刚玉的铍扩散处理实验研究

铍扩散处理是一种较新的刚玉处理方法,目前在国内还未见相关的实验研究报道。运用类质同象替代原理与扩散原理,以焰熔法合成无色刚玉和山东天然蓝宝石为实验对象,在一定的温度环境下,加入适量的BeO或金属Be粉末及其它添加剂,进行了铍扩散处理实验。实验结果显示,样品的颜色色调及浓度有明显的改善,表明铍扩散处理可以使样品的颜色变为粉红色、黄色和橙红色,也可以使山东天然蓝宝石样品的颜色变浅。     

B货翡翠的漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱法鉴别

对酸处理后注蜡和注胶的翡翠（Ｂ货），漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱法是一个有用的非破坏的识别手段，因此，ＤＲＩＦＴ光谱法可用来鉴别天然的未经处理的翡翠与打蜡翡翠（Ａ货）。ＤＲＩＦＴ光谱中表现出的强吸收峰可用于检测胶和蜡的存在。利用ＤＲＩＦＴ光谱法对１０个翡翠样品进行综合研究。结果表明，其中一些翡翠样品已经过了酸处理、注蜡或注胶处理。该研究结果已被基础宝石学测试和Ｘ射线光电子分光光度法（ＸＰＳ）检测所证实     

翡翠的鉴定

翡翠颜色多姿多彩,质地变化无穷,一直是人们最喜欢佩带和收藏的宝玉石品种之一。但是优质翡翠赵来越少,世界上产翡翠的地方有五处,能达到宝石级的有缅甸一处,而色正种好的优质翡翠更少,促使翡翠的价格迅速上涨,优质翡翠十分昂贵。因而人们千方百计试图用人工处理的方法改善翡翠的颜色和透明度,以增加其商业价值。然而,由于这些翡翠经过强酸漂白、注胶处理或染色处理,其艳丽的色彩并不经久,时间一长,注入的树胶易老化脱落     

采用便携式近红外矿物分析仪鉴别注胶翡翠

目前,采用传统的中红外光谱技术鉴别不透明注蜡与注胶翡翠有一定的难度。采用便携式近红外矿物分析仪检测鉴定了翡翠、注蜡与注胶翡翠样品,对其近红外反射光谱进行了分析与研究,同时对微透明样品作了中红外透射光谱的比对测试。研究结果表明,采用BJKF-1型便携式近红外矿物分析仪,能获得较好的透明或不透明翡翠、注蜡与注胶翡翠样品的近红外反射光谱,三者的近红外光谱特征存在着明显的差异。利用这些特征可有效地鉴别翡翠、注蜡翡翠与注胶翡翠。     

翡翠A货和B货的鉴别特征

翡翠Ａ货和Ｂ货的鉴别特征陆建有（昆明冶金研究院，昆明６５００１１）关键词翡翠Ａ货Ｂ货鉴别特征１翡翠Ａ货、Ｂ货的涵义翡翠Ａ货是天然的、未经人工处理的真品，不论是石质、内部结构，还是颜色都保持了天然本色，具有保值和收藏价值。Ｂ货指的是采用漂白注胶工艺将低...     

紫色日本马氏贝珍珠颜色成因研究

对颜色异常的紫色日本马氏贝珍珠样品进行了同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱、紫外可见光分光光度计和拉曼光谱测试,研究其颜色成因。研究结果表明紫色日本马氏贝珍珠的珠核和珍珠表面都被无机染料处理过,其颜色为染色处理而成。     

缅甸翡翠次生色的可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数谱研究

缅甸翡翠颗粒中的充填物的谱学变化特征对于次生色的形成具有重要意义。本文采用可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数谱,对缅甸次生翡翠矿的次生色部位进行了研究。研究结果显示:翡翠的红黄雾主要是由蓝雾转变而来的,绿泥石在向赤铁矿转化的过程中,使得蓝雾区的颜色由灰绿色变成黄、红色。黄雾的致色矿物主要为针铁矿,红雾的致色矿物除了针铁矿还有少量的赤铁矿。与色彩相似的烧红翡翠比较,天然红翡(红雾)的可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数谱显示出明显的针铁矿特征,而烧红的则为赤铁矿。     

初论翡翠仔料皮壳的特征

翡翠仔料的皮壳是原生翡翠在搬运过程中,经过磨蚀、风化等作用所形成的风化层,其特征往往与原料内部的质量紧密相关。为此,商贸活动中,人们格外注意翡翠原料皮壳的有无及其颜色、结构特点,也总结出许多相关的经验,但历经几个世纪的摸索总结,人们仍感到“神仙难断寸玉”。这除了翡翠原料皮壳与内部质地关系复杂多变外,人为的做假手段亦不可忽视。下面就我们遇到的实例予以说明。１　样品特点３块要求鉴定皮壳真伪的翡翠仔料样品从外观上看,皮壳发育均较完整,分带性明显,由外皮（外带）、雾（中间带）和玉肉（内部带）组成,各自…     

马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石的颜色特征

为了了解马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石的颜色特征,采用GemDialogue颜色系统对其进行了描述与分级。对比世界上主要产地（澳大利亚、斯里兰卡、柬埔塞、缅甸）蓝宝石的颜色特征发现,马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石样品的黑色罩过高,使得其最终的颜色等级大多在1～4范围内,属于“商业级”。为了进一步确定马达加斯加蓝色蓝宝石样品的颜色特征及其与全Fe,Ti质量分数的关系,采用紫外一可见光分光光度计和电子探针测试了样品。结果显示,随着全Fe与Ti质量分数的增加,样品的蓝色加深;当蓝宝石样品中全Fe的质量分数为0．02％～0．75％、Ti的质量分数为0．006%～O．040％且其全Fe与Ti质量分数比值为10～30时,蓝宝石样品的颜色为纯正蓝色;当超出此范围时,蓝宝石样品通常含有绿色或紫色色调。     

江苏六合蓝宝石改色试验初步报导

江苏六合原生蓝宝石赋存在新生代玄武岩古火山口管道相岩石中,经过风化剥蚀,在古火山口周围形成蓝宝石砂矿。本区宝石颜色多为深色,透明度差,多数难以直接利用。一年多来,我们对一些蓝宝石样品进行人工处理,获得了较好的改色效果。一、影响蓝宝石颜色和透明度的因素六合蓝宝石以蓝色为主,包括深蓝、蓝黑、浅蓝和蓝灰色,其次为棕褐色、灰绿色、黄绿色。颜色指数测定结果表明,以篮色为主的宝石,主波长在473～483nm 之间,Z 刺激值较高;绿色宝石主波长在567nm 左右,Y 刺激值偏高;棕褐色宝石主波长在580nm 左右,X 刺激值较高。透明宝石三刺激值高,半透明次之,而不透明宝石三刺激值较低。蓝色宝石三刺激值相对差值大,说明其颜色纯度高;而褐色、黄绿色宝石三刺激值相对差值很小,颜色纯     

Luminescence spectroscopy and microscopy applied to study gem materials: a case study of C centre containing diamonds

The methods of luminescence spectroscopy and microscopy are widely used for the analysis of gem materials. This paper gives an overview of the most important applications of the analysis of laser and UV excited luminescence by spectroscopy and visually by microscopy with emphasis on diamond, and specifically natural type Ib diamond, little studied so far. Luminescence based techniques are paramount to the gemmological analysis of diamond, in order to determine whether it is natural, treated or synthetic. The great sensitivity of luminescence helps detect some emitting centres that are undetectable by any other analytical method. Hence, especially for diamond, luminescence is an enabling technology, as illustrated by its pioneering use of imagery for the separation of natural and synthetic diamond, and of spectroscopy for the detection of High Pressure–High Temperature treatment. For all other gemstones the applications are at the moment less numerous, but nevertheless they remain highly important. They provide quickly information on the identification of a gem material, and its treatment. Besides the study of broad band emissions caused by various colour centres, the typical PL-causing trace elements (amongst others) are chromium, manganese, uranium and rare earth elements. In pearls the study of broad band luminescence can be useful, and particularly the study of pink to red porphyrin luminescence in pearls from certain species such as Pinctada and Pteria and others can help identify the pearl-producing mollusc, or if a pearl has been dyed or not. Type Ib diamonds are representative of the importance and complexity of the analysis of luminescence by microscopy and spectroscopy. They show a wide range of sometimes very complex emissions that result in luminescence colours from green to yellow to orange or red. These emissions show generally very inhomogeneous distribution. They are caused by a range of defects, however only a few of them are well characterized.     

美国TCF托帕石的耐久性研究

选用升丽婷香港有限公司生产的橄榄绿色、绿色、蜜黄色、浅褐色、橙色、绿蓝色、蓝色、粉色、淡粉色、亮红色10种颜色的TCF托帕石作为研究对象,并结合市场上出现的辐照、扩散、镀膜处理托帕石作为对比,通过设计耐久性实验,对样品表面的耐久性进行了系统的分析研究。实验表明,在耐腐蚀性方面,TCF样品能在较长的时间内浸泡于酒精、洗涤灵、洗衣粉、白醋、纯碱（碳酸钠）、84消毒液、二碘甲烷、洁厕灵、洗银液试剂中不被腐蚀,其耐腐蚀性强于镀膜样品的;在耐高温方面,TCF样品能耐住900℃以上的高温,其耐热性强于辐照处理及镀膜样品的;经耐刻划实验,得出其摩氏硬度为：5〈TCF样品≤6,高于镀膜样品的。     

一种仿黑色翡翠的黝帘石玉

随着翡翠价格的不断攀升,市场上可作为仿翡翠的玉石种类也越来越多。利用宝石显微镜、折射仪、静水称重法、红外光谱仪对一批外观与黑色翡翠相似的样品进行测试分析,结果显示,样品外观颜色呈黑色,略带淡绿色,玻璃光泽,放大观察为柱粒状结构,折射率为1．71（点测）,相对密度在3．34～3．42之间变化,红外光谱显示为黝帘石谱峰,初步鉴定其主要矿物组成为黝帘石。进一步通过偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射等测试方法研究分析得出,这批具有黑色外观的样品为单一的黝帘石矿物集合体。通过对其颜色、光泽、结构、折射率、密度、红外光谱以及偏光显微镜、XRD测试的对比,可将这种黑色样品与黑色翡翠区分开,并能确认其为黝帘石玉。     

热处理红-黄色翡翠的红外光谱分析

红-黄色翡翠是否经过热处理,其价值相差悬殊。随着市场对红-黄色翡翠的需求增加,鉴别其是否经过热处理是目前宝玉石鉴定的难点和热点问题。通过加热实验,利用红外光谱测试技术对加热前、后的红-黄色翡翠样品的红外光谱进行对比分析。结果表明,加热前、后的红-黄色翡翠样品的红外光谱具有不同的特征,主要表现为硬玉结构中OH的四组吸收峰强弱的变化：（1）吸收峰的强变化是在3 000～4 000 cm-1之间的峰型从加热前呈U型到加热后呈V型;（2）吸收峰的弱变化则是谱线略有改变,出现3 622～3 628 cm-1或3 670 cm-1附近的吸收峰,这些特征可作为红-黄色翡翠是否经过加热处理的辅助性诊断指标。     

Pink Sapphire from Southern Kerala, S. India: Implications on India-Madagascar Correlation Within Gondwana Assembly

We report here the occurrence of pink sapphires in association with a variety of gemstones from the Trivandrum Granulite Block south of the Achankovil Shear Zone in southern India. The mineralization is associated with pegmatites or veins emplaced within granulite facies aluminous supracrustals. The sapphires show near-pure A1,0, composition (98.43-99.48 wt.%) with traces of Cr, O, (0.02-0.12 wt.%) and FeO (0.01-0.12 wt.%). The available radiometric age of 513-2 Ma for gem quality zircon associated with pink sapphire in the Melankode locality confirms that the mineralization is of late Pan-African age. Pink sapphires have been widely reported from a number of localities in southern Madagascar including Betroka, Illakaka, Antranondambo and Ambossary. Sapphires of various hues also occur in the Ratnapura gem district in the southwestern part of Sri Lanka. The pink sapphire occurrences in southern Madagascar and southern Kerala provide strong evidence for India-Madagascar juxtaposition in the Gondwana assembly with the Ranotsara Shear Zone in southern Madagascar extending into the Achankovil Shear Zone in southern India.     

Deterioration mechanisms of tuffs in Midas monument

Slightly weathered white and pink tuffs of the Midas monument have deterioration problems. In this study, depths and characteristics of the weathering zones developed within the tuffs are investigated through optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), chemical analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and some index parameters. Accelerated weathering tests including wetting–drying, freezing–thawing and salt crystallization are performed, and durability assessment methods are used to predict the durabilities of the tuffs. The findings are compared with field observations. By examining quantitative weathering indices and comparing them with thin section studies, it is found that thin section analyses of the crystals, LoI, and WPI are good indicators to quantify the depth of weathering for the tuffs. However, thin section studies have limited value for fine-grained tuffaceous matrix. The chemical weathering of the tuffs produces weathered zones that are 4.5-cm thick within the white tuff and 2.5-cm thick within the pink tuff. Physical weathering causes scaling of outer layers of the tuffs and fracturing of feldspars along their cleavage planes. However, variations of the index properties of the tuffs due to weathering are not so significant to quantify the weathering depths in the tuffs. Among the accelerated weathering tests, salt crystallization is found to be the most destructive environmental condition. Pigeon droppings rich in NO₃¹⁻ are found to be the main source of soluble salt at the Midas monument. The salt transported up by capillary rise due to surface water causes spalling of the tuffs in the capillary zone. Surface water and salt of any kind in the close vicinity of the monument should be totally eliminated for the purpose of conservation. Field observations and the durability equations reveal that the white tuff is less durable than the pink tuff. Wet-to-dry strength ratio yields a better stone durability assessment among various durability methods used in this study.     

不同颜色的淡水养殖珍珠呈色机理研究

珍珠的呈色机理一直存在有机物致色学说与微量金属离子致色学说,鉴于有机物致色机理与物体本身结构无关及珍珠中微量金属元素的测定,这些理论用于解释珍珠时呈色存在明显的局限,直至目前珍珠的呈色机理尚无定论。本文采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等技术,对白、紫、粉红三种颜色的淡水养殖珍珠的呈色机理进行较为系统的研究。结果表明:不同颜色珍珠的红外光谱无明显差异;粉色珍珠中Ti、Fe、Mg与Cu的含量较白色与紫色珍珠高,白色珍珠中Mn的含量较粉色珍珠高;粉色与白色珍珠中Ti、Fe、Cu的含量差异较大,但紫色与白色珍珠中Ti、Fe、Cu的含量几乎接近;不同颜色珍珠的研磨粉体的颜色基本一致,反射主波长为(582±1) nm,说明珍珠内有机质与致色金属元素不应是珍珠呈色差异的主要原因。在同一直径不同颜色的珍珠中,其近外表面区域内珍珠层文石板片的厚度大小不一,其中粉色珍珠中文石板片的厚度相对较薄;珍珠表面的"叠瓦状"结构疏密也并不一致,粉色珍珠表面的文石片层更为紧密。研究认为,珍珠中内部文石板片厚度及其外表面形貌的差异应是珍珠呈现不同颜色的直接原因。     

紫外-可见光谱仪在区分天然颜色和染色金珍珠的局限性

随着金珍珠饰品的流行,市场上出现越来越多的颜色处理过的金珍珠。天然颜色的金珍珠与染色金珍珠的价格相差甚远,故金珍珠的颜色检测显得尤为重要。目前,紫外一可见光谱仪（Uv-Vis）被认为是有效鉴别金珍珠颜色的测试手段之一,但在检测工作中,当利用紫外一可见光谱仪判定某些金珍珠是否染色时,发现其结论存在一定的争议性。前人的研究显示,在紫外一可见光谱中出现350-360nm处的吸收峰为天然色素的吸收所致,410-450nm出现明显吸收峰归因于有机染料所致。在实际工作中,笔者发现一些金珍珠样品不同部位的紫外一可见光谱不一样,有时测试结果还与显微镜下的特征相矛盾。因此,笔者初步分析了金珍珠的颜色成因,探讨了紫外一可见光谱仪在检测金珍珠时存在的局限性。     

蓝宝石3310cm—1红外吸收峰的鉴定意义

本文对不同处理的蓝宝石及天然蓝宝石进行红外吸收光谱研究 ,结合蓝宝石的形成条件 ,发现 :(1)天然山东蓝宝石中普遍存在 3310cm- 1 的红外吸收峰 ,这与山东蓝宝石形成于还原环境有关 ;(2 )其他产地的蓝宝石是否存在 3310cm- 1 的红外吸收峰与其形成时的氧化还原条件有关 ;(3)经氧化热处理的蓝宝石中不存在 3310cm- 1 的红外吸收峰 ;(4 )扩散法处理的蓝宝石中是否存在 3310cm- 1 的红外吸收峰视其方法而定。因此 ,作者认为 :结合形成环境和处理方法 ,3310cm-