权数据与遥感影像进行叠加,实现对研究区的矿山开发占损土地以及矿山恢复治理现状的调查工作,其成果为国家绿色发展指数统计、矿山地质环境管理等工作提供了技术支撑。     

利川压气站岩溶场区消防水井选址及其供水需求评估

在前期野外地质调查及工程水文物探勘察的基础上,研究压气站场区地层发育特征及水文地质条件,确定经济合理的消防水井宜井区。并根据非稳定流抽水试验数据,求取该场区地下水含水层的水文地质参数,同时利用泰斯井流公式对该区消防井的地下水供水需求作出预测评估,结果满足消防井的设计水量要求,且按Q=240m^3／d此等强度抽水,不会引起地下水位持续下降造成的各种生态环境地质问题。     

基于地统计学及GIS的西昌地区中生代红层区紫色土营养元素空间变异性及影响因素研究

基于大凉山生态地质调查获取的48个岩石—土壤剖面数据,通过地质建造单元调查、土壤类型划分及元素地球化学测试,采用地统计学方法和GIS技术对西昌地区中生代泥质岩类地质建造区紫色土中4种微量营养元素Cu、Zn、Mo和B的空间变异及分布特征展开研究,并讨论了不同影响因素下4种营养元素的含量特征。结果表明：(1)4种营养元素整体属于中等强度变异,高斯模型和指数模型可以很好地反映研究区4种营养元素的空间变异特征;(2)4种营养元素整体处于丰富等级,Cu、Zn和B营养元素含量高值区主要集中分布在西昌地区东北—西南带状区域内,Mo元素含量在全区范围内含量较高;(3)不同地质条件（海拔高度、地层、岩性、地质时代）和不同植被覆盖类型共同制约着Cu、Zn、Mo和B植物生长所需的营养元素含量及空间分布特征。此外,紫色土剖面土壤层4种营养元素的含量特征还受到一定的人类活动影响。研究结果可以对当地农林业发展及土地资源的合理利用提供一定参考。     

内蒙古鄂伦春旗东部主要农耕区土壤有机碳含量及主要影响因素分析

利用鄂伦春自治旗东部主要耕地区1：25万土地质量地球化学调查数据,查明了研究区内表层和深层土壤有机碳储量和有机碳密度分布特征,分析了研究区内土壤有机碳储量、有机碳密度与土壤类型、土地利用方式之间的关系,探讨了土壤类型和土地利用方式对土壤有机碳的作用机理.结果表明研究区内土壤有机碳含量分布不均,土壤类型和土地利用方式是土壤有机碳储量和有机碳密度的主要影响因素.     

城市建设与地质环境的关系及研究要点

城市地质环境是人造环境与地质环境的复合物,从城市建设特征与地质体特征两个方面进行综合研究是十分必要的,城市用地是城市对地质体施加作用的代表物,建立地层组合模型可以有效地刻划第四系工程地质特性,城市建设对城市区域地下水物理化学场的扰动并引起土体结构强度变异是极为重要的。本文还就地质环境问题值得深入研究的要点进行了探讨。     

Preparation and application of engineering and environmental geological maps in The Netherlands

The Netherlands has no nation-wide mapping programme for either engineering geology or environmental geology, but on request the Geological Survey of The Netherlands, together with other geoscientific institutes, prepares: (1) detailed (1:5,000) engineering geological maps of urban areas, specifically meant for urban planning and management as well as for feasibility studies for civil engineering works; and (2) small-scale (1:250,000 to 1:50,000) thematic environmental geological maps, meant for regional landuse planning. The preparation and application of these maps is discussed, and some examples are given.     

Effect of geology and geomorphology on landuse/landcover in Himalayan foothill, Dehradun

A detailed geological, geomorphological and landuse/landcover study has been carried in a small watershed of Himalaya by visual interpretation of FCC prepared from band 123 of ASTER satellite imagery. On the basis of interpretation and field check, major litounits identified in the study area include Lesser Himalaya conglomerate consisting of quartzite, granite, phyllite boulder and pebble, Middle Siwalik sandstone and Upper Siwalik boulder beds and valley fill with Doon gravel of Holocene age. Geomorphologically the study area is characterized by typical Himalayan topography with rugged terrain. Various landforms identified and recognized include, Doon Fan Gravel Terrace, Doon Fan Gravel Dissected hill, Sub Recent Fan Terrace, Moderately Dissected Structural Hill, Piedmont Dissected Slope, River Terrace, Channel Bar and River channel. Supervised classification of ASTER False Colour Composite (FCC) (123) shows that the major landuse category in the study area is agriculture while major landcover class is forest covered land. The study shows the effect of geology and geomorphology on the type of landuse and landcover in an active tectonic zone of the study area.     

Sediment–water interaction, acidity and other water quality parameters in a subtropical setting, Pimpama River, southeast Queensland

 The geological setting and landuse activities of the Pimpama River catchment are typical for many drainage systems in southeast Queensland. The river originates in coastal ranges of Late Paleozoic age, crosses a floodplain developed during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene sea-level fluctuations and flows into the southern part of the Moreton Bay. The formation of sedimentary pyrite associated with the mid-Holocene transgression is an important feature of this coastal setting. The oxidation and hydrolysis of pyrite and the consequent production of sulfuric acid are controlled by the amount and seasonality of rainfall and influenced locally by landuse activities. The acid production and the leaching of dissolved metals from river alluvium and estuarine sediments impact substantially on land and aquatic habitats. The water quality of the Pimpama River and its tributaries reflects the lithology of the bedrock and can vary largely depending on season, tidal regimes, sediment lithology, local topography and agricultural activities. Monitoring of river water for several seasons revealed four types of events, each with a different response in terms of water quality: (a) occasional showers during the dry season cause low pH and high amounts of dissolved metals in the water, (b) the first heavy rain of the wet season can produce very toxic conditions (low pH and high concentrations of metals) that can result in a fish kill, (c) towards the end of the wet season, prolonged flushing of pyrite oxidation products leads to short-term recovery of the aquatic system (neutral pH and lower amounts of dissolved metals in the water) and (d) a flood event can produce low pH, salinity and high concentrations of metals, which can represent lethal conditions for aquatic life. Assessment of saturation indexes for representative weathering and oxidation products such as clays, goethite, gibbsite and jarosite shows that these mineral phases can precipitate only when the water reaches neutral pH. Received: 21 September 1998 · Accepted: 1 December 1998     

中国东北地区20世纪末土地利用变化的土壤碳源汇效应

土地利用变化是土壤有机碳库变化的重要原因之一。文中选择中国东北地区,利用多目标区域地球化学调查数据,结合20世纪80年代和2000年土地利用数据,分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳密度分布特征,以及由于土地利用方式变化形成的土壤碳源汇效应。结果发现：（1）不同土地利用下土壤表层有机碳密度（SOCD）差异较大,沼泽地、有...     

Susceptibility analysis for slides and rockfall: an example from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Vorarlberg, Austria)

In this paper a tool for semi-quantitative susceptibility assessment at a regional scale is presented which is applicable at areas with complex geological setting. At a study area within the Northern Calcareous Alps geotechnical mappings were implemented into a Geographical Information System and analysed as grid data with a cell size of 25 m. The susceptibility to sliding and falling processes was considered according to five classes (very low, low, medium, high, very high). Susceptibility to sliding was analysed using an index method. The layers of lithology, bedding conditions, tectonic faults, slope angle, slope aspect, vegetation and erosion were combined iteratively. Dropout zones of rockfall material were determined with help of a Digital Elevation Model. The movement of rolling rock samples was modelled by a cost analysis of all potential rockfall trajectories. These trajectories were also divided into five susceptibility classes. The susceptibility maps are presented in a general way to be used by communities and spatial planners. Conflict areas of susceptibility and landuse were located and can be presented destinctively.     

Overview of karst geo-environments and karst water resources in north and south China

The karst geological system in north China is different from that in the south. Due to differences in basic geological conditions and environment, the karst evolutional pattern and karst water resources, among other things, are also different in the two regions. This paper, based on on-site fieldwork and analysis of an extensive database of karst in China, presents a systematic and contrastive analysis of karst geological environment and karst water resources in north versus south China, highlights the differences between the two regions in basic karst geological conditions, groundwater dynamics and karst water resources, and concludes with the economic, environmental and engineering implications of these differences. These findings will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst geological resources and with prevention and control of karst geological hazards.     

工程地质区及其在地球各大陆的分布

在地球各大陆上工程地质条件水平和垂直上的变化反映出它们的区域性,它受控于该地区的热量、湿度及其比率。这就是在类似地质结构的地区中,不同的纬度和海拔高度形成了不同的工程地质条件的原因。引入工程地质区这个概念的目的在于说明工程地质条件的区域性。工程地质区一词的意义是指一个大的工程地质地区或省,在其中主要由水的形态决定的岩土状态是均一的并从工程地质观点来看具有区域稳定性。已经确定了以下工程地质区类型:永久性的多年冻土区域、多年冻土和融化沉积共存区域,以及融化和不冻岩石区域,它们再细分为亚区。工程地质条件区域性概念要考虑的主要问题有:分区原则、工程地质区域的类型和种类、地球各大陆上工程地质区域的空间分布规律性、“理想”大陆上的分布模型。     

Inverse methods and kinetic models of hydrocarbon generation. IV. Sensitivity analysis, synthetic tests, and application of a residual kerogen analysis model to geological conditions

An investigation is given of sensitivity analysis, synthetic tests, and application to geological conditions of an inverse kinetic model for residual kerogen analysis. Using kinetic parameters derived from different experimental data a sensitivity analysis study allows a discussion of the discrepancies in predictions of kerogen degradation rates and cumulative amounts of kerogen degraded with temperature, time, and depth of sediments. The synthetic tests and the application examine the applicability to different geological conditions and the uncertainty in predictions of hydrocarbon generation. The study shows that when average values of the kinetic parameters derived from different experimental conditions and samples are used under geological conditions, the modeled kerogen degradation rates and cumulative amount of kerogen degraded are uncertain by about 25°C in temperature, 12.5 My in time and 600 m in depth.     

浦城地区火山岩型铀成矿远景预测

本文根据浦城地区的成矿地质条件,利用信息量法、逻辑矢量长度法和逻辑矢量长度加权法,在已有成矿地质模型的基础上,筛选出有利的地质变量。根据地质变量对成矿的贡献大小,建立评价模型,圈出有利成矿区。经地质评价,认为各有利成矿区成矿条件有利,有较大的找矿前景。