Origin and Distribution of Groundwater Chemical Fields of the Oilfield in the Songliao Basin, NE China

There are many factors affecting the chemical characteristics of groundwater in the forming process of groundwater chemical fields, such as freshening due to meteoric water leaching downwards, freshening due to mudstone compaction and water release, concentration due to infiltration and freshening due to dehydration of clay minerals. As a result, the groundwater chemical fields are characterized by lengthwise stages and planar selectivity. The former arouses vertical chemical zonality of groundwater. Five units could be identified downwards in the Songliao basin： （1） freshening zone due to downward-leaching meteoric water, （2） concentration zone due to evaporation near the ground surface, （3） freshening zone due to mudstone compaction and water release, and concentration zone due to compaction and infiltration, （4） freshening zone due to dehydration of clay minerals, and （5） filtration-concentration zone; whereas the latter determines the planar division of groundwater chemical fields： （1） the freshening area due to meteoric water, asymmetrically on the margin of the basin, （2） the freshening area due to mudstone compaction and water release in the central part of the basin, （3） the leaky area, which is a transitional zone, and （4） leakage-evaporation area, which is a concentration zone. In the direction of centrifugal flows caused by mudstone compaction in the depression area, the mineralization degree, concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl^-, and salinity coefficient （SC） increase, while concentrations of （CO3^2- ＋HCO3^-） and SO4^2-, metamorphism coefficient （MC） and desulfuration coefficient （DSC） decrease. However, all these parameters increase in the direction of gravity-induced centripetal flows.     

Origin, Flow of Formation Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Zhenwu Area of the North Jiangsu Basin, China

In order to understand the origin and flow of formation water and to evaluate the hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation conditions, the properties of formation water chemistry and dynamics of the Zhenwu area in the southern Gaoyou Sag, North Jiangsu Basin, China, have been investigated. The results show that Xuzhuang oilfield is infiltrated discontinuously by meteoric water under gravity, which consequently leads to the desalination of formation water. Formation water in the Zhenwu and Caozhuang oilfields is less influenced by meteoric water infiltration, and the origin is interpreted to be connate water. Hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and preservation are closely related to the hydrodynamic field of formation water. Formation water concentrates gradually during the process of centrifugal flow released by mudstone compaction and the centripetal flow of meteoric water infiltration, leading to the high salinity of the central part. The geological conditions of the southern fault-terrace belt are poor for hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation as meteoric water infiltration, leaching and oxidation, while the central part, i.e., northern Zhenwu and Caozhuang oilfields is beneficial for an abundance of hydrocarbon accumulation. Most of the large scale oil-gas fields locate herein.     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System S48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a crossformational flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal flows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI^- and K^＋＋Na^＋, is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified： （1） residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, （2） residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and （3） interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System S48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Br^- concentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enri     

西藏羊八井地热水的氢、氧稳定同位素组成及氚含量

Isotopic data on drill hole water and surface water samples from the Yengbajain geothermal area as well as an ice sample from the glacial amphitheater in the Mt. Nyainqintanglha to the northwest of the Yangbajain basin are presented in this paper. In consideration of isotopic fractionation during steam separation, the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios for thermal waters collected at the mouths of drill holes have been calibrated. The D/H ratio of thermal waters is similar to that of local precipitation, indicating their meteoric origin. The δ D and δ^18O values of the thermal waters of --150--160 and -17-20‰, respectively are the lowest among those well-known geothermal fields in the world.The recharge area of the geothermal system is at elevation of about 4,800--5,000 m. Drill holes along the axis of a tongueshaped zone where loose Quaternary sediments have been cemented by siliceous material show greater δ D and δ^18O values and discharge tritiumfree thermal waters. It is suggested that the thermal waters may be derived from superhcated water and steam which find their way upwards along the tectonic fractures within the granitic base overlain by Quaternary sediments. The classification of drill hole geothermal waters have been made in accordance with their δ D and δ^18O values and chloride contents. The “oxygen shift” of the thermal waters seems to be 2‰, due to isotopic exchange reactions between geothermal waters and reservoir rocks     

POOL-FORMING KINETIC SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES IN TOUSHEN AREA, LIAOHE BASIN

1. IntroductionToushen area is located in the northern part of the eastern depression of Liaohe basin, which is a part of a typical terrestrial sedimentary basin. The infrastructure of Toushen area is extremely complicated. Toushen area consists of Toutaizi structural zone, Shendanbao structural zone and Yongle structural zone. The mudstone and shale layers in Ed are regional seals, the underlying strata include Es1 and Es3 and the Archaean volcanic rocks formation. Since Tou-1well, the c…     

Chronological Study of Coal-seam Water and its Implication on Gas Production in the South Qinshui Basin

The knowledge of the residence time of formation water is fundamental to understanding the subsurface flow and hydrological setting. To better identify the origin and evolution of coal seam water and its impact on gas storage and production, this study collected coalbed methane co-produced water in the southeast Qinshui Basin and detected chemical and isotopic compositions, especially 36Cl and 129I concentrations. The calculated tracer ages of 129I (5.2–50.6 Ma) and 36Cl (0.13–0.76 Ma) are significantly younger than the age of coal-bearing formation (Pennsylvanian - Cisuralian), indicating freshwater recharge after coal deposition. The model that utilises 129I/I and 36Cl/Cl ratios to constrain the timing of recharge and the proportion of recharge water reveals that over 60% of pre-anthropogenic meteoric water entered coal seams since 10 Ma and mixed with residue initial deposition water, corresponding to the basin inversion in Cenozoic. The spatial distribution of major ion concentrations reveals the primary recharge pathway for meteoric water from coal outcrops at the eastern margin to the basin center. This study demonstrates the occurrence of higher gas production rates from wells that accept water recharge in recent times and suggests the possible potential of the non-stagnant zones for high gas production.     

Dynamics Features of the Epikarst Zone and Their Significance in Environments and Resources

The epikarst zone is in the convergence zone of atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. It is widespread in South China, but its sizes, landforms and locations are influenced by geological and climatic factors. The tropical and subtropical monsoon climate in South China can create such strong karst dynamic conditions as the mean annual rainfall between 1000 to 2000 mm, high average air temperature 14～21℃,and high soil air CO₂ content from 3000×10^-6 up to 50000×10^-6; therefore the carbon-water-calcium cycle is active and rapid. The karst dynamic processes in the epikarst zone are much stronger than the deep karst part, which results in high solution rate and hardness of water. As a result, high CO₂ flux sinks in karst water. The karst dynamic processes in the epikarst zone are sensitive to environmental changes, and hence can provide environmental information in a short time scale.Due to the development of the epikarst zone, the water cycle in karst mountain area can be divided into two parts shallow water flow in the epikarst zone and conduit flow in the deep karst zone. In addition,the shallow water cycle is very important for water supply in karst mountains where the underground karst water is deep.     

Early Paleozoic Ocean Plate Stratigraphy of the Beishan Orogenic Zone, NW China: Implications for Regional Tectonic Evolution

The Beishan orogenic zone is a key area to understand evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt that is an accretionary factory well-enough preserved in the Paleozoic. In early Paleozoic, the tectonic mélange zone containing the coherent unit and mélange unit is triggered by the complicated accretionary process of the Beishan area. The early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Beishan orogenic zone is investigated in this study using sedimentology and stratigraphic correlations of the lowe Paleozoic deposits. From the Cambrian to the middle Ordovician, this region was characterized by geographically extensive, flat-bedded siliceous mudstone, indicating the existence of a large ocean basin. The oceanic plate entered the convergence phase in terms of the Wilson Circle during the Middle Ordovician, when numerous magmatic arcs formed along two opposite sides of the ocean. The magmatic arcs became the widest during the Silurian, suggesting that the Hongliuhe-Niujuanzi-Xichangjing Ocean(HNX; a southern branch of the Paleo Asian Ocean) was reduced to a small residual ocean in the central Beishan region by that time, and probably lasted till the Carboniferous or later by newly published data.     

Indication of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes on the characteristics and circulation patterns of medium-low temperature geothermal resources in the Guanzhong Basin,China

Guanzhong Basin is a typical medium-low temperature geothermal field mainly controlled by geo-pressure in the west of China.The characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were used to analyze the flow and storage modes of geothermal resources in the basin.In this paper,the basin was divided into six geotectonic units,where a total of 121 samples were collected from geothermal wells and surface water bodies for the analysis of hydrogen-oxygen isotopes.Analytical results show that the isotopic signatures of hydrogen and oxygen throughout Guanzhong Basin reveal a trend of gradual increase from the basin edge areas to the basin center.In terms of recharge systems,the area in the south edge belongs to the geothermal system of Qinling Mountain piedmont,while to the north of Weihe fault is the geothermal system of North mountain piedmont,where the atmospheric temperature is about 0.2℃-1.8℃in the recharge areas.The main factors that affect the geothermal waterδ18O drifting include the depth of geothermal reservoir and temperature of geothermal reservoir,lithological characteristics,water-rock interaction,geothermal reservoir environment and residence time.Theδ18O-δD relation shows that the main source is the meteoric water,together with some sedimentary water,but there are no deep magmatic water and mantle water which recharge the geothermal water in the basin.Through examining the distribution pattern of hydrogen-oxygen isotopic signatures,the groundwater circulation model of this basin can be divided into open circulation type,semi-open type,closed type and sedimentary type.This provides some important information for rational exploitation of the geothermal resources.     

Numerical Modeling of Basin-Range Tectonics Related to Continent-Continent Collision

Continent-continent collision is the most important driving mechanism for the occurrence of various geological processes in the continental lithosphere. How to recognize and determine continent-continent collision,especially its four-dimensional temporal-spatial evolution, is a subject that geological communities have long been concerned about and studied. Continent-continent collision is mainly manifested by strong underthrnsting (subduction) of the underlying block along an intracontinental subduction zone and continuous obduction (thrusting propagation) of the overlying block along the intracontinental subduction zone, the occurrence of a basin-range tectonic framework in a direction perpendicular to the subduction zone and the flexure and disruption of the Moho. On the basis of numerical modeling, the authors discuss in detail the couplings between various amounts and rates of displacement caused by basin subsidence, mountain uplift and Moho updoming and downflexure during obduction (thrusting propagation) and subduction and the migration pattern of basin centers. They are probably indications or criteria for judgment or determination of continent-continent collision.     

松辽盆地油田地下水化学场的垂直分带性与平面分区性

松辽盆地地下水动力场的形成与演化控制了地下水化学场的形成与分布,地下水化学分布特征又反映地下水动力场的演化结果。在地下水化学场的形成过程中,影响沉积盆地地下水化学性质的因素较多,这些因素对地下水化学性质的影响作用在垂向上具有阶段性,在平面上具有选择性。前者导致地下水化学性质的垂直分带性,从浅到深可以划分出:1)大气水下渗淡化带,2)近地表蒸发浓缩带,3)泥岩压实排水淡化带(C₁)—压滤浓缩带(C₂),4)粘土矿物脱水淡化带和5)渗滤浓缩带等5种水化学剖面单元类型。后者决定了地下水化学场的平面分区性:1)盆地边缘为大气水下渗淡化区,2)盆地中央为泥岩压实排水淡化区,3)越流区为过渡区,4)越流-蒸发区为浓缩区。在泥岩压实排水形成的离心流方向上,矿化度、Na⁺浓度、Cl^-浓度和盐化系数升高,(CO₃^2-+HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-浓度、钠氯系数(γNa⁺/γCl^-)和脱硫系数(SO₄^2-/SO₄^2-+Cl^-)降低。在大气水下渗向心流方向上,矿化度、离子浓度和钠氯系数、脱硫系数和盐化系数一致升高。     

东营凹陷地下水动力场的形成与演化

沉积盆地地下水动力场的理想模式可以归纳为对称型和不对称型两种,其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为泥岩压榨水离心流,大气水下渗向心流,越流、越流蒸发泄水和滞流4种类型。地下水动力场的演化具有旋回性,每个旋回可以分为两个阶段:盆地沉降沉积时期的泥岩压榨水离心流阶段和盆地抬升剥蚀时期的大气水下渗向心流阶段。随沉积盆地的形成与演化,水动力场也有形成、发展和消亡的过程。东营凹陷地下水动力场在平面上呈对称性:总体上大气水由凹陷边缘向凹陷中心渗入,凹陷内部各洼陷为压榨水形成的离心流区,凹陷边缘南部斜坡带和北部断阶带以及凹陷内部中央断裂带为越流泄水区。纵向上,局部水动力单元强度及演化规律与地层的埋藏深度有关。随着埋藏深度的增加,水动力单元强度逐渐减弱。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界储层现今地下水动力场及其流体特征

油气的运移、聚集与地下水动力场的形成与演化紧密相关。含油气沉积盆地地下水动力场的理想模式可以归纳为两种,即对称型和不对称型,其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为：（1）泥岩压水离心流;（2）大气水下渗向心流;（3）越流、越流－蒸发泄水;（4）滞留4种类型。本文试通过讨论鄂尔多斯盆地现今地下水动力场的特征,推断其油气的运移和聚集,这对分析鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气田的形成,以及资源评价和勘探决策都具有极其重要的意义。     

沉积盆地地下水动力场特征研究①——以松辽盆地为例

盆地地下水动力场的形成演化与油气运移、聚集关系密切。由多个水动力体系组成的松辽盆地地下水动力场的形成与演化在平面上具有明显的不对称性，总体上盆地北部为大气水下渗向心流区；中央坳陷区为离心流区和越流泄水区；盆地南部以地下水的越流—蒸发泄水浓缩为主要特征，盆地边缘和隆起剥蚀区的局部地区为大气水下渗区。且形成在地层压力、流动方向、流体势、垂直压力梯度等方面各具特征的局部水动力单元。同时，地下水动力场的形成与演化具有阶段性，其水动力强度在纵向上具有分带性，由浅到深，可以划分出强、弱、停滞3个带。     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏开发动态与地层水化学特征响应

塔河油田是塔里木盆地第一个超亿吨级的大型油田,其主力油藏为奥陶系缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏.近年来,油田地层水的问题日益突出,严重影响了油田的开发和生产.阿克库勒凸起北部地质历史时期曾经发育间断性的大气水下渗-向心流,凸起南部斜坡区受到泥岩压实排水和粘土矿物脱水形成的离心流的影响,地层水受到一定程度的淡化.塔河油田主体部位处于越流泄水区,地层水具有明显的高矿化度和高K Na 、Cl-浓度,有利于油气聚集成藏.塔河油田奥陶系地层水动力场形成演化与油气运移、聚集密切相关.海西晚期、喜马拉雅期离心流强度大,是油气藏主要成藏期.早、晚海西运动、印支运动期间抬升剥蚀,遭受强烈的大气水下渗淋滤、生物降解,是油气藏主要破坏期.根据地层水赋存状态,区分出洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水3种不同类型.研究油井产出水矿化度、Cl-、K Na 浓度动态变化规律,总结出平稳型、起伏型、上升型和下降型4种动态类型.通过综合分析油井开发动态及油水产出特征,正确把握其变化过程,可以判断油井产水来源,从而为油田的稳油控水提供指导性建议.     

论松辽盆地地下水动力场的形成与演化

理想的沉积盆地地下水动力场模式可以归纳为对称型和不对称型两种，其中局部地下水动力单元可以划分为4种类型：①泥岩压榨水离心流；②大气水下渗向心流；③越流、越流－蒸发泄水；④滞留。地下水动力场演化具有旋回性，每个旋回可以分为两个阶段：①盆地沉降接受沉积时期的泥岩压榨水离心流阶段；②盆地抬升剥蚀阶段的大气水下渗向心流阶段。随着沉积盆地的形成与演化，水动力场也有形成、发展和消亡的过程。松辽盆地地下水动力场具有明显的不对称性：盆地北部和东部大气水不对称下渗形成向心流；中央坳陷区压榨水形成离心流和越流；盆地南部以越流－蒸发浓缩为特征。在纵向上地下水动力的强度具有分带性，由浅到深，可以划分出强、弱、停滞3个带。     

Nutrient chemistry and salinity mapping of the Delhi aquifer,India: source identification perspective

Present study is an effort to distinguish between the contributions of natural weathering and anthropogenic inputs towards high salinity and nutrient concentrations in the groundwater of National Capital Territory (NCT) Delhi, India. Apart from the source identification, the aquifer of entire territory has been characterized and mapped on the basis of salinity in space and water suitability with its depth. Major element chemistry, conventional graphical plots and specific ionic ratio of Na⁺/Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻/Cl⁻, Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Ca²⁺/(HCO₃ ⁻ + SO₄ ²⁻) are conjointly used to distinguish different salinization sources. Results suggest that leaching from the various unlined landfill sites and drains is the prime cause of NO₃ ⁻ contamination while study area is highly affected with inland salinity which is geogenic in origin. The seasonal water level fluctuation and rising water level increases nutrients concentration in groundwater. Mixing with old saline sub-surface groundwater and dissolution of surface salts in the salt affected soil areas were identified as the principle processes controlling groundwater salinity through comparison of ionic ratio. Only minor increase of salinity is the result of evaporation effect and pollution inflows. The entire territory has characterized into four groups as fresh, freshening, near freshening and saline with respect to salinity in groundwater. The salinity mapping suggests that in general, for drinking needs, groundwater in the fresh, freshening and near freshening zone is suitable up to a depth of 45, 20 and 12 m, respectively, while the saline zones are unsuitable for any domestic use. In the consideration of increasing demand of drinking water in the area; present study is vital and recommends further isotopic investigations and highlights the need of immediate management action for landfill sites and unlined drains.     

论松辽盆地地下水动力场演化与油气运移、聚集

松辽盆地地下水动力场具有明显的不对称性:盆地北部大气水下渗形成向心流；中央坳陷区发育泥岩压榨水形成的离心流和越流泄水；盆地南部以越流-蒸发泄水为特征，只有盆地边缘和隆起区的顶部有大气水下渗。泥岩压榨水形成的离心流是松辽盆地油气运移的主要动力。古水文地质的旋回性和离心流的阶段性，决定了油气的阶段性运移和在一个独立水动力体系内多个油环在内，气环在外，与沉积凹陷同心的阶梯式-环带状油气分布规律.     

台北凹陷地下水动力特征及其对油气运移和聚集的影响

吐哈盆地台北凹陷现今为重力水流盆地。台北凹陷可划分为胜北洼陷和丘东 -小草湖洼陷两个地下水流系统。区域地下水流向自北向南,北部山前构造带为地下水补给区,南部中央断裂带北缘为地下水排泄区。垂向上,地下水的连通性较好。台北凹陷自侏罗纪以来,经历了三个不同的地下水动力演化阶段。早期 (早侏罗世 -晚侏罗世 )为压实水流阶段,该阶段导致区内较大规模的油气藏均分布在生烃洼陷周围,有效烃源岩展布范围之内;中期 (早白垩世 -第三纪中新世 )为压实水流 -重力水流阶段,该阶段对早期形成的油气藏进行改造和调整,并在压实水流与重力水流的混合带形成油气藏;晚期 (第三纪上新世至今 )为重力水流阶段,它导致沿区域地下水流运移方向,油水界面、油气藏充满度和含油气层段均发生明显的变化。