顾及构造改造的胶西北大尹格庄金矿床三维成矿预测

矿床在形成后常被构造改造，但现有三维成矿预测中对其关注较少。笔者选择胶东半岛大尹格庄构造蚀变岩型金矿为研究对象，采用基于不规则三角网（TIN）的构造复原方法还原被断裂错断的矿体与控矿断裂的三维结构，开展复原前后的矿化空间/控矿因素对比分析并实现深边部三维成矿预测。结果表明，构造复原方法消除了断裂和矿体被错断产生的空间距离及倾角变化；复原后的矿化分布具有更强的空间自相关性，被错断区域的矿化分布由分散变为连续。此外，相同参数下，复原后的预测模型比复原前模型具有更高的性能，说明对复原后的矿化分布和控矿指标之间的关联关系表达更加显著。因此，顾及构造改造的三维成矿预测有利于预测结果的准确性，可为大尹格庄矿床深部找矿工作提供可靠参考。     

一种古构造恢复方法探讨--以乌马营构造为例

古构造恢复是探索多旋回盆地油气藏改造、重组的有效手段之一。古构造恢复的基本原理是“回剥”,即通过“退变形”而获得不同地质演化阶段某构造层的埋藏起伏变化。回剥可以视为剔除上覆地层,并将不同时期古水准面恢复到原位的过程。利用层序充填特点和古水平面重塑研究古构造的新方法。在三维地震覆盖区,标示古水平面的层序特点在较高精度成像的地震数据体中是可以识别的,利用三维地震解释技术,可以精确恢复针对圈闭或局部构造单元的变形史和变形基础。在黄骅坳陷乌马营地区进行了实例应用研究,研究表明：利用该方法可精确恢复三维空间内、不同时期潜山高点迁移的变化规律;古构造恢复的结论与WS1井气藏特点的吻合,为潜山天然气藏的评价和目标勘探提供了决定性依据。     

复杂伸展盆地区平衡剖面的恢复方法

编制构造演化剖面可以对构造变形进行定量、半定量分析,对构造活动和演化研究具有重要意义。受伸展叠加走滑多期变形影响,复杂伸展盆地区断层、褶皱发育,为平衡剖面的恢复过程带来了一些困难和问题,影响了盆地演化分析的准确性。本文根据存在的问题,提出了一种利用Cdr（CorelDRAW）软件对复杂伸展盆地区变形进行恢复的新方法。该方法充分考虑变形、剥蚀和压实作用对恢复产生的影响,主要包括以下两个方面：1）地层恢复。如果浅部构造变形对深部影响不大,在恢复时采用层厚不变原则逐层进行回剥;若后期存在区域挤压作用,盆地整体发生构造反转形成褶皱,浅部每剥去一层,深部地层即相应消除该时期产生的应力叠加效应,此时需要对弯曲地层进行拉平处理。2）断层恢复。对生长断层而言,断层恢复就是消除上覆岩层产生的重力效应。对于深部早期生长断层而言,浅部地层对其只有压实作用而不影响其产状,此时应遵循深、浅部断层分开、独立恢复的原则。这种平衡剖面恢复的方法是基于地层及断层发育的构造部位、活动期次及其成因关系提出的,更加符合地质逻辑,能够更好地反演复杂伸展盆地区构造变形过程。运用该方法对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷青西地区进行了平衡剖面反演,得出该区构造演化受控于伸展、构造反转和走滑影响。     

三维构造演化研究进展及其应用前景

构造演化研究目前正在由二维向三维过渡。三维构造演化研究作为本领域的技术前沿与发展趋势,在适用性、精确度、可视性及应用等方面都有着巨大优势。本文阐述了三维构造演化研究的发展历程、研究现状和应用前景,从三维构造建模和三维构造恢复两方面对研究现状进行重点介绍。三维构造演化研究将几何学与地质力学结合起来,使地质模型非常接近真实的地质体,构造恢复的准确性也大大提高。该方法在油气勘探方面已经取得了可喜的成果,但同时也存在着一系列亟需解决的问题。三维构造演化的研究难以在大范围区域内展开、对多条不同倾向断层的恢复会导致模型发生位移以及消除复杂断层的断距时会使断块发生水平旋转。     

汶川Ms8.0级地震断层同震位移特征对断裂构造分析的启示

断裂构造是地壳浅层次最重要的构造现象,也是构造地质学研究的主要领域之一.以稳态区域构造应力作用下的岩石变形破坏过程为基础的断裂构造分析理论和方法,受到强地震过程中断裂构造复杂同震变形的挑战.汶川Hs8.0级地震过程中断层同震变形的几何学、运动学特征及其空间变化,为检验断裂构造的几何学、运动学分析的相关理论和方法提供一个现实的范例.本文通过对汶川Ms8.0级地震断层同震位移的方式、规模和空间变化特征分析,提出沿断层走向的位移方式和位移规模的空间变化是区域构造应力和地震动力复合作用的结果.汶川地震过程中地震断层的位移方式和位移规模的空间变化以及同一构造部位的断层摩擦镜面中却出现了不同运动学指向的擦痕线理等特殊的构造现象,对历史断裂构造变形分析中所遵循的某些原则提出了挑战,需要重新审视和研究.     

库车坳陷第三纪断层滑动分析与古构造应力恢复

研究构造应力场的时空变化对于认识和理解褶皱冲断带的构造变形过程和油气构造圈闭的最终定型具有重要意义.基于对库车坳陷内第三系和同时卷入变形的白垩系中发育断层的野外观测,采用断层滑动数据反演方法,对库车坳陷的第三纪构造古应力进行恢复.结果表明:库车坳陷第三纪的构造应力方向在空间位置上变化不大,在时间上经历了从NNW-SSE向到NWW-SEE的转变,构造挤压变形经历了两个阶段:即NNW-SSE向逆冲挤压变形和相对较晚的NWW-SEE向逆冲挤压变形.结合库车坳陷油气成藏期,第二阶段的构造挤压变形发生在库车组沉积期间,为坳陷内油气的聚集提供了良好的圈闭条件.文中还探讨了造成库车坳陷内挤压应力场的两种可能动力成因.     

基于地层力学结构的三维构造恢复及其地质意义

三维构造恢复不仅可以验证构造解释在三维空间的一致性,也可用于计算构造内部的应变状态,确定构造位移变化路径及地层力学结构对构造生长过程的影响。在Gocad三维平台上综合遥感、地震和钻井等资料,建立准噶尔盆地南缘主要勘探目的层古近系古新统—始新统紫泥泉子组(E1-2z)的面模型和霍尔果斯深层背斜的体模型,并在体模型的三维域中设置剪切模量、拉梅常数以及岩层密度,以求真实反映实际地层力学结构。在此基础上利用基于Gocad平台开发的三维构造恢复插件对两者开展恢复试验。面模型恢复结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘山前逆冲断层上盘的恢复应变椭球长轴多呈北西方向,与该位置天山山体和山前断裂带走向斜交,这一特征印证了晚新生代以来的斜向挤压作用。但在山前第二排背斜带东西300km的范围内,恢复应变椭球长轴由霍尔果斯背斜处的近南北逐渐向东西两侧的北北东向和北西向过渡,揭示出深部隐伏断裂可能具有前陆地区典型的弧形冲断特征。体模型恢复结果表明,霍尔果斯深层背斜内部的应变状态与其所经历的运动学过程并没有显著的对应关系,恢复应变分布主要受相邻地层之间力学结构的差异控制,这就导致同一断块不同地层内部的应变状态具有不同的分布特征。在石油勘探开发领域,针对圈闭范围小尺度构造的恢复应变计算可用于构造裂缝性质、方位和分布的预测。     

东天山博格达山前构造变形与地形定量关系:基于三维建模与地貌分析

东天山受印度?欧亚板块碰撞的远程影响,新构造活跃,同时在气候影响下地表侵蚀速率有明显的空间差异,是探讨构造活动、地表过程和气候变化相互作用的理想区域;而反映构造变形的断层滑移量和地形起伏度是理解构造和气候相互作用的重要参数.通过三维地震反射深度剖面解译构建东天山阜康断裂带西端古牧地背斜三维构造几何形态,发现阜康断裂带断...     

准噶尔盆地南缘山前带阿什里背斜精细构造建模

准噶尔盆地南缘山前冲断带经历了多期叠加构造活动,构造变形特征复杂,对研究陆内造山变形机制具有重要意义。阿什里背斜处于北天山后方前陆部位,构造样式为分层滑脱变形体系控制的复式叠加背斜,垂向上包括浅层薄皮推覆构造系统和中深层复合构造楔系统。钻井和地震反射信息揭示,阿什里地区主要滑脱层为基底滑脱层,石炭系、二叠系泥岩层,中下侏罗统八道湾组、西山窑组煤层。阿什里背斜侏罗系底部不整合面受基底发育的叠加构造楔(由2~3个冲断席构成)控制,反冲断层之上石炭系-三叠系构成不对称背斜。阿什里西南大型石炭系推覆体之下发育泥盆系-石炭系组成的冲断席,构成(楔端点向上方突破的)构造楔。阿什里背斜北侧以一向斜与喀拉扎背斜过渡,指示冲断位移沿浅部滑脱层向北继续传播。阿什里及邻区发育的石炭系与三叠系-中下侏罗统不整合、二叠系内部不整合、二叠系与三叠系削截不整合、三叠系与侏罗系不整合、新近系与第四系不整合揭示了中-晚二叠世以来多期构造活动。其中,阿1井核部二叠系梧桐沟组之下钻遇的凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素分析结果显示其年龄为289.1±7Ma(95%置信度),指示了晚海西期的构造活动。根据阿什里地区地震剖面的精细构造几何学、运动学解析,结合关键不整合面,划分了5个关键构造演化期次:中二叠世阿什里西南逆冲推覆形成古隆起;晚二叠世-晚三叠世阿什里地区存在两期小规模冲断活动;侏罗纪整体稳定沉降或弱坳陷;白垩纪-古近纪多幕隆升构造活动使阿什里地区沿基底发育叠加构造楔;中新世北天山剧烈造山活动中阿什里基底构造楔向北突破形成阿克屯-喀拉扎背斜。     

5.12汶川地震断层的同震位移构造意义与运动学模型

5.12汶川8.0级地震断层的同震位移方式、大小和空间变化为检验断层几何学、运动学与动力学分析理论与方法提供了一个现实范例。本文通过对汶川8.0级地震断层同震位移的几何学、运动学特征和可能的深部过程分析,并考虑到地震动力作用的影响,探讨了断层同震位移的地质意义和断层运动学模型问题,继而讨论了汶川8.0级地震过程中所呈现出的断层构造变形的现象对断裂构造分析的有关理论和方法的启示。提出了如下初步认识:(1)根据地震破裂面两侧地表高程差确定的断层垂直同震位移,并不完全是深部震源破裂的构造位移扩展到地表所致,而是包含了地震动力作用对断层破裂面两侧深部岩体的结构损伤破坏(膨胀)强烈程度差异所形成的非构造位移;(2)汶川地震的发震断层走滑-逆冲位移大小和方式的空间变化,可以用区域稳态构造应力和地震动力的联合作用给予合理解释,即断层的逆冲位移成分可以归因于为垂直断层的南东向的区域构造挤压应力作用之结果,而水平走滑位移则与震源体破坏过程形成的地震动力作用方向与不同区段断层的交角变化所致,即震源体上方映秀-北川断层南段和彭灌-江油断层,无论是区域构造应力,还是地震动力,都与断层走向近于直交,因此,断层以逆冲为主;而映秀-北川断...     

复合土钉墙的角部空间效应及变形性状分析

复合土钉墙的阴角及阳角处具有较明显的空间效应,而一般分析中往往将基坑中部剖面的分析结果应用于复合土钉墙的阴角及阳角部位,偏于保守或不安全,对复合土钉墙进行三维有限元分析,分别研究了阴角和阳角处的变形特性,结果表明,复合土钉墙的最大的水平位移发生在邻近阳角处的阳角面上,该处为复合土钉墙最危险处,同时复合土钉墙的阴角处水平位移显著小于阳角处水平位移,安全性较高。     

闽西南安砂水库南岸上古生界的多期褶皱特征及其意义

闽西南安砂水库库区省道307的新路段清晰出露了上、下古生界,为研究闽西南地区中生代变形构造提供了良好条件。野外构造观测和构造复原表明上古生界发育3期褶皱:第一期呈NE向展布,两翼相对紧闭,发育特征的轴面片理;第二期呈NW向展布,相对宽缓,发育NW走向的透入性皱纹面理;第三期为近平行第一期褶皱的宽缓褶皱,尺度最大,伴有局部发育的NE向皱纹面理。它们依次形成在中三叠世、晚三叠世和中侏罗世末?晚侏罗世初,分别对应着NW-SE、NE-SW和NW-SE向区域挤压作用,反映在近场洋壳俯冲和远场陆块碰撞的共同作用下,华南陆缘在中生代经历了复杂的构造变形过程。目前主流的两期共轴挤压认识是对该构造变形过程的一级近似。     

P-wave velocity and gradient images beneath the Okinawa Trough

To investigate the influence of spatial change of viscosity on postseismic deformation associated with the interplate 1946 Nankai earthquake (M 8.0) at the Nankai Trough, southwest Japan, we newly constructed a realistic viscoelastic structure model, taking into account temperature- and depth-dependent viscosity of materials. For this purpose, we first compiled leveling and triangulation data during postseismic periods and clarified characteristics of the amount and spatial patterns of postseismic vertical displacement and principal strain fields. Then, we calculated the spatial distributions of viscosity from temperature and flow fields, which were obtained from 2D subduction models. By incorporating the obtained viscosity structure into 3D viscoelastic finite element models, we constructed a temperature- and depth-dependent viscosity structure model (MODEL P2). Based on MODEL P2, we constructed a viscoelastic structure model, taking into account Poisson's ratio for the oceanic plate and low-velocity regions and the existence of low-viscosity materials beneath the Shikoku and Chugoku districts (MODEL P3), which were revealed from seismic tomography. We also constructed a conventional layered viscoelastic structure model (MODEL L1) and plate subduction model (MODEL P1) with constant viscosity for each region and evaluated the effects of different viscoelastic structures on postseismic surface deformations, using the coseismic slip distribution obtained by inversion analyses of geodetic data. We also compared the calculated surface deformations with the observed postseismic crustal deformations in and around Shikoku. The results show that postseismic surface deformation fields for the newly constructed MODEL P2 are rather different from those for MODELs L1 and P1. Landward horizontal displacements for MODEL P2 are smaller than those for MODELs L1 and P1, seaward horizontal displacements are negligible, and vertical displacement is characterized by small subsidence over Shikoku. The postseismic horizontal principal strain field for MODEL P2 is characterized by contractions in the N–S to NW–SE directions at amounts smaller than those for MODELs L1 and P1. Postseismic surface deformations for MODEL P3 are almost the same as those for MODEL P2. The observed postseismic vertical displacement and horizontal principal strain fields could not be explained by the viscoelastic response for the realistic viscoelastic structure models P2 and P3. This indicates that the effects of elastic and viscoelastic responses due to interplate coupling on the plate interface, after-slip at the extension of the coseismic slipped region, and poroelasticity should be taken into account to precisely estimate postseismic surface deformation. This also suggests that, in order to evaluate postseismic crustal deformations derived from a large interplate subduction zone earthquake, it is essential to use realistic temperature- and depth-dependent viscoelastic structure models.     

Multistage metamorphism and deformation in high‐pressure metabasites of the northern Adula Nappe Complex (Central Alps,Switzerland)

Metabasites from the northern Adula Nappe Complex (ANC) display a complex microstructural evolution recording episodes of deformation and metamorphic re‐equilibration that were obliterated in the surrounding phengite‐bearing schists. Pre‐D1 and D1 deformation episodes are preserved as mineral inclusions within garnet cores of some amphibole‐bearing eclogites and record high‐temperature greenschist‐/amphibolite‐facies conditions. D2 produced an eclogite‐facies foliation which developed at 580 ± 70°C and 19 ± 3 kbar. D3 was a composite deformation episode which can be divided into three sub‐episodes D3m, D3a and D3b which occurred as the metamorphism evolved from post‐eclogitic high‐pressure and low‐temperature conditions through to amphibolite‐facies conditions at 590 ± 30°C and 11.7 ± 1.3 kbar. The D3 deformation episode was responsible for the development of the S3 regional‐scale foliation in the surrounding schists, whilst D4 caused the development of an S4 greenschist foliation. The composite nature of the D3 episode indicates that rocks of the northern ANC experienced a protracted post‐eclogitic structural reworking and that the current structure of this part of the Alps is a late‐Alpine feature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characteristics of tectonic deformation of the melange zone in the Lachlan Orogen along eastern coast of Australia

The Narooma-Batemans Bay (NBB) area along the southeast coast of Australia is a part of the eastern zone of the Early Paleozoic Lachlan Orogen. In the NBB, a set of rock association consisting of turbidites, siliceous rock, basic lava, and argillaceous melange zone is mainly developed. According to systematic field geological survey, the deformation of 3 stages (D1, D2, and D3) was identified in the NBB. At stage D1, with the original bedding S0 in a nearly east-west trending as the deformation plane, tight folds, isoclinal folds, and other structures formed in the NBB accompanied by structural transposition. As a result, crenulation cleavage developed along the axial plane of the folds and schistosity S1 formed. At stage D2, with north-south-trending schistosity S1 as the deformation plane, a large number of asymmetrical folds and rotated porphyroclasts formed owing to thrusting and shear. At stage D3, left-lateral strike-slip occurred along the main north-south-trending schistosity. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of tectonic deformation in the NBB and summary of previous research results, it is determined that the early-stage (D1) deformation is related to Ordovician Macquarie arc-continent collision and the deformation at stages D2 and D3 is the result of the westward subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate. That is, it is not the continuous westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate that constitutes the evolution model of the NBB as previously considered.     

Fabric evidence for granodiorite emplacement with extensional shear zones in the Variscan Gredos massif (Spanish Central System)

Three granitoid bodies in the central part of the Gredos massif (Spanish Central System batholith) are tabular, around 1 km in thickness, and intruded into a migmatitic middle crust during the D3 deformation phase of the Variscan Orogeny. Petrologically, they are composed of Bt-granodiorite and Crd-monzogranite, and they show varying abundance of large (cm-scale) feldspar megacrysts. A detailed study of the shape preferred orientation (SPO) magmatic fabric defined by these megacrysts, together with a kinematic analysis of the structures due to interactions between them, and the measurement of quartz c-axis fabrics in migmatites and granitoids, suggests that granitic magma and country rocks were mechanically coupled during deformation. The emplacement took place along large-scale, extensional shear zones active during the first stages of the D3 phase. The shape of the SPO ellipsoids varies from constrictional at the centre of the granitic bodies, to flattening or even oblate at their external contacts with the migmatitic host rocks. The favoured interpretation of this spatial fabric variation is the overprinting of the emplacement fabrics by a constrictional tectonic regime associated with the growth of tabular magma chambers along extensional detachments, followed by shear zone development commonly at the top of the granitic bodies. The entire structure was later folded during the last stages of the D3 phase.     

Using 3D kinematic models in subduction channels. The case of the Chañaral tectonic mélange,Coastal Cordillera,northern Chile

The Chañaral tectonic mélange (northern Chile) is a local unit within the late Paleozoic accretionary complex formed at the southwestern margin of Gondwana. The structural characteristics of the studied mélange were mostly developed during a first deformation phase (D1) and include a block-in-matrix fabric, lineations (L1) and foliations (S1), tight to intrafoliar folds, S-C and S-C-C′ composite planar fabrics, and a conspicuous spatial separation of domains with predominantly linear and linear-planar fabrics. Folding during a second stage (D2) modified the orientation of the previous fabrics and structures. The eastern boundary of the Chañaral mélange is N-S to NNW-SSE oriented, moderately dipping to the east. Its western boundary is not exposed. The plane showing the maximum structural asymmetry (the vorticity normal section) is ENE-WSW directed, and sub-vertical. Kinematic criteria consistently reveal top-to-the-WSW displacement. A kinematic model of triclinic transpression with inclined extrusion has been applied to evaluate the D1 structural features of the Chañaral mélange. The pitch of the simple shear direction on the deformation plane ranged from 60°N to 90°. The pitch of the estimated extrusion direction was of 30°-40°S. The coaxial component was clearly constrictional (logarithmic K value of 2 to 5). The vorticity number has not been constrained by the model, but its spatial variation can explain the domainal distribution of the fabrics in the mélange. The simulated particle paths show the predominance of material displacement parallel to the margin, with low to moderate down-dip displacements, which is in accordance with the low-pressure metamorphic assemblages found in the mélange. The convergence direction between the blocks separated by the mélange unit was N50°-60°E. Kinematic blocking of the Chañaral mélange, probably related to the accretion of an oceanic volcanic domain, allowed the D2 folding of the previous structures, a process that, at least initially, proceeded without a change in the convergence direction.     

高煤级煤—隐晶质石墨的Raman光谱表征及结构演化

拉曼光谱能够反映碳材料结构的有序程度和结构缺陷,可用来表征高煤级煤—隐晶质石墨演化过程中结构变化。通过对受岩浆热变质影响的不同变形变质程度样品的拉曼参数与面网间距（d₀₀₂）之间关系的研究表明:G峰位置与d₀₀₂呈现阶梯变化,能较好地区分出石墨与高煤级煤,S₂峰位、D₁、G半峰宽与d₀₀₂呈较好的线性关系;D₁与G峰峰位差和半峰宽比随d₀₀₂减小而减小,S₂与S₄峰的峰位差随d₀₀₂减小先增大后减小,而其强度比及面积比逐渐增大;d₀₀₂与拉曼参数关系显示两次明显的结构演化跃变,即无烟煤至变质无烟煤阶段,R_max>6.5%、P（D₁-G）<235 cm-1、P（S₂-S₄）>525 cm-1以及半峰宽比显著下降、L_a/L_c迅速降低,为芳构化、芳环缩合作用增强向芳环叠片拼叠转变;半石墨至石墨演化阶段,P（D₁-G）、I_D1/I_G与A_D1/A_G显著降低,L_a、L_c迅速增加。以d₀₀₂为标度能较好地反映煤结构在不同演化阶段的Raman光谱特征。      

SYN-AND POST-THICKENING EXTENSIONS IN THE YULONG—HABA MOUNTAIN RANGE IN SOUTHWEST CHINA

SYN-AND POST-THICKENING EXTENSIONS IN THE YULONG—HABA MOUNTAIN RANGE IN SOUTHWEST CHINA     

Structural and metamorphic evolution of the phengite‐bearing schists of the northern Adula Nappe (Central Alps,Switzerland)

Phengite‐bearing schists of the northern Adula Nappe experienced a polymetamorphic and polycyclic evolution that was associated with five deformation episodes. Evidence of a pre‐Alpine metamorphic event is preserved within garnet cores of some amphibole‐bearing schists. The D1 and D2 deformation episodes are recorded by S1 and S2 foliations preserved only within metre‐scale domains of low‐D3 strain. S1 is a relict foliation. Blueschist‐facies conditions at 565 ± 10°C and 11.5 ± 1.5 kbar were attained during D2 and were associated with the development of isoclinal folding and an S2 foliation. The D3 episode took place at 665 ± 50°C and 11.5 ± 2.1 kbar and was responsible for the development of a transpositive S3 foliation. The D4 episode took place at T < 550 ± 10°C and was associated with the development of a discrete S4 foliation and S‐C structures. The D5 episode is recorded by sub‐vertical metre‐scale open folds or centimetre‐scale kinks. The structural and metamorphic evolution described here indicates that the northern and central parts of the Adula Nappe were distinct continental crustal fragments and were brought together under amphibolite‐facies conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.