河北省牛圈银(金)矿床成因初探

通过对牛圈银(金)矿床的细粒花岗岩、隐爆角砾岩、同位素特征等方面研究,笔者认为与矿床关系密切的隐爆角砾岩(次火山岩)由基底岩石的部分重熔形成,而成矿物质来源于下地壳-上地幔重熔岩浆;成矿热液为重熔岩浆分异演化形成的富气相流体。这些热液与次火山岩浆相伴或滞后上升,经多次隐爆作用在破碎带中形成矿床。银矿体呈脉状产出于粗粒花岗岩之破碎带中,含矿岩石为隐爆角砾岩。熔浆物质既成角砾又呈胶结物,成矿带发育中低温热液蚀变。矿床为含矿凝灰岩(英安质)熔浆经隐爆作用形成的浅成中低温热液矿床。     

封面故事

正西藏斯弄多银铅锌矿床钻探现场及矿石特征。研究表明,该矿体由方铅矿-闪锌矿-独立银矿物(辉银矿、硫砷铜银矿、螺状硫银矿等)-玉髓-蛋白石-伊利石-绢云母-菱锰矿-冰长石组成,为典型的低硫化型浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿床,精准年代学结果显示其成岩与成矿事件均发生在古新世。斯弄多银铅锌矿床类型和成矿事件的厘定,对于丰富整个冈底斯成矿带的矿床     

河南省罗山县皇城山银矿床矿化特征和成矿作用

皇城山银矿床成矿作用经历了热液期和表生氧化期。热液期经历了三个成矿阶段:黄铁矿-硅化阶段、多金属硫化物-硅化阶段和角砾岩化阶段。主成矿阶段为多金属硫化物-硅化阶段,热液作用表现为早期石英在碱性热液作用下溶解和金属硫化物沉淀,随后的温度降低和循环地下水的加入最终SiO2因过饱和而沉淀。成矿物理化学条件为低温、低盐度的酸性环境;矿化程度与火山岩的酸性程度成正比。矿床具以强硅化带为中心向外依次发育高级泥化带(高岭石+石英)和泥化带(蒙脱石+石英)的蚀变分带,与矿化有关的为中期硅化,银及多金属硫化物矿化限于强硅化蚀变带内。从矿石矿物的组合、标型、组构及矿床蚀变分带特征判断,皇城山银矿床具有浅成低温热液矿床中的高硫型矿床典型特征,属高硫型浅成低温热液矿床。     

安徽庐枞盆地黄竹园银多金属矿床地质特征和关键金属赋存状态研究

黄竹园银多金属矿床位于长江中下游成矿带庐枞矿集区东南缘,是成矿带断凹区火山岩盆地内首次发现的浅成低温热液型银多金属矿床,亟待开展矿床地质特征、金属元素特别是关键金属的赋存状态和矿床成因研究。黄竹园矿床矿体主要赋存于下白垩统砖桥组、双庙组火山岩及断裂破碎带中,呈层状、似层状产出;矿石类型主要有脉状、浸染状、细网脉状。本次工作基于矿床地质特征研究,通过对矿床中采集样品进行手标本及室内镜下观察、短波红外分析测试(SWIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)、电子探针分析(EPMA)和自动矿物综合分析(TIMA)等方法,阐明了矿床中的主要蚀变矿化特征和成矿期次,重点开展银和关键金属赋存状态及矿床成因类型研究。研究结果表明,黄竹园矿床总体表现出靠近矿体部位发育绢云母-伊利石化,向外围矿化较弱部位变为蒙脱石-高岭石化;根据不同的矿物共生组合及其相互关系,将矿床的成矿过程从早到晚分为无矿化石英脉阶段、石英-银矿物-硫化物脉阶段和石英-碳酸盐脉阶段,其中石英-银矿物-硫化物脉阶段为该矿床最重要的银、铜成矿阶段。主要的银矿物为自然银、硫铜银矿和硫汞铜银矿。矿床中的主要关键金属矿物为辉砷钴矿和铁硫砷钴矿,呈不规则粒状镶嵌在辉铜矿和黄铁矿边缘。通过黄竹园矿床与国内外其他浅成低温热液矿床地质特征对比,本次工作认为黄竹园矿床是高硫型浅成低温热液矿化叠加于斑岩型矿化之上的复合成矿的典型实例。通过与矿区北部钱铺酸性蚀变岩帽(1km)之间对比研究,提出黄竹园-钱铺酸性蚀变岩帽地区可能存在一大型"斑岩-浅成低温热液成矿系统",为庐枞盆地下一步深部找矿提供了方向。     

河北丰宁牛圈银金矿床构造地质特征

牛圈银金多金属矿,华北地洼北缘。成矿条件明显受燕山晚期地洼活动－陆壳伸展运动所形成的断裂构造和火山机构控制,矿床呈隐爆角砾岩筒状,具浅成低温热液型矿床特征。     

山西灵丘支家地热液隐爆银（多金属）矿床成矿机制

本文从矿床学的角度，对支家地银（多金属）矿床的地质特征、成矿条件及成矿机制进行了系统研究，提出了热液隐爆矿床概念以及与它有关的隐爆构造及引爆热液概念，认为该矿床是一种含矿热液通过隐爆作用而形成的银矿床，即热液隐爆银矿床。     

晋东北地区银矿床类型及成矿机制

银矿床类型和矿床地质特征研究表明,晋东北地区银矿王要成因类型为与火山作用有关的中低温热液银矿床(包括石英脉型银矿、火山岩型银矿、(隐)爆破角砾岩型银矿),其次为接触交代矽卡岩型银矿、层控银锰矿床(包括氧化淋滤型锰银矿和铁锰帽型银锰矿).银的主要成矿期为燕山期.在沉积作用、火山一次火山热液作用和地表氧化淋滤作用条件下形成...     

晋东北支家地银矿床成矿特征及成因分析

支家地矿床是以银为主,伴生铅、锌的大型独立银矿床。矿体呈脉状、透镜状产于燕山期石石英矿斑岩体边部的隐爆角砾岩中,受隐爆角夺及其下部的断裂构造控制。根据矿石的同位素特征和包裹体特征可知,成矿热液主要岩浆热液,     

内蒙古翁牛特旗二把伙银多金属矿区地质特征及找矿前景分析

文章通过对内蒙古翁牛特旗二把伙银多金属矿区地质特征综合分析,认为矿区成矿作用类型为与火山穹窿构造形成有关的隐爆角砾岩成矿,成矿作用受断裂构造和火山机构双重控制;从浅表至深部,矿床类型依次为浅成低温热液型、裂隙充填隐爆角砾岩型和斑岩型（隐爆角砾岩筒型）。为二把伙银多金属矿区深部找矿提供了理论依据。     

福建紫金山矿田火成岩系列与浅成低温热液—斑岩铜金银成矿系统

紫金山矿田内, 自地表往深部, 发育早白垩世中酸性火山岩、次火山英安斑岩、浅成相花岗闪长斑岩、中深成相花岗闪长岩, 构成中酸性火山-侵入岩系列。围绕着紫金山火山机构发育强烈的蚀变矿化, 形成高硫型浅成低温热液铜金矿、低硫型浅成低温热液银金矿和斑岩型铜(钼)矿床。矿田内各类铜金银矿床存在着密切的时空及物源联系, 它们在时间、空间上连续演化, 都是同源含矿中酸性岩浆在同一成矿背景之下于不同演化阶段的产物。含矿热液的物化性质及时空迁移决定了它们在不同地质部位产出不同的矿床类型, 构成与中酸性次火山-斑岩有关的浅成低温-斑岩铜金银矿成矿系统。      

Evolution of hydrothermal fluids of HS and LS type epithermal Au–Ag deposits in the Seongsan hydrothermal system of the Cretaceous Haenam volcanic field,South Korea

The Haenam volcanic field was formed in the southern part of the Korean peninsula by the climactic igneous activity of the Late Cretaceous. The volcanic field hosts more than nine hydrothermal clay deposits and two epithermal Au–Ag deposits. This study focuses on the relationship between hydrothermal clay alteration and epithermal Au–Ag mineralization based on the geology, alteration mineralogy, geochronology, and mineralization characteristics.These clay and epithermal Au–Ag deposits are interpreted to have formed by the same hydrothermal event which produced two distinct types of mineral systems: 1) Au-dominant epithermal Au–Ag deposit and 2) clay-dominant hydrothermal clay deposit. The two types of mineral systems show a close genetic relationship as suggested by their temporal and spatial relationships. The Seongsan hydrothermal system progressively evolved from a low-intermediate sulfidation epithermal system with Au–Ag mineralization and phyllic alteration to an acid–sulfate high-sulfidation system with Au–Ag mineralization and/or barren advanced argillic/argillic alteration. The Seongsan system evolved during post volcanic hydrothermal activity for at least 10 Ma in the Campanian stage of the late Cretaceous.The Seongsan hydrothermal system shows the rare and unique occurrence of superimposed high to low (intermediate) sulfidation episodes, which persisted for about 10 Ma.     

中国浅成低温热液金矿床

浅成低温热液金矿床在中国传统上称为陆相火山岩型金矿床,主要发现在中国东部,后来在北疆地区也有新的发现.根据产出的大地构造背景,它们集中分布在3个带,并分属于3个成矿时期.它们包括:(1)新生代台湾东部岛弧带;(2)晚古生代北疆岛弧带;(3)中生代沿中朝克拉通北界的大陆边缘带;(4)中生代中国东南沿海地区的大陆边缘带.绝大多数矿床是低硫化型的,只有3个是高硫化型的,另有1个是与碱性岩系有关的Au-Te型矿床.除了中国最大的金矿床金瓜石矿床外,迄今为止中国大陆上的浅成低温热液金矿床总的来说只有较小的经济重要性.在中国东部发现的浅成低温热液金矿床的总储量,与区内广泛分布的中生代陆相火山岩十分巨大的体积极不相称.较古老的成矿年龄,中国东部的中生代和北疆的晚古生代,是中国大陆浅成低温热液金矿床的一个鲜明的特点.根据中国的成矿条件和保存条件的分析,以及与美国西部和俄国东部的对比,提出了中国浅成低温热液金矿床成矿潜力的一个初步评估.北疆可能有较大的寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的潜在重要性.     

中硫型浅成低温热液金多金属矿床基本特征、研究进展与展望

继20世纪80年代以来低硫型和高硫型浅成低温金矿床概念提出及成矿模型建立之后,相继发现一些浅成低温热液矿床不具上述两类矿床端元的成矿特点,相反兼具过渡性质;很多学者将其作为单一矿床类型,定义为中硫型浅成低温热液矿床。作为一个新的矿床类型,中硫型矿床是否有单独划分的必要?该类矿床具有什么样的地质特征?长期以来这些问题令人困惑。本文从大量文献中,在全球范围内甄别出24个比较明确的中硫型浅成低温热液金(多金属)矿床,基于其基本特征和研究进展的系统梳理与分析,从中硫型矿床的时空展布、地质特征、矿物组合、金属源区特征、中硫型与高硫型金(铜)矿和低硫型金矿的主要区别,以及目前国际研究进展及难点等方面进行总结阐述。中硫型金多金属矿床具有如下六大特征:(1)发育富碳酸盐-贱金属硫化物成矿体系,碳酸盐矿物可见于各成矿阶段热液脉系中,尤其在热液晚阶段以碳酸盐矿物为主;贱金属硫化物主要为Cu、Pb、Zn、Fe等的硫化物;(2)发育中硫化态矿物组合,如贱金属硫化物黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、黝铜矿等;可少量发育明矾石和冰长石;(3)含矿脉系中富硫化物(总量大于5%),且在斑岩铜矿系统中较富黄铜矿;(4)普遍发育浅色贫铁闪锌矿(有待进一步证实);(5)普遍赋存在挤压岛弧背景下斑岩Cu-Au-Mo矿的外围;(6)空间上可与高硫型和低硫型金多金属矿床共存。普遍发育斑岩型Cu-Au-(Mo)矿床和浅成低温热液型矿床的世界著名三大成矿域(滨太平洋成矿域、古亚洲洋成矿域和特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿域),同样具有形成中硫型矿床的有利成矿条件。未来关于中硫型矿床的研究亟需解决以下几个关键问题:(1)目前尚未有文献对"富碳酸盐-贱金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Fe等)"进行详细报道,这种成矿体系是如何形成的?流体中CO_2、H_2S及贱金属元素对Au的运移和沉淀有何影响?此问题是认识中硫型金多金属矿床成矿机制的关键所在。(2)中硫化态矿物的矿物(黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿、黄铜矿等)的沉淀环境?与高硫化态、低硫化态矿物有何区别?(3)从成矿系统、成矿过程和矿物形成的复杂性来考虑,显然以闪锌矿中Fe S的含量多少作为区别IS型、HS型、LS型矿床的特征地化标志过于简单,且与已有关于闪锌矿的矿物学研究成果相矛盾,因此仍需进一步工作。(4)早期形成的作为赋矿围岩的火山岩地层或者次火山岩体是否提供了成矿物质?是否充当了浅成低温热液矿物沉淀的地球化学屏障?其具体过程是怎样的?以上问题的解决可辅助揭示IS型矿床的成因机制和形成过程,并为同类型矿床的勘查工作提供支持。     

内蒙古东北部四五牧场浅成低温热液型金矿地质特征及成因讨论

大兴安岭火山岩区金矿的找矿突破是90年代后期实现的,目前发现的类型有HS型、LS型及硅化石英脉型3种浅成低温热液矿床.四五牧场金矿是产于海拉尔-根河中生代火山岩盆地边缘的HS型浅成低温热液金矿床,其形成与隐爆角砾岩体关系密切,隐爆角砾岩体的产出明显受构造控制并具成群分布的特点.岩石蚀变为典型的酸性硫酸盐型石英-高岭石(迪开石)-明矾石蚀变矿物组合.     

Types,features, and prospecting potential for Mesozoic metal ore deposits in Zhejiang Province,southeast China

The geotectonic units of Zhejiang Province include the Yangtze Plate in the northwest juxtaposed against the South China fold system in the southeast along the Jiangshan–Shaoxing fault. The South China fold system is further divided into the Chencai–Suichang uplift belt and the Wenzhou–Linhai geotectogene belt, whose boundary is the Yuyao–Lishui fault. The corresponding metallogenic belts are the Mo–Au(–Pb–Zn–Cu) metallogenic belt in northwest Zhejiang, the Chencai–Suichang Au–Ag–Pb–Zn–Mo metallogenic belt, and the coastal Ag–Pb–Zn–Mo–Au metallogenic belt. The main Mesozoic metal ore deposits include epithermal Au–Ag(Ag), hydrothermal vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn(Cu), and porphyry–skarn-type Mo and vein-type Mo deposits. These ore bodies are related to the Mesozoic volcanic-intrusive structure: the epithermal Au–Ag(Ag) deposits are represented by the Zhilingtou Au–Ag deposit and Houan Ag deposit and their veins are controlled by volcanic structure; the hydrothermal vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn deposits are represented by the Dalingkou Ag–Pb–Zn deposit and also controlled by volcanic structure; and the porphyry–skarn-type Mo deposits are represented by the Tongcun Mo deposit and the vein-type Mo deposits are represented by the Shipingchuan Mo deposit, all of which are related to granite porphyries. These metal ore deposits have close spatio-temporal relationships with each other; both the epithermal Au–Ag(Ag) deposits and the hydrothermal vein-type Ag–Pb–Zn deposits exhibit vertical zonations of the metallic elements and form a Mo–Pb–Zn–Au–Ag metallogenetic system. These Jurassic–Cretaceous deposits may be products of tectonic-volcanic-intrusive magmatic activities during the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate. Favourable metallogenetic conditions and breakthroughs in the recent prospecting show that there is great resource potential for porphyry-type deposits (Mo, Cu) in Zhejiang Province.     

与火山—潜火山作用有关的浅成热液金(铜银)矿床流体成矿系统

与火山—潜火山作用有关的浅成热液金(铜银)矿床可以分为低硫型和高硫型两个亚类,所对应的流体成矿系统分别为贵金属(地热)成矿系统和火山热液成矿系统。由于成矿位置和流体成矿过程不同,形成了各具特色的成矿元素组合、围岩蚀变特征和成矿类型。     

Types, Characteristics, and Geodynamic Settings of Mesozoic Epithermal Gold Deposits in Eastern China

Mesozoic epithermal gold deposits in eastern China are divided into calc‐alkaline and alkaline magma‐related gold deposits, and are also grouped as low‐sulfidation, intermediate‐sulfidation and high‐sulfidation types, of which the first two predominate. These gold deposits are distributed in the Tianshan–Yinshan–Great Xing’anling Variscan fold belt of North China craton, Qinling‐Dabie Indo‐Sinian fold belt of Yangtze craton, and South China fold belt or Cathaysian block, from north to south along the eastern China continent. Most of the epithermal gold orebodies are hosted either in volcanic rocks or their related granitoids, and volcanic breccia pipes. These orebodies are mainly associated with adularia–chalcedony–sericite, and alunite–kaolinite–quartz alteration. These orebodies formed in four mineralization pulses at 175, 145–135, 127–115, and 110–94 Ma. The first three pulses correspond to the post‐collision period between the North China and Yangtze cratons, an extension period during late‐stage rotation of the principal compressional stress from N‐S to E‐W, and a dramatic thinning period of the lithosphere, respectively. The last mineralizing pulse was the result of another extension in South China. Although the mineralizing pulses occurred at different times, they all occurred in extensional settings and were accompanied by crust and the mantle interaction.     

华南地区三叠纪矿床地质特征、成矿规律和矿床模型

华南以中生代成矿大爆发为特征,燕山期矿床成矿规律的研究程度较高,近年来发现越来越多的三叠纪矿床,但三叠纪矿床的分布规律和矿床模型是值得关注的重要科学问题。本文基于最新研究成果,论述华南三叠纪矿床地质特征和矿床类型,提出成矿规律,初步地建立成矿动力学模型。华南地区三叠纪矿床分布较为广泛,目前确定的46个三叠纪矿床分布于5个区带,形成于晚三叠世 (230~200 Ma),被划分为花岗岩有关的钨锡多金属矿床、侵入岩有关的远端金锑矿床、卡林型金矿床和MVT型铅锌矿床4种主要类型。在空间上,华南三叠纪矿床存在成矿元素分带性,由西向东依次为MVT型铅锌矿床、卡林型金矿床、侵入岩有关的远端金锑矿床、花岗岩有关的钨锡多金属矿床。华南5个成矿区带普遍存在印支期和燕山期的叠加成矿作用,在南岭西段桂北苗儿山—越城岭和滇东南老君山地区还发育加里东和印支期的叠加成矿作用。     

Nature, diversity of deposit types and metallogenic relations of South China

The South China Region is rich in mineral resources and has a wide diversity of deposit types. The region has undergone multiple tectonic and magmatic events and related metallogenic processes throughout the earth history. These tectonic and metallogenic processes were responsible for the formation of the diverse styles of base and precious metal deposits in South China making it one of the resource-rich regions in the world. During the Proterozoic, the South China Craton was characterised by rifting of continental margin before eruption of submarine volcanics and development of platform carbonate rocks, and the formation of VHMS, stratabound copper and MVT deposits. The Phanerozoic metallogeny of South China was related to opening and closing of the Tethyan Ocean involving multiple orogenies by subduction, back-arc rifting, arc–continent collision and post-collisional extension during the Indosinian (Triassic), Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) and Himalayan (Tertiary) Orogenies. The Late Palaeozoic was a productive metallogenic period for South China resulting from break-up and rifting of Gondwana. Significant stratabound base and precious metal deposits were formed during the Devonian and Carboniferous (e.g., Fankou and Dabaoshan deposits). These Late Palaeozoic SEDEX-style deposits have been often overprinted by skarn systems associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Chengmenshan, Dongguashan and Qixiashan). A number of Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic VHMS deposits also developed in the Sanjiang fold belt in the western part of South China (e.g., Laochang and Gacun).South China has significant sedimentary rock-hosted Carlin-like deposits, which occur in the Devonian- to Triassic-aged accretionary wedge or rift basins at the margin of the South China Craton. They are present in a region at the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi Provinces called the ‘Southern Golden Triangle’, and are also present in NW Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi, in an area known as the ‘Northern Golden Triangle’ of China. These deposits are mostly epigenetic hydrothermal micron-disseminated gold deposits with associated As, Hg, Sb + Tl mineralisation similar to Carlin-type deposits in USA. The important deposits in the Southern Golden Triangle are Jinfeng (Lannigou), Zimudang, Getang, Yata and Banqi in Guizhou Province, and the Jinya and Gaolong deposits in Guangxi District. The most important deposits in the Northern Golden Triangle are the Dongbeizhai and Qiaoqiaoshang deposits.Many porphyry-related polymetallic copper–lead–zinc and gold skarn deposits occur in South China. These deposits are related to Indosinian (Triassic) and Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) magmatism associated with collision of the South China and North China Cratons and westward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate. Most of these deposits are distributed along the Lower to Middle Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The most significant deposits are Tonglushan, Jilongshan, Fengshandong, Shitouzui and Jiguanzui. Au–(Ag–Mo)-rich porphyry-related Cu–Fe skarn deposits are also present (Chengmenshan and Wushan in Jiangxi Province and Xinqiao, Mashan-Tianmashan, Shizishan and Huangshilaoshan in Anhui Province). The South China fold belt extending from Fujian to Zhejiang Provinces is characterised by well-developed Yanshanian intrusive to subvolcanic rocks associated with porphyry to epithermal type mineralisation and mesothermal vein deposits. The largest porphyry copper deposit in China, Dexing, occurs in Jiangxi Province and is hosted by Yanshanian granodiorite. The high-sulphidation epithermal system occurs at the Zijinshan district in Fujian Province and epithermal to mesothermal vein-type deposits are also found in the Zhejiang Province (e.g., Zhilingtou). Part of Shandong Province is located at the northern margin of the South China Craton and the province has unique world class granite-hosted orogenic gold deposits. Occurrences of Pt–Pd–Ni–Cu–Co are found in Permian-aged Emeishan continental flood basalt (ECFB) in South China (Jinbaoshan and Baimazhai in Yunnan Province and Yangliuping in Sichuan Province). South China also has major vein-type tungsten–tin–bismuth–beryllium–sulphide and REE deposits associated with Yanshanian magmatism (e.g., Shizhuyuan and Xihuashan), important world class stratabound base metal–tin deposits (Dachang deposit), and the large antimony deposits (Xikuangshan and Woxi). During the Himalayan Orogeny, many giant deposits were formed in South China including the recently emerging Yulong and Gangdese porphyry copper belts in Tibet and the Ailaoshan orogenic gold deposits in Yunnan.