Study on Sequence Stratigraphy of Zhujiang andZhuhai Formations, Zhu Ⅲ Subbasin, PearlRiver Mouth Basin, South China Sea

INTRODUCTIONThe Zhu m subbasin, about 11 000 kmZ in area, the western part of the Pearl River Mouth (PRM) basin, South ChinaSea (SCS), consists of nine sub-tectonic units: half-grabenWenchang A (HGWC-A), half-graben Wenchang B (HGWCB), half-graben Wenchang C (HGWC-C), half-graben Qionghai (HGQH), horst Qionghai (HQH), half-graben YangjiangA (HGYJ-A), half-graben Yangjiang B (HGYJ-B), low horstYangjiang (LHYJ) and horst Yangjiang (HYJ) (Fig. 1). According to the p…     

SEDIMENTARY MICROFACIES AND DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LOWER PART OF THE SECOND MEMBER OF THE SHAHEJIE FORMATION OF THE WEN-79 BLOCK, WENNAN OILFIELD

1. IntroductionWen-79 faulted-block is located in the south of the Wenliu structure of the central uplift zone in Dongpu sag, including Wen-133, Wen-136, Wen79-79 and south Wen-79 block. The research region is a part of Wennan oilfield. This oilfield controlled by Wenxi, Wendong and Xulou fault zones, is divided into Wennan horst zone, Wennan graben zone and Wendong structural zone. The major oil-bearing blocks such as Wen-79, Wen-33 and Wen-72 block are located in the Wennan graben. W…     

Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors of Tight Oil Reservoir in the Jimsar Sag of Junggar Basin

<正>1 Introduction Jimsar sag covers about 1278 km2 in the south of the eastern uplift of Junggar basin.It is a half graben depression area in which the west,south and north is controlled by faults(Fig.1),and is tilting uplift to the east.It deposited Permian,Triassic,Jurassic,the Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata chronologically.The thickness of Lucaogou Formation is about 200 m to 350 m,it is the     

Petroleum Systems of Chagan Depression,Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin, Northwest China

INTRODUCTIONYingen-Ejinaqi basinis locatedin the WulatehouBanner in the west of the Inner Mongolia Autono-mous Region of China ,and covers an area of approxi-mately 122 000 km2( Chen et al ., 2001) . As aMesozoic-Cenozoic depression in Yingen-Ejinaqi ba-sin,the Chagan depression lies in the northeast ofthis basin (Fig.1) .It is about 60 kmlong and 34 kmwide and covers an area of approxi mately 2 000 km2( Wang et al .,2002) .In terms of the basement ter-rain,forms of major structural…     

Tectonic Evolution of the Tianhuan Depression and the Western Margin of the Late Triassic Ordos

Abstract: The Ordos Basin is one of the most important oil and gas basins in China. Based on surface outcrop, key exploratory wells and seismic reflection data and by using the technology of “prototype basin recovery”, seismic profile “layer flattening” and “restoration of balanced section”,and other methods, the sedimentary boundary, structure and the evolution history of the Tianhuan depression on the western margin of the Ordos Basin are reestablished. The following results have been obtained. (1) The west boundary of the Late Triassic Ordos Basin was far beyond the scope of the current basin. The basin is connected with the Late Triassic Hexi Corridor Basin, and its western margin did not have tectonic characteristics of a foreland basin. (2) The Tianhuan depression was first formed in the Late Jurassic. At the late stage it was impacted by the late Yanshanian and Himalayan tectonic movement and the depression axis gradually moved eastwards to the present location with a cumulative migration distance of ~30 km. (3) Eastward migration of the depression axis caused adjustment and even destruction of the originally formed oil and gas reservoirs, so that oil and gas remigrated and aggregated, resulting in secondary structural reservoirs formed at high positions on the western flank of the depression.     

The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at least by 3-4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3-0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5-6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5- 0.6 mm /a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1 - 2 km at a rate of 0.016-0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7-3 km at a rate of 0.028-0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan-Yingxiu-Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan - Garze fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro-image correlation, i.e     

Late Cenozoic Sedimentary Evolution of Pagri‐Duoqing Co graben,Southern End of Yadong‐Gulu Rift,Southern Tibet

The north trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E–W extension of the plateau and confirming the initial rifting age is key to the study of mechanics of these rifts. Pagri–Duoqing Co graben is located at southern end of Yadong–Gulu rift, where the late Cenozoic sediments is predominately composed of fluvio-lacustrine and moraine. Based on the sedimentary composition and structures, the fluvio-lacustrine could be divided into three facies, namely, lacustrine, lacustrine fan delta and alluvial fan. The presence of paleo-currents and conglomerate components and the provenance of the strata around the graben indicate that it was Tethys Himalaya and High Himalaya. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating and paleo-magnetic dating suggest that the age of the strata ranges from ca. 1.2 Ma to ca. 8 Ma. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating showed that moraine in the graben mainly developed from around 181–109 ka (late Middle Pleistocene). Combining previous data about the Late Cenozoic strata in other basins, it is suggested that 8–15 Ma may be the initial rifting time. Together with sediment distribution and drainage system, the sedimentary evolution of Pagri could be divided into four stages. The graben rifted at around 15–8 Ma due to the eastern graben-boundary fault resulting in the appearance of a paleolake. Following by a geologically quiet period about 8–2.5 Ma, the paleolake expanded from east to west at around 8–6 Ma reaching its maximum at ca. 6 Ma. Then, the graben was broken at about 2.5 Ma. At last, the development of the glacier separated the graben into two parts that were Pagri and Duoqing Co since the later stages of the Middle Pleistocene. The evolution process suggested that the former three stages were related to the tectonic movement, which determined the basement of the graben, while the last stage may have been influenced by glacial activity caused by climate change.     

Three-Dimensional P-Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust of North China

Since the Xingtai (邢台) earthquake in 1966,China Earthquake Administration has carried out a survey campaign along more than thirty deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles altogether about twenty thousand kilometers long in North China to study the velocity structure of the crust and the upper mantle in this region,and has obtained a great number of research findings. However,these researches have not provided a 3D velocity structure model of the crust of North China and cannot provide seismic evidence for the study of the deep tectonic characteristics of the crust of the whole region. Hence,based on the information from the published data of the DSS profiles,we have chosen 14 profiles to obtain a 3D velocity structure model of North China using the vectorization function of the GIS software (Arc/Info) and the Kriging data gridding method. With this velocity structure model,we have drawn the following conclusions: (1) The P-wave velocity of the uppermost crust of North China changes dramatically,exhibiting a complicated velocity structure in plane view. It can be divided into three velocity zones mainly trending towards north-west. In the research area,the lowest-velocity zones lie in the Haihe (海河) plain and Bohai (渤海) Bay. Although the geological structure of the sedimentary overburden in the study area is somewhat inherited by the upper crust,there are still several differences between them. (2) Generally,the P-wave velocity of the crust increases with depth in the study area,but there still exists local velocity reversion. In the east,low-velocity anomalies of the Haihe plain gradually disappear with increasing depth,and the Shanxi (山西) graben in the west is mainly characterized by relatively low velocity anomalies. Bounded by the Taihang (太行) Mountains,the eastern and western parts differ in structural trend of stratum above the crystalline basement. The structural trend of the Huanghuaihai (黄淮海) block in the east is mainly north-east,while that of the Shanxi block and the eastern edge of the Ordos block is mainly north-west. (3) According to the morphological features of Moho,the crust of the study area can be divided into six blocks. In the Shanxi block,Moho apppears like a nearly south-north trending depression belt with a large crustal thickness. In the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia block and the south of the Yanshan (燕山) block,the Moho exhibits a feature of fold belt,trending nearly towards east-west. In the eastern edge of the Ordos block,the structure of Moho is relatively complex,presenting a pattern of fold trending nearly towards north-west with alternating convexes and concaves. Beneath the Huanghuaihai block,the middle and northern parts of the North China rift zone,the Moho is the shallowest in the entire region,with alternating uplifts and depressions in its shape. For the anteclise zone in the west of Shandong (山东) Province,the Moho is discontinuous for the fault depression extending in the north-west direction along Zaozhuang (枣庄) -Qufu (曲阜).     

Geological Conditions and Petroleum Exploration Potential of the Albertine Graben of Uganda

The Albertine Graben in western Uganda is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift basin with petroleum exploration potential. A fundamental evaluation of petroleum potential of the graben is given based on field research, data processing of gravity and magnetism, analysis of graben structure, geochemistry, reservoir and composition research. The basin has a double-layered framework and a large thickness of sediments. Gravity highs shown in a residual anomaly map might indicate central uplift zones. There exist at least two sets of mature or low-maturity source rocks corresponding to a certain source rock in the Cretaceous or Paleogene and Neogene strata. The graben has basement rock with potential reservoirs and Tertiary sandstone reservoirs and thus has petroleum exploration potential.     

Characteristics and Natural Gas Origin of Middle−Late Triassic Marine Source Rocks of the Western Sichuan Depression, SW China

A scientific exploration well(CK1) was drilled to expand the oil/gas production in the western Sichuan depression, SW, China. Seventy-three core samples and four natural gas samples from the Middle–Late Triassic strata were analyzed to determine the paleo-depositional setting and the abundance of organic matter(OM) and to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation process and potential. This information was then used to identify the origin of the natural gas. The OM is characterized by medium n-alkanes(n C_(15)–n C_(19)), low pristane/phytane and terrigenous aquatic ratios(TAR), a carbon preference index(CPI) of ～1, regular steranes with C_(29) C_(27) C_(28), gammacerane/C_(30) hopane ratios of 0.15–0.32, and δD_(org) of-132‰ to-58‰, suggesting a marine algal/phytoplankton source with terrestrial input deposited in a reducing–transitional saline/marine sedimentary environment. Based on the TOC, HI index, and chloroform bitumen "A" the algalrich dolomites of the Leikoupo Formation are fair–good source rocks; the grey limestones of the Maantang Formation are fair source rocks; and the shales of the Xiaotangzi Formation are moderately good source rocks. In addition, maceral and carbon isotopes indicate that the kerogen of the Leikoupo and Maantang formations is type Ⅱ and that of the Xiaotangzi Formation is type Ⅱ–Ⅲ. The maturity parameters and the hopane and sterane isomerization suggest that the OM was advanced mature and produced wet–dry gases. One-dimensional modeling of the thermal-burial history suggests that hydrocarbon-generation occurred at 220–60 Ma. The gas components and C–H–He–Ar–Ne isotopes indicate that the oilassociated gases were generated in the Leikoupo and Maantang formations, and then, they mixed with gases from the Xiaotangzi Formation, which were probably contributed by the underlying Permian marine source rocks. Therefore, the deeply-buried Middle–Late Triassic marine source rocks in the western Sichuan depression and in similar basins have a great significant hydrocarbon potential.     

Distribution Prediction of Middle-deep Lacustrine Source Rocks in Eocene Wenchang Formation in the Kaiping Sag,Pearl Mouth Basin

Oil and gas shows are rich in drilling wells in Kaiping sag,however,large oilfield was still not found in this area.For a long time,it is thought that source rocks were developed in the middle-deep lacustrine facies in the Eocene Wenchang Formation,while there is no source rocks that in middle-deep lacustrine facies have been found in well.Thickness of Wenchang Formation is big and reservoirs with good properties could be found in this formation.Distribution and scale of source rock are significant for further direction of petroleum exploration.Distribution characterization of middle-deep lacustrine facies is the base for source rock research.Based on the sedimentary background,fault activity rate,seismic response features,and seismic attributes were analyzed.No limited classification method and multi-attributes neural network deep learning method were used for predicting of source rock distribution in Wenchang Formation.It is found that during the deposition of lower Wenchang Formation,activity rate of main fault controlling the sub sag sedimentation was bigger than 100 m/Ma,which formed development background for middle-deep lacustrine facies.Compared with the seismic response of middle-deep lacustrine source rocks developed in Zhu I depression,those in Kaiping sag are characterized in low frequency and good continuity.Through RGB frequency decomposition,areas with low frequency are main distribution parts for middle-deep lacustrine facies.Dominant frequency,instantaneous frequency,and coherency attributes of seismic could be used in no limited classification method for further identification of middle-deep lacustrine facies.Based on the limitation of geology knowledge,multi-attributes of seismic were analyzed through neural network deep learning method.Distribution of middle-deep lacustrine facies in the fourth member of Wenchang Formation is oriented from west to east and is the largest.Square of the middle-deep lacustrine facies in that member is 154 km²and the volume is 50 km³.Achievements could be bases for hydrocarbon accumulation study and for exploration target optimization in Kaiping sag.     

A New Species of the Ankylosaurid Dinosaur Crichtonsaurus(Ankyiosauridae:Ankylosauria)from the Cretaceous of Liaoning Province,China

A new ankylosaurid species of Crichtonsaurus,C.benxiensis sp.nov.,is erected based on a well preserved skeleton and a nearly complete skull found in the Sunjiawan Formation(Cenomanian- Turonian),Beipiao,Liaoning Province.Crichtonsaurus benxiensis sp.nov.is characterized by width 84.6% of length of the skull,a deep depression located medial to the notch between the orbit and the squamosal horn,paroccipital processes fused to the quadrates,fused scapula and coracoid,a large foramen for the supracoracoid nerve to enter the coracoid and to exit out from the scapula.Based on the new specimen,Crichtonsaurus is assigned to Ankylosauridae.     

Two Types of Strike-Slip and Transtensional Intrabasinal Structures Controlling Sandbodies in Yitong Graben

Recently,the researches on structure controls on sandbodies have provided a new method for predicting petroleum reservoirs.The Yitong(伊通) graben is situated in the northern section of the Tan-Lu(郯-庐) fault system in eastern China.It was characterized by dual properties of strike-slip and extension in Cenozoic.Two types of intrabasinal structures were identified as oblique fault and trans-verse uplift in the graben.The oblique faults arranged en echelon in plain and locally presented nega-tive rosette struct...     

A New Species of the Ankylosaurid Dinosaur Crichtonsaurus (Ankylosauridae: Ankylosauria) from the Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, China

A new ankylosaurid species of Crichtonsaurus, C. benxiensis sp. nov., is erected based on a well preserved skeleton and a nearly complete skull found in the Sunjiawan Formation (Cenomanian–Turonian), Beipiao, Liaoning Province. Crichtonsaurus benxiensis sp. nov. is characterized by width 84.6% of length of the skull, a deep depression located medial to the notch between the orbit and the squamosal horn, paroccipital processes fused to the quadrates, fused scapula and coracoid, a large foramen for the supracoracoid nerve to enter the coracoid and to exit out from the scapula. Based on the new specimen, Crichtonsaurus is assigned to Ankylosauridae.     

Distribution and Origin of Underground Water Chemical Fields in Songliao Continental Oil—Bearing Sedimentary Basin

There are many factors affecting ungerground water chemistry of an oil-bearing sedimentary basin.The properties of underground water show variations in the vertical direction, giving rise to a vertical zonation with respect to underground water chemistry,Five zones could be divided downwards,including 1)The freshening zone due to meteoric water leaching (A):2)the evaporation-concentration zone near the surface(B);3) the freshening zone due to stratum compaction-released water(C1)-infiltration-concentration zone during the mudstone compaction and water releasing(C2);4) the freshening zone for clay mineral dehydration(D);and 5)the seepage-concentration zone(E).The hydrodynamic fields in the Songliao Basin are obviously asymmetrical,with the characteristics of gravity-induced centripetal flow recharged by meteoric water along the edge to the inner part of the basin mainly in its northern and eastern regions,centrifugal flow and crossformational flow in the center of the basin,as well as the cross-formation flow-evaporation discharge area in its southern area.Hydrodynamics controls the planar distribution of underground-water chemical fields;1)the freshening area due to penetrating meteoric water generally at the basin edges;2)the freshening area for mudstone compaction-released water at the center of the basin;3) the cross-formational area as the transitional aqrea;and 4)the concentration area by cross-formational flow and evaporation.The mineralization degree and the concentrations of Na^ and Cl^- and their salinity coefficeents tend to increase,while the concentrations of(CO3^2- HCO3^-) and SO4^2- and the metamorphism and desulfuration coefficients tend to decrease along the centrifugal flow direction caused by mudstone compaction in the depression area.But all of them tend to increase along the gravity-induced centripetal flow direction.     

Metamorphism of the Bikou Group in the Shanxi-Gausu-Sichuan Border Region

The Blkou Group on the Shaanxi-Gansu-Sichuan border is composed of Mid-Late Proterozoic metamorphosed bimodal volcanic rocks and flysch sediments. Its metamorphism may be divided into the blueschist and greenschist facies. Three metamorphlc zones, i.e. zones A, B, and C, may be distinguished on the basis of the field distribution of metamorphlc rocks and the variation of b0 values of muscovite. Blueschists are characterized by coexistence of sodic amphiboles and epidote and occur as stripes or relict patches in extensive greenschists of zone A. Studies of metamorphic minerals such as amphiboles, chlorite, epidote and muscovite and their textural relationships indicate that blueschists and greenschists were not formed under the same metamorphic physico-chemical conditions. The blueschist facies was formed at temperatures of 300-400℃ and pressures of 0.5-0.6 GPa. The greenschist facies in zones A and B has similar temperatures but its pressure is only 0.4 GPa or so. The transition from the blueschist to     

Six thousand years of records of metal mining and utilization from lake sediments in central China

A sediment core from the Liangzhi Lake, Hubei Province in central China, was used to assess metal usage and accumulation in the past 6000＋ years in China. The concentrations of trace metals, including Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, and major elements, Ca, Fe and Mg, in the ^14C-dated sediment core were analyzed. Historical trends of metal inputs to the Liangzhi Lake from 5000 B.C. to the present were recorded in the sediments, representing over 6000 years of metal mining and utilization history in China. The concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn have increased gradually since 3000 B.C., indicating the start of the Bronze Age era in ancient China, until the period 467-76 B.C. During the period of 467-76 B.C., there had been a rapid increase in the concentrations of these metals in the sediments, indicating the enormous inputs of these metals at that time. This era corresponded well with the Warring States Period （475-221 B.C.） and early Hart Dynasty （206 B.C.-220 A.D.） of China, during which copper and lead were extensively used in making bronze articles, such as vessels, tools and weapons. During 1876 A.D. to the early 1900s, there was also a significant increase in the metal concentrations, such as Cu, Ni and Pb, which could probably reflect the impact of metal emissions during the early industrial development and wars in China. The Pb isotopic analysis showed that the surface and subsurface sediments had lower ^206Pb/^207Pb, and ^208Pb/^207Pb ratios than the deeper layers, affected by mining activities both during the Bronze Age era and modem times.     

The Formation and Evolution of the Lujiang-Zongyang Volcano-Structural Depression in Anhui and Its Relation to Mineralization

The Lujiang-Zongyang volcano-structural depression resulted from the combined action of tectonism and volcanism. Its evolution progressed through five stages from 190 to 105 Ma B.P., during which nine types of metal and pyrite deposits were formed. These deposits show obvious regularities in the temporal-spatial distribution and have certain genetic relation, forming a minerogenetic series related to shoshonite within or around the volcano-structural depression on the basement that sank for a long period of time. This paper suggests a four-dimensional model of the formation and evolution of a typical volcano-structural depression and its related mineralizalion in a transition belt from the active margins to the inner part of a plate under alternating shear-compressive and shear-extensional stress conditions, but predominantly shear-extensional stress conditions.     

Chronological and Geochemical Characterisitics of Volcanic Rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Southern Songliao Basin: Constraints on the Early Cretaceous Evolution of the Songliao Basin

The discoveries of oil and gas reservoirs in the volcanic rocks of the Songliao Basin(SB) have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the lack of studies on the genesis of the volcanic rocks has led to different opinions being presented for the genesis of the SB. In order to solve this problem, this study selected the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Southern Songliao Basin(SSB) as the research object, and determined the genesis and tectonic setting of the volcanic rocks by using LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and a geochemical analysis method(major elements, trace elements, and Hf isotopes). The volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation are mainly composed of rhyolites with minor dacites and pyroclastic rocks. Our new zircon U-Pb dating results show that these volcanic rocks were erupted in the Early Cretaceous(113–118 Ma). The primary zircons from the rhyolites have εHf(t) values of +4.70 to +12.46 and twostage model age(TDM2) of 876–374 Ma. The geochemical data presented in this study allow these rhyolites to be divided into I-type rhyolites and A-type rhyolites, both of which were formed by the partial melting of the crust. They have SiO2 contents of 71.62 wt.%–75.76 wt.% and Al2 O3 contentsof 10.88 wt.% to 12.92 wt.%. The rhyolites have distinctively higher REE contents than those of ordinary granites, with obvious negative Eu anomalies. The light to heavy REE fractionation is not obvious, and the LaN/YbN(average value = 9.78) is less than 10. The A-type rhyolites depleted in Ba, Sr, P, and Ti, with relatively low Nb/Ta, indicating that the rocks belong A2 subtype granites formed in an extensional environment. The adakitic dacites are characterized by high Sr contents(624 to 1,082 ppm), low Y contents(10.6 to 12.6 ppm), high Sr/Y and Sr/Yb ratios, and low Mg# values(14.77 to 36.46), indicating that they belong to "C" type adakites. The adakitic dacite with high Sr and low Yb were likely generated by partial melting of the lower crust under high pressure conditions at least 40 km depth. The I-type rhyolites with low Sr and high Yb, and the A-type rhyolites with very low Sr and high Yb, were formed in the middle and upper crust under low pressure conditions, respectively. In addition, the formation depths of the former were approximately 30 km, whereas those of the latter were less than 30 km. The geochemical characteristics reveal that the volcanic rocks of Yingcheng Formation were formed in an extensional environment which was related to the retreat of subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate. At the late Early Cretaceous Period, the upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle and the lithosphere delamination caused by the retreat of the subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate, had resulted in lithosheric extension in the eastern part of China. Subsequently, a large area of volcanic rocks had formed. The SB has also been confirmed to be a product of the tectonic stress field in that region.     

Mechanism of Secondary Pore Formation and Prediction of Favorable Reservoir of Paleogene in Jiyang Sag,Eastern China

Jiyang (济阳) sag is an oil rich basin,consisting of Huimin (惠民),Dongying (东营),Zhanhua (沾化),and Chezhen (车镇) depressions.The elastic rock of Paleogene has undergone early and middle diagenetic stages and now the main clastic reservoir is in the middle diagenetic stage.Primary and secondary pores are developed in Paleogene sandstone,the latter is generated from the dissolution of feldspar and calcite cement in rocks owing to the organic acid from the maturated source rock,but the materials dissolved are different in different depressions.The reservoir secondary pores of Dongying depression are generated from the dissolution of calcite cement,the ones of Zhanhua and Huimin depressions from the dissolution of feldspar,the secondary pores of Chezhen depression from the dissolution of feldspar in upper section,and the dissolution of calcite cement in the lower section of Paleogene,respectively.The secondary pores are developed in two depths and the depth goes down from west to east,from south to north in Jiyang sag.The major controlling factors for secondary pore development are maturity and location of source rock.Lastly,the favorable reservoirs are evaluated according to reservoir buried depth,sedimentation,and diagenesis.The reservoir with high quality is located in the northern and central parts in Dongying depression; there are some good reservoirs in Gndao (孤岛),Gudong (孤东),and Gunan (孤南) areas in Zhanhua depression,and the favorable reservoirs are located in the north steep slope and the south gentle slope of Chezhen depression and central uplift,south gentle slope of Huimin depression.