累托石层孔材料处理含铬废水的研究

以累托石层孔材料为吸附剂、以FO2为添加剂对含铬电镀废水进行处理，并对其吸附性能做了初步的探讨，实验结果表明，在不改变原水pH值的条件下，吸附剂用量为2.5g/L，还原剂用量为0.5g/L，处理后水中残留铬浓度为0.2mg/L，远低于国标GB8978-1996一级排放标准，累托石吸附铬的反应符合Freundlich吸附经验式：lgQ=-1.9102 0.3545lgC。     

羟基锆交联累脱石的制备研究

以钠化累托石为原料进行改性制备羟基锆交联累托石，并探讨以羟基锆交联累托石制备吸附有机废水的最佳条件。试验得到的最佳条件为：交联剂浓度为0．20mol／L，85℃下回流12h，累托石悬浮液浓度为60，投料比为4mmol／g时，在65℃下交联反应2．5h。在此条件下制备的羟基锆交联累托石的比表面积为9．250m^2／g，对COD的吸附容量可达119mg／L。     

累托石/聚丙烯酸(钠)-丙稀酰胺吸水保水复合材料的制备及性能

采用焙烧-磁选法、酸洗提纯法、煅烧法均能有效减少湖北钟祥累托石粘土中的黄铁矿.实验用累托石粘土中黄铁矿含量为4.37%, 硫含量为2.32%.采用焙烧磁选法, 温度300℃、时间2.0h、二次磁选后, 累托石粘土中硫含量降为0.52%;酸洗法, 酸液浓度60%、时间1.0h、温度60℃时, 硫含量为0.57%;煅烧法, 当温度550℃、时间为0.5h时, 硫含量为0.78%.研究发现所得粘土矿物对聚合复合法制备累托石/聚丙稀酰胺-丙烯酸(钠) 吸水保水复合材料的阻聚作用不明显, 且不影响后续聚合反应最高硫含量约为0.78%.在65~70℃反应条件下, 含煅烧累托石粘土20%、丙烯酰胺15%、引发剂0.25%、交联剂0.08%, 丙烯酸中和度为80%的吸水保水复合材料的吸去离子水倍率为870, 吸自来水倍率为250, 吸生理盐水倍率为68.累托石粘土添加量在0%~30%之间时, 吸水保水复合材料的吸液倍率比不含累托石的吸水树脂高.吸水保水复合材料吸液倍率从870g/g降到84g/g时, 凝胶强度从49g/cm2上升到235g/cm2.      

有机累托石的制备及在水性聚氨酯涂料中的防沉降作用

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作为柱化剂制备的有机累托石,以聚醚二元醇、甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、2,2-二羟甲基丙酸为基本原料,采用原位聚合法制备了有机累托石/水性聚氨酯乳液。考察了乳液中有机累托石加入的质量分数对水性聚氨酯涂料防沉降性能和触变性能的影响,并对有机累托石和乳胶膜进行了结构表征。结果表明,当乳液中有机累托石加入的质量分数为3%时,水性聚氨酯涂料的防沉降性能与触变性能得到显著提高。FTIR和TG-DSC分析显示柱化剂进入了累托石层间。XRD分析表明累托石有机化前后的d001由2.438 nm增至3.562 nm。     

有机累托石的制备及在水性聚氨醋涂料中的防沉降作用

用十六烷基三甲基澳化按作为柱化剂制备的有机累托石,以聚醚二元醇、甲苯-2,4-二异氛酸醋,2,2-二经甲基丙酸为基本原料,采用原位聚合法制备了有机累托石/水性聚氨醋乳液.考察了乳液中有机累托石加入的质量分数对水性聚氨醋涂料防沉降性能和触变性能的影响,并对有机累托石和乳胶膜进行了结构表征.结果表明,当乳液中有机累托石加入的质量分数为3%时,水性聚氨醋涂料的防沉降性能与触变性能得到显著提高.FTIR和TGDSC分析显示柱化剂进入了累托石层间.XRD分析表明累托石有机化前后的d001由2.438 nm增至3.562 nm.     

大方猫场累托石粘土矿矿物学及物化性能测试研究

贵州大方猫场黄铁矿累托石粘土矿产于上二叠统龙潭组(P_2l)煤系地层底部,下二叠统茅口组(P_1m)灰岩侵蚀面上,矿层与地层产状一致,属沉积型。矿层平均厚度为2m左右,累托石粘土矿平均含量为54.83％,黄铁矿平均含量为26.73％。累托石粘土矿物经X衍射、红外光谱、差热、扫描电镜及化学分析等测试研究,揭示了该矿物属含水的硅铝酸盐,为二八面体型白云母(含伊利石)层与钙质蒙脱石层的不规则间层矿物,结晶度差,一般呈隐晶质或胶体状。累托石粘土矿物具有特殊的物化性能。本区累托石经部分物化性能测试,其吸兰量均为48.39mmol/100g、pH值均为4.33、胶质价为63.08ml/15g,造浆率低于10m~3/t,阳离子交换量32.13mmol/100g、耐火度为1650℃。     

累托石的结晶度研究

本文用峰形分析法分析累托石的001X射线衍射峰特征;用001峰的半峰宽(W)测定累托石的结晶度(G),并令G=K/W=1为最大结晶度。文中测定了5个矿区10件累托石样品的结晶度,详细描述了不同结晶度累托石的X射线衍射、红外谱及差热曲线特征,讨论了研磨、热处理和改型对结晶度的影响,并阐明累托石的结晶度与造浆率之间呈正相关性。     

累托石的阳离子交换性能及其应用研究

累托石是二八面体云母层与蒙脱石层1:1规则间层矿物。本文阐明累托石矿物结晶构造与阳离子交换性能的关系。阳离子交换性能在累托石定量与定性、改型、合成交联累托石和有机累托石等方面的应用。并介绍氧化钛交联累托石和在机累托石的有关特性。     

钛基柱撑累托石矿物材料的研究

在氮气环境中用TiCI4和HCI制成钛基柱撑液，采用离子交换法，用[Ti20O32(OH)12(OH2)18]^4 Dawson型Ti多核阳离子，交换累托石蒙皂石质晶层中的Na等阳离子，制成钛基柱撑累托石。通过电子探针定量分析、X射线衍射、红外光谱、热分析及魔角旋转核磁共振等方法，对钛基柱撑累托石的成分、结构和热稳定性进行了表征。钛基柱撑累托石具1．6nm的层孔隙，是一种很有应用前途的柱撑粘土矿物材料，有望在催化剂载体及环保材料领域中得到广泛的使用。     

三维电极法预处理山梨酸废水

用三维电极法对山梨酸废水进行了降解实验,并考察电极材料、反应器电压、电解时间、进水pH值等因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,以不锈钢作阳极,石墨作阴极,柱状活性炭作填料,在槽电压为20 V、主电极极间距为11 cm的条件下,pH值为 4.0±0.2的山梨酸废水在电解20～30 min后,COD去除率达48%以上,而且废水的BOD/COD提高到0.40。     

连续流态下好氧颗粒污泥的培养及处理制药废水的性能

在上流式好氧颗粒污泥床反应器中, 以厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧絮状活性污泥为接种泥, 采用人工配制的模拟废水, 成功培养出性能优异的好氧颗粒污泥.反应器内污泥浓度稳定在5g/L左右, 颗粒污泥粒径为0.5~2.0mm, 当进水COD为2000mg/L, 容积负荷为4.8kg/(m3·d)时, 系统对COD的去除率稳定在96%以上.通过扫描电镜观察, 好氧颗粒污泥是层状结构, 表面有大量丝状菌缠绕, 内部有短杆菌和空穴存在.逐步提高制药废水在进水中的比例, 经过47d的培养, 生物制药废水完全取代模拟废水, 系统对COD、NH₃-N、TP的去除率分别稳定在90%、90%和70%以上.      

固定化生物技术在合成染料废水处理中的应用

在多级折流板反应器生物处理装置中,采用活性炭为载体人工固定化生物处理合成染料废水,出水水质稳定, 出水中的烷烃肽链变短;其对COD_Cr和BOD₅的去除率可达96.46%、99.77% ;对SO^2-₄和钙镁总量的去除效率超过80.37%、78.66%;折流板反应器的容积负荷率N_v可达2.8 kg COD/(d•m³)。活性炭经生物固定化后,不仅不会影响它的处理效果,还会延长活性炭的使用寿命;当冲击性有机负荷发生时,固定化生物活性炭能够承受并能很快恢复。     

Activated sludge properties in a submerged membrane bioreactor: effect of COD/TKN ratio of wastewater

The properties of activated sludge are very important in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) in terms of membrane fouling. The most important parameters affecting the membrane fouling can be listed as mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentration, soluble microbial products (SMPs), extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), floc size, aeration and viscosity of both supernatant and activated sludge. The COD/TKN ratio also affects the physical properties of sludge in MBR system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical oxygen demand-to-total Kjeldahl nitrogen (COD/TKN) ratio of feed wastewater treated in an MBR on biological components of activated sludge. The activated sludge characteristics were determined by quantitative analyses such as MLSS, EPS, SMP, floc size distribution, zeta potential, relative hydrophobicity and capillary suction time in a submerged MBR treating simulated wastewater having different COD/TKN ratios (16, 56 and 107). The COD and TKN removal efficiencies were found to be almost equal in the sMBRs having different COD/TKN ratios. However, it was seen that the EPS content and SMP concentration in the supernatant increased with increasing COD/TKN ratio. The results indicated that the COD/TKN ratio of feed should be considered as an effective parameter on activated sludge properties in sMBR systems.     

有机累托石的合成与特性研究

累托石是二八面体云母层与蒙脱石层1：1规间民支矿物，兼有云母和蒙脱三 某些特征。本文利用二甲基十八烷基羟乙基季铵盐与累托石进行阳离子交换反应合成有机累托石。并采用物理化学、X射线衍射、差热、热失重和红外吸收光谱等分析方法对它的特性进行了研究。经季铵盐复合处理后，累托放扣蒙脱石层间被有机阳离子覆盖，它的面网间距d001由原来的24.8°/A增至29.5°/A。累托石粘土亲水憎油性转变为憎水亲油性有机粘土后能在有机溶剂中膨胀和分散。它是一种有应用前景的新材料。     

Determination of design criteria for UASB reactors as a wastewater pretreatment system in tropical small communities

A pilot scale study was set up to investigate the principle design parameters of up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for treating wastewater of small communities in the tropical regions of Iran. A steel pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a height of 3.6 m was used as the reactor in which a digestion and a 3-phase separator element had a volume of 0.848 and 0.17 m³ respectively. During this study, which lasted for 203 days, two distinct phases were carried out according to the ambient temperature. The temperature of the wastewater entering the reactor was naturally ranged from 22 to 26 °C and no heat exchanger was used. The hydraulic retention times including 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours with various loading rates of 0.95 to 5.70 kg COD/m³/day for colder period and from 1.35 to 6.40 kg COD/m³/day for warmer period were examined. On the basis of the results the optimal hydraulic retention time for warmer period with a 2.20 kg COD/m³/day organic loading rate was 6 hours which BOD5, COD and TSS removal efficiency were 71, 63 and 65 percent respectively. During the colder period the removal ratio of BOD5, COD and TSS with an optimal hydraulic retention time of 8 hours and organic loading rate of 1.22 kg COD/m³/day were 54, 46 and 53 percent respectively.     

High rate anaerobic treatment of Sago wastewater using HUASB with PUF as carrier

Sago industry is one of the major small-scale sectors in India and over 800 units are located in the southern State of Tamilnadu. Processing of sago generates enormous quantities of high strength wastewater requiring systematic treatment prior to disposal. The present study is an attempt to treat the sago wastewater using Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactor, which offers the advantages of both fixed film and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment. HUASB reactor with a volume of 5.6 L was operated at Organic Loading Rates varying from 10.7 to 24.7 kg COD/m³.day. After 130 days of startup, the reactor produced appreciable decrease in COD of wastewater and removed solids efficiently. The COD removal varied from 91–87%. While the removal of Total Solids was in the range of 61–57%, that of volatile solids varied from 70–67%. The ideal OLR for the reactor was 23.5 kg COD/m³.day. The findings of the study open up newer possibilities of design low cost and compact onsite treatment systems with very short retention periods.     

MnO2-UV联用光化学降解苯酚废水的初步研究

探讨了人工合成的高价锰氧化物与紫外光(UV)联用时降解苯酚废水的特性。结果表明,氧化锰矿物在无UV时对苯酚的降解能力差异大,1 g/L的氧化锰4 h对200 mg/L苯酚废水的降解率和COD去除率分别为:锰钾矿97.51%、酸性水钠锰矿89.07%、碱性水钠锰矿11.36%、钙锰矿9.67%;锰钾矿87.79%、酸性水钠锰矿53.11%、碱性水钠锰矿6.42%、钙锰矿1.43%。UV光照下,氧化锰矿物对苯酚的降解率有不同程度的提高,且表现出显著的表面光催化性质,增加了苯酚的深度降解,COD去除率显著提高。UV下氧化锰4 h对苯酚的降解率分别为:锰钾矿99.48%、酸性水钠锰矿91.86%、碱性水钠锰矿40.15%、钙锰矿35.95%);COD的去除率分别为:锰钾矿98.11%、酸性水钠锰矿68.45%、钙锰矿27.57%、碱性水钠锰矿24.27%。MnO2-UV联用时降解苯酚可能包括两种主要作用机制:氧化锰矿物的直接化学氧化降解和UV下MnO2的表面光催化降解。     

改性红辉沸石去除水溶液中Cr^6＋的性能研究

采用化学共沉淀法将天然红辉沸石与铝镁改性剂合成,制备了改性红辉沸石,并用改性红辉沸石对摸拟含重金属Cr^6＋的废水进行了实验研究。探讨了改性剂用量、活化温度及活化时间等因素对除Cr^6＋效果的影响。实验结果表明：改性时红辉沸石、氯化镁、氯化铝三者质量比为2∶1∶1,处理100mL含Cr^6＋废水时活化温度240℃,活化时间1h,废水含Cr^6＋100mg/L时,Cr^6＋去除率为99.2%。