湘南江永地区多期褶皱的变形特征及叠加关系

湘南江永地区处于华夏陆块西北缘,自早古生代以来经历了多期构造变形,关于这些变形的研究对探索湘南地区及其邻区的构造演化过程具有重要意义。通过对江永地区古生界褶皱的构造要素测量和褶皱叠加关系的解析,识别出了3期4个方向的褶皱构造,按发育早晚顺序分别为第一期(D_1)NE向褶皱,第二期(D_2)NNE-近SN向褶皱、NW向褶皱,第三期(D_3)近EW向褶皱。其中D_1期NE向褶皱为下古生界独有的构造样式,本区及邻区上古生界仅记录了后2期(D_2和D_3)3个方向的褶皱作用。结合地层接触关系、岩浆活动及区域构造演化的综合分析,3期褶皱作用分别对应早古生代后期加里东陆内造山运动NW向挤压、中三叠世后期印支运动NWW向挤压以及晚三叠世-早侏罗世近SN向挤压等构造事件。     

湘西沅麻盆地中新生代构造变形特征及区域地质背景

沅麻盆地是叠加在雪峰造山带中段的一个中生代大规模陆相盆地,盆地中新生代断裂、褶皱发育特征尚缺乏系统、深入的研究。本文通过构造剖面测制、野外路线调查并结合区域地质资料,对沅麻盆地中新生代构造格架、褶皱和断裂的发育特征、变形序列、时代及区域构造背景等进行了详细的分析研究,取得以下主要认识和进展。(1)NNE-NE向正断裂、逆断裂和平缓褶皱(主要为向斜)组成沅麻盆地的主体构造格架,同时发育其他多组不同方向、性质的褶皱和断裂。盆地西部和中部大部以正断裂为主,形成复杂的堑-垒构造格局,褶皱变形强度低;盆地东缘因区域怀化—沅陵断裂带控制而变形强烈,以多为东倾、少量西倾的逆断裂为主,常伴有倒转紧闭褶皱。(2)中三叠世以来沅麻盆地经历多期构造变形事件:1中三叠世晚期印支运动中受区域NW—NWW向挤压而形成NE—NNE向褶皱和逆断裂;2晚三叠世—早侏罗世期间受区域SN向挤压,形成EW向褶皱和膝折;3中侏罗世晚期早燕山运动中受区域NWW—近EW向挤压,形成盆地东缘上三叠统—中侏罗统卷入的SN向和NNE向褶皱和逆断裂;4早白垩世区域NW-SE向伸展作用下形成不同规模的NE—NNE向正断裂;5晚白垩世在区域SN向伸展体制下形成EW向正断裂;6古近纪中晚期受区域NE向挤压,形成卷入白垩系及先期地层的NW向褶皱、NW向逆断裂、NEE—NE向左行走滑(或兼逆冲)断裂、NNE向右行走滑断裂、NEE向与NNE向共轭剪节理等;7古近纪末—新近纪初在区域NW向挤压下,形成最新卷入地层为白垩系的NE向褶皱、NE-NNE向逆断裂、SN向逆断裂。上述多期变形中以早白垩世NW-SE伸展形成的正断裂和古近纪末—新近纪初NW-SE向挤压形成的褶皱和逆断裂最为重要,其次为中侏罗世晚期NWW—近EW向挤压下形成的褶皱和逆断裂。(3)前人提出的沅麻盆地东部及东侧外围地区发育的王炳坡、黄金坳、潭湾、麻阳等"飞来峰"构造并不存在,所谓"飞来峰"实为向下"生根"的断夹块,组成"飞来峰"的板溪群座立于古生界和中生界之中与逆冲断裂或正断裂活动有关。     

湘中龙山地区变形序列及金锑矿控矿构造

龙山金锑矿区位于湘中盆地龙山穹窿内。关于湘中地区上古生界中不同方向褶皱和龙山穹窿的形成时代均存在多种观点,对龙山金锑矿区内含矿断裂的运动学特征和时代背景等缺乏观测和认识。鉴此,笔者等根据大量地表和井下露头构造观测和解析,结合区域构造特征、矿床地质特征和已有区域构造事件研究成果,厘定了龙山金锑矿及邻区的构造变形序列以及上古生界中褶皱和龙山穹窿的形成时代,探讨了构造控矿规律及动力学机制。主要成果认识如下：(1)研究区自早至晚经历了奥陶纪末—志留纪NW向挤压、中三叠世晚期NW向挤压、晚三叠世SN向—NNE向挤压、中侏罗世晚期NWW向挤压、白垩纪区域NW—SE向伸展和古近纪中晚期NE向挤压6期主要变形事件;(2)上古生界中NE向褶皱形成于中三叠世晚期,EW向褶皱形成于晚三叠世,NNE向褶皱形成于中侏罗世晚期;龙山穹窿形成于中三叠世晚期NE向复背斜与晚三叠世EW向复背斜的叠加;(3)两期复背斜核部因应力集中而更易形成导矿、容矿断裂,加之穹窿构造常伴随隐伏花岗岩体,导致龙山金锑矿定位于龙山穹窿的中部。龙山金锑矿的导矿构造为两期复背斜相关的NE向和EW向隐伏逆冲断裂;容矿构造为中三叠晚期形成的NWW...     

内蒙古东南部西拉木伦缝合带两侧二叠纪以来的叠加褶皱变形：对同碰撞和碰撞后变形的启示

内蒙古东南部西拉木伦断裂两侧二叠纪地层中发育有一系列叠加褶皱,它们与侏罗纪地层内部褶皱及断裂变形记录了该区晚古生代以来的多期构造事件。研究这些变形对探索华北北部及邻区所经历的从古亚洲构造域到古太平洋构造域转换的动力学过程具有重要意义。二叠纪、侏罗纪地层变形的详细地质填图及叠加褶皱构造样式与区域演化序列的研究,揭示出：二叠纪地层褶皱形迹具S型展布特征,总体走向NEE,轴面倾向NW;中生代地层褶皱走向NE,轴面倾向SE,伴生逆冲断层多向SE倾斜并且上盘向NW逆冲。研究厘定区内经历三期构造变形：(D1)二叠纪末-中三叠世NNW-SSE向区域性挤压,二叠纪地层形成NEE向褶皱;(D2)晚三叠世区域性剪切作用将先期形成的NEE向褶皱改造成平面弧形褶皱,表现为Simón(2004)划分的Type2a与Type1d型叠加褶皱样式;(D3)晚侏罗世NW-SE向挤压导致中侏罗世地层中倒向NW的褶皱构造,并使得二叠纪地层褶皱更加紧闭。研究认为这三期变形可能分别代表：(1)古亚洲洋闭合和伴生的碰撞造山作用;(2)介于西拉木伦右行走滑断裂与蒙古东南部东戈壁左行走滑断裂之间块体的NEE向挤出构造;(3)古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆之下的俯冲作用。     

闽西南坳陷中部中-晚三叠世构造变形特征

闽西南地区中-晚三叠世变形构造是中生代华南陆缘由被动向主动转化的最早构造记录,但由于植被覆盖严重,长期以来对这一相对短暂的变形过程缺乏精细的研究。本文首先对闽西南坳陷中部玮埔花岗岩体及其东南侧的花岗“岩脉”开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,证实这两个曾被认为印支期的岩体(岩脉)均形成于早古生代末,而它们与上覆的上古生界不同地层单元之间的关系由原先认为的侵入接触变更为正断接触。在此基础上,通过对玮埔花岗岩体东南侧上古生界中露头和显微尺度变形构造的观测和分析,我们建立了研究区的中生代构造框架,识别出中-晚三叠世的三期变形构造,由老到新依次为:(1)NE向展布、常伴有轴面劈理的区域褶皱,(2)顶部朝向SSW的滑脱断层,(3)朝向E或SE运动的区域逆冲断层。早中生代区域构造体制由此经历了挤压-伸展-挤压两次转变,很可能归结于由早中生代火山岛弧与华南大陆碰撞产生的远场挤压和由深部异常高热流上涌诱发的近场伸展的共同作用。     

湘中龙山地区变形序列及金锑矿控矿构

龙山金锑矿区位于湘中盆地龙山穹窿内。关于湘中地区上古生界中不同方向褶皱和龙山穹窿的形成时代均存在多种观点,对龙山金锑矿区内含矿断裂的运动学特征和时代背景等缺乏观测和认识。鉴此,本文根据大量地表和井下露头构造观测和解析,结合区域构造特征、矿床地质特征和已有区域构造事件研究成果,厘定了龙山金锑矿及邻区的构造变形序列以及上古生界中褶皱和龙山穹窿的形成时代,探讨了构造控矿规律及动力学机制。主要成果认识如下：（1）研究区自早至晚经历了6期主要变形事件：①奥陶纪末—志留纪NW向挤压;②中三叠世晚期NW向挤压;③晚三叠世SN向—NNE向挤压;④中侏罗世晚期NWW向挤压;⑤白垩纪区域NW—SE向伸展;⑥古近纪中晚期NE向挤压。（2）上古生界中NE向褶皱形成于中三叠世晚期,EW向褶皱形成于晚三叠世,NNE向褶皱形成于中侏罗世晚期;龙山穹窿形成于中三叠世晚期NE向复背斜与晚三叠世EW向复背斜的叠加。（3）两期复背斜核部因应力集中而更易形成导矿、容矿断裂,加之穹窿构造常伴随隐伏花岗岩体,导致龙山金锑矿定位于龙山穹窿的中部。龙山金锑矿的导矿构造为两期复背斜相关的NE向和EW向隐伏逆冲断裂;容矿构造为中三叠晚期形成的NWW向右行走滑断裂,晚三叠世形成的NNE向和NE左行走滑断裂、NW向右行走滑断裂。（4）区内矿体的高角度侧伏与含矿断裂运动方向低角度倾斜有关,而后者与盖层单向滑移导致区域最大主压应力倾斜有关。     

龙门山南段前陆大川-丹棱剖面磁组构特征及其构造意义

龙门山南段前陆盆地作为龙门山构造带南段盆-山耦合关系的具体响应,其中-新生代沉积地层的构造变形特征和叠加改造关系在一定程度上反映了龙门山构造带南段的形成与演化。本文基于横跨龙门山南段前陆的大川-丹棱剖面,通过野外构造解析和岩石磁组构特征,对前陆构造变形开展精细研究。构造解析揭示,剖面上发育一系列与双石断裂带走向近平行的宽缓褶皱和浅层逆冲断层,褶皱表现为北西翼较缓,而南东翼相对较陡,轴面略向NW倾的不对称特征。磁组构特征揭示,剖面中岩石具低磁化率和典型的沉积岩三轴磁化率椭球体的特征,磁化率椭球体以扁圆形为主,整体反映出弱变形的特征,与褶皱作用前的平行层缩短(LPS)相关;最大磁化率主轴(K_max)优势方位为NE-SW向,与龙门山构造带走向平行,主要反映了NW-SE向挤压作用。剖面还发育有磁面理与地层层面斜交、磁线理与地层走向斜交两类非典型磁组构,前者是褶皱作用中层间平行简单剪切的产物,后者则是构造叠加的产物。通过磁组构反映的应变分析结果,厘定出龙门山南段前陆中生代晚期主要受到NW-SE向挤压,与新生代的挤压应力方向呈小角度斜交,且挤压作用所产生的透入性应变到达了熊坡...     

渤海湾地区的中生代盆地构造概论

根据 1∶5 0万渤海湾新生代盆地区基岩地质图揭示的残留中生代地层的分布及构造变形特征 ,渤海湾地区的中生代盆地可以分为 5期。早—中三叠世、晚三叠世盆地为克拉通内部大型坳陷盆地 ,其中晚三叠世盆地仅分布在渤海湾西南部地区。早—中侏罗世盆地分布于印支运动形成的向斜坳陷核部 ,属于压陷挠曲型盆地。晚侏罗世—早白垩世盆地分布广泛 ,属于裂陷盆地 ;晚白垩世盆地属于后裂陷阶段的坳陷盆地。这些盆地受印支运动、燕山运动影响而发生反转。印支运动在渤海湾地区的东、西部的表现有明显差异。西部变形弱、以近EW向宽缓褶皱变形为主 ,东部变形强、并叠加了NE向褶皱和逆冲断层变形。早燕山运动使渤海湾地区形成宽缓的大型NE向褶皱变形 ,并使早—中侏罗世盆地发生反转和逆冲断层变形 ;中、晚燕山运动基本没有在渤海湾地区形成褶皱构造变形 ,而是表现为晚侏罗—早白垩世盆地和晚白垩世盆地的区域性反转隆升。下—中侏罗统沉积之后 ,渤海湾地区的构造格局发生基本变革 ,进入以裂陷盆地为主的构造演化时期。     

湘东雁林寺金矿田及邻区构造变形事件与控矿构造属性

雁林寺金矿田位于湘东北金矿区南部,发育大量中小型金矿床（点）。前人对区内包括控矿构造在内的各类变形的运动学特征及形成时代和机制尚缺乏探讨和解析,从而影响到对矿床形成和保存规律的全面认识。鉴此,笔者等基于区域构造特征和大量露头构造的详细解析,厘定了雁林寺金矿田及邻区的构造变形序列及其时代背景,并结合矿床地质和同位素测年等其他资料,探讨了成矿时代和控矿构造属性。主要认识如下：① 研究区自早至晚经历了新元古代中期NW—SE向挤压、志留纪早期NW—SE向挤压、志留纪末花岗岩体主动侵位挤压、中三叠世晚期NW—SE向挤压、晚三叠世NNW—SSE向—S—N向挤压、中侏罗世晚期NWW—SEE向—近E—W向挤压、白垩纪NW—SE向伸展、古近纪中晚期NE—SW向—NNE—SSW向挤压、古近纪晚期—新近纪初NW—SE向挤压等9期构造事件,形成了不同走向和规模的褶皱、逆断裂、顺层剪切带、正断裂、右行和左行走滑断裂与剪切破裂、断陷盆地、劈理、膝折等构造类型,以及部分构造走向的后期偏转。② 区内存在志留纪末和晚三叠世两期金成矿作用,均与同期花岗质岩浆活动有关。③ 雁林寺金矿田容矿构造主要有前中生代顺层脆韧性剪切带和层间断裂、中—晚三叠世的NW向—NWW向右行走滑断裂和剪切裂隙、花岗岩枝的内外接触带等3类。志留纪末金矿床的导矿构造为先期NE向深部逆断裂,晚三叠世金矿床的导矿构造为中三叠世晚期的NE向逆断裂、晚三叠世早期的NEE向和EW向逆断裂。对两期金矿床而言,成矿后各期变形事件中形成的不同类型断裂均可能成为破矿构造。     

湘东雁林寺金矿田及邻区构造变形事件与控矿构造属性

雁林寺金矿田位于湘东北金矿区南部,发育大量中小型金矿床（点）。前人对区内包括控矿构造在内的各类变形的运动学特征及形成时代和机制尚缺乏探讨和解析,从而影响到对矿床形成和保存规律的全面认识。鉴此,本文基于区域构造特征和大量露头构造的详细解析,厘定了雁林寺金矿田及邻区的构造变形序列及其时代背景,并结合矿床地质和同位素测年等其他资料,探讨了成矿时代和控矿构造属性。主要认识如下：（1）研究区自早至晚经历了新元古代中期NW—SE向挤压、志留纪早期NW—SE向挤压、志留纪末花岗岩体主动侵位挤压、中三叠世晚期NW—SE向挤压、晚三叠世NNW—SSE向—S—N向挤压、中侏罗世晚期NWW—SEE向—近E—W向挤压、白垩纪NW—SE向伸展、古近纪中晚期NE—SW向—NNE—SSW向挤压、古近纪晚期—新近纪初NW—SE向挤压等9期构造事件,形成了不同走向和规模的褶皱、逆断裂、顺层剪切带、正断裂、右行和左行走滑断裂与剪切破裂、断陷盆地、劈理、膝折等构造类型,以及部分构造走向的后期偏转。（2）区内存在志留纪末和晚三叠世两期金成矿作用,均与同期花岗质岩浆活动有关。（3）雁林寺金矿田容矿构造主要有前中生代顺层脆韧性剪切带和层间断裂、中—晚三叠世的NW向—NWW向右行走滑断裂和剪切裂隙、花岗岩枝的内外接触带等3类。志留纪末金矿床的导矿构造为先期NE向深部逆断裂,晚三叠世金矿床的导矿构造为中三叠世晚期的NE向逆断裂、晚三叠世早期的NEE向和EW向逆断裂。对两期金矿床而言,成矿后各期变形事件中形成的不同类型断裂均可能成为破矿构造。     

渤海湾盆地基岩地质图及其所包含的构造运动信息

利用油气勘探资料编制的渤海湾盆地基岩地质图 ,分析了基岩露头分布及其反映的中、新生代构造运动特征。基岩地质图显示渤海湾盆地基底岩层受印支运动和燕山运动影响发育有一系列近EW向、NNE—NE向的褶皱和逆断层等挤压构造变形。基岩露头展布表明渤海湾盆地西部、北部在侏罗纪之前的剥蚀作用明显强于东部和南部地区。基岩地层形成的区域褶皱轴向及各亚构造层之间的不整合面接触关系反映出在下—中三叠统沉积之后至下—中侏罗统沉积之前的某个“关键时刻”渤海湾地区发生了一次重要的构造变革 ,导致早期的近EW向构造被NNE—NE向构造替代。而从区域应力体制来看 ,下—中侏罗统沉积之后渤海湾地区的区域构造环境发生了重要变化 ,从中生代早期的挤压构造环境变为以裂陷作用为主的构造演化时期     

山西南部燕山期类隔挡式褶皱构造特征

晋南地区自西向东发育一系列NNE向背斜与向斜。背斜地区主要出露太古代结晶基底或早古生代地层,向斜核部出露的最新地层则是三叠系。在宁武-静乐盆地、太原西南水浴贯等地可见零星或成片分布的侏罗系残存,部分地区可见残留的白垩系,与侏罗系呈不整合接触。根据卷入地层时代分析,这些褶皱应为燕山期变形产物。背斜区域地层相对较陡,核部或翼部发育大量NNE向逆冲断裂,太古代结晶基底同样卷入变形;而向斜核部地层非常平缓,产状近于水平。山西南部整体构造表现为一种类隔挡式褶皱构造特征。在吕梁山区、霍山背斜带及太行山沿晋获断裂一带均可见燕山期岩浆岩体分布。根据这些岩体的同位素年龄及前人节理统计结果,可知该区在晚侏罗世至早白垩世于NW-SE向的挤压应力场下发生了剧烈的构造运动。同时期,华北地区及整个中国东部都表现出相似的构造特征,而古太平洋板块正NW向往亚洲板块下俯冲,因此,晋南地区的类隔挡式褶皱的形成可能与太平洋板块俯冲有关。     

贺兰构造带北段-桌子山中-新生代构造变形特征

贺兰山构造带位于鄂尔多斯盆地与阿拉善地块之间,经历了元古代以来长期的构造演化过程。贺兰构造带北段的桌子山具有复杂的构造样式,该构造样式记录了鄂尔多斯块体、阿拉善块体以及古亚洲洋构造演化的丰富信息。详细的野外构造解析揭示,贺兰构造带北段桌子山地区自中生代以来主要经历了多期挤压构造变形。第一期构造变形以三叠系及其以下地层中的NWW向宽缓褶皱为代表,指示了晚三叠纪NNE向的挤压作用;第二期以侏罗系及其以下地层中的NE走向构造为代表,指示了晚侏罗世NW向的挤压作用;第三期构造变形以黄河断裂发生右旋走滑及其两侧早期变形构造线走向及古应力场方向之间30°夹角差异为代表。黄河断裂以东白垩系及其以上地层结构稳定,结合前人古地磁研究结果,认为第三期构造变形为桌子山沿黄河断裂发生近30°逆时针旋转,变形时间为新生代。     

山东鲁西地块断裂构造分布型式与中生代沉积—岩浆—构造演化序列

鲁西地块的断裂构造有两类不同分布型式:一类呈放射状分布, 由陡倾、基底右行韧性剪切带和盖层内复杂力学性质的断裂组成; 另一类呈环绕地块基底核部同心环状分布, 由3个主要盖层伸展拆离带组成, 主滑脱面分别位于古生界盖层与基底间的不整合面、石炭系与奥陶系之间的平行不整合面和中新生代断陷-沉积岩系与新生代火山-沉积物之间的断层。中生代构造变形样式可以分为3个层次:印支期褶皱-逆冲推覆构造、燕山中期NNE轴向的隔槽式箱状褶皱和燕山晚期NW、NNE向共轭正断-走滑断裂。相应地鲁西地块经历了3个成盆期, 即早-中侏罗世、早白垩世和晚白垩世, 这些中生代盆地在空间上的叠置导致了地块内部复杂的盆-山耦合关系。鲁西地块中生代有两个岩浆活动集中时期, 即早侏罗世(约190Ma)和早白垩世(132~110Ma)。综合沉积记录、岩浆活动和构造变形过程, 将鲁西地块中生代构造演化历史划分为6个阶段:晚三叠世挤压变形, 早、中侏罗世弱伸展作用, 中、晚侏罗世挤压变形与地壳增厚作用, 早白垩世大陆裂谷与地壳伸展作用, 早白垩世末期挤压变形与盆地反转事件和晚白垩世区域隆升。这些构造演化阶段和构造事件对研究和理解中生代构造体制和深部岩石圈动力学转换过程具有重要意义。      

Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and Adjacent Regions,Central China

The Longmen Shan region includes, from west to east, the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and the eastern part of the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt. In the northeast, it merges with the Micang Shan, a part of the Qinling Mountains. The Longmen Shan region can be divided into two major tectonic elements: (1) an autochthon/parautochthon, which underlies the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt; and (2) a complex allochthon, which underlies the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The allochthon was emplaced toward the southeast during Late Triassic time, and it and the western part of the autochthon/parautochthon were modified by Cenozoic deformation.

The autochthon/parautochthon was formed from the western part of the Yangtze platform and consists of a Proterozoic basement covered by a thin, incomplete succession of Late Proterozoic to Middle Triassic shallow-marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks interrupted by Permian extension and basic magmatism in the southwest. The platform is bounded by continental margins that formed in Silurian time to the west and in Late Proterozoic time to the north. Within the southwestern part of the platform is the narrow N-trending Kungdian high, a paleogeographic unit that was positive during part of Paleozoic time and whose crest is characterized by nonmarine Upper Triassic rocks unconformably overlying Proterozoic basement.

In the western part of the Longmen Shan region, the allochthon is composed mainly of a very thick succession of strongly folded Middle and Upper Triassic Songpan Ganzi flysch. Along the eastern side and at the base of the allochthon, pre-Upper Triassic rocks crop out, forming the only exposures of the western margin of the Yangtze platform. Here, Upper Proterozoic to Ordovician, mainly shallow-marine rocks unconformably overlie Yangtze-type Proterozic basement rocks, but in Silurian time a thick section of fine-grained clastic and carbonate rocks were deposited, marking the initial subsidence of the western Yangtze platform and formation of a continental margin. Similar deep-water rocks were deposited throughout Devonian to Middle Triassic time, when Songpan Ganzi flysch deposition began. Permian conglomerate and basic volcanic rocks in the southeastern part of the allochthon indicate a second period of extension along the continental margin. Evidence suggests that the deep-water region along and west of the Yangtze continental margin was underlain mostly by thin continental crust, but its westernmost part may have contained areas underlain by oceanic crust. In the northern part of the Longmen Shan allochthon, thick Devonian to Upper Triassic shallow-water deposits of the Xue Shan platform are flanked by deep-marine rocks and the platform is interpreted to be a fragment of the Qinling continental margin transported westward during early Mesozoic transpressive tectonism.

In the Longmen Shan region, the allochthon, carrying the western part of the Yangtze continental margin and Songpan Ganzi flysch, was emplaced to the southeast above rocks of the Yangtze platform autochthon. The eastern margin of the allochthon in the northern Longmen Shan is unconformably overlapped by both Lower and Middle Jurassic strata that are continuous with rocks of the autochthon. Folded rocks of the allochthon are unconformably overlapped by Lower and Middle Jurassic rocks in rare outcrops in the northern part of the region. They also are extensively intruded by a poorly dated, generally undeformed belt, of plutons whose ages (mostly K/Ar ages) range from Late Triassic to early Cenozoic, but most of the reliable ages are early Mesozoic. All evidence indicates that the major deformation within the allochthon is Late Triassic/Early Jurassic in age (Indosinian). The eastern front of the allochthon trends southwest across the present mountain front, so it lies along the mountain front in the northeast, but is located well to the west of the present mountain front on the south.

The Late Triassic deformation is characterized by upright to overturned folded and refolded Triassic flysch, with generally NW-trending axial traces in the western part of the region. Folds and thrust faults curve to the north when traced to the east, so that along the eastern front of the allochthon structures trend northeast, involve pre-Triassic rocks, and parallel the eastern boundary of the allochthon. The curvature of structural trends is interpreted as forming part of a left-lateral transpressive boundary developed during emplacement of the allochthon. Regionally, the Longmen Shan lies along a NE-trending transpressive margin of the Yangtze platform within a broad zone of generally N-S shortening. North of the Longmen Shan region, northward subduction led to collision of the South and North China continental fragments along the Qinling Mountains, but northwest of the Longmen Shan region, subduction led to shortening within the Songpan Ganzi flysch basin, forming a detached fold-and-thrust belt. South of the Longmen Shan region, the flysch basin is bounded by the Shaluli Shan/Chola Shan arc—an originally Sfacing arc that reversed polarity in Late Triassic time, leading to shortening along the southern margin of the Songpan Ganzi flysch belt. Shortening within the flysch belt was oblique to the Yangtze continental margin such that the allochthon in the Longmen Shan region was emplaced within a left-lateral transpressive environment. Possible clockwise rotation of the Yangtze platform (part of the South China continental fragment) also may have contributed to left-lateral transpression with SE-directed shortening. During left-lateral transpression, the Xue Shan platform was displaced southwestward from the Qinling orogen and incorporated into the Longmen Shan allochthon. Westward movement of the platform caused complex refolding in the northern part of the Longmen Shan region.

Emplacement of the allochthon flexurally loaded the western part of the Yangtze platform autochthon, forming a Late Triassic foredeep. Foredeep deposition, often involving thick conglomerate units derived from the west, continued from Middle Jurassic into Cretaceous time, although evidence for deformation of this age in the allochthon is generally lacking.

Folding in the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt along the eastern side of the Sichuan Basin can be dated as Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous in age, but only in areas 100 km east of the westernmost folds. Folding and thrusting was related to convergent activity far to the east along the eastern margin of South China. The westernmost folds trend southwest and merge to the south with folds and locally form refolded folds that involve Upper Cretaceous and lower Cenozoic rocks. The boundary between Cenozoic and late Mesozoic folding on the eastern and southern margins of the Sichuan Basin remains poorly determined.

The present mountainous eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the Longmen Shan region is a consequence of Cenozoic deformation. It rises within 100 km from 500–600 m in the Sichuan Basin to peaks in the west reaching 5500 m and 7500 m in the north and south, respectively. West of these high peaks is the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, an area of low relief at an elevations of about 4000 m.

Cenozoic deformation can be demonstrated in the autochthon of the southern Longmen Shan, where the stratigraphic sequence is without an angular unconformity from Paleozoic to Eocene or Oligocene time. During Cenozoic deformation, the western part of the Yangtze platform (part of the autochthon for Late Triassic deformation) was deformed into a N- to NE-trending foldandthrust belt. In its eastern part the fold-thrust belt is detached near the base of the platform succession and affects rocks within and along the western and southern margin of the Sichuan Basin, but to the west and south the detachment is within Proterozoic basement rocks. The westernmost structures of the fold-thrust belt form a belt of exposed basement massifs. During the middle and later part of the Cenozoic deformation, strike-slip faulting became important; the fold-thrust belt became partly right-lateral transpressive in the central and northeastern Longmen Shan. The southern part of the fold-thrust belt has a more complex evolution. Early Nto NE-trending folds and thrust faults are deformed by NW-trending basementinvolved folds and thrust faults that intersect with the NE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults. Youngest structures in this southern area are dominated by left-lateral transpression related to movement on the Xianshuihe fault system.

The extent of Cenozoic deformation within the area underlain by the early Mesozoic allochthon remains unknown, because of the absence of rocks of the appropriate age to date Cenozoic deformation. Klippen of the allochthon were emplaced above the Cenozoic fold-andthrust belt in the central part of the eastern Longmen Shan, indicating that the allochthon was at least partly reactivated during Cenozoic time. Only in the Min Shan in the northern part of the allochthon is Cenozoic deformation demonstrated along two active zones of E-W shortening and associated left-slip. These structures trend obliquely across early Mesozoic structures and are probably related to shortening transferred from a major zone of active left-slip faulting that trends through the western Qinling Mountains. Active deformation is along the left-slip transpressive NW-trending Xianshuihe fault zone in the south, right-slip transpression along several major NE-trending faults in the central and northeastern Longmen Shan, and E-W shortening with minor left-slip movement along the Min Jiang and Huya fault zones in the north.

Our estimates of Cenozoic shortening along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau appear to be inadequate to account for the thick crust and high elevation of the plateau. We suggest here that the thick crust and high elevation is caused by lateral flow of the middle and lower crust eastward from the central part of the plateau and only minor crustal shortening in the upper crust. Upper crustal structure is largely controlled in the Longmen Shan region by older crustal anisotropics; thus shortening and eastward movement of upper crustal material is characterized by irregular deformation localized along older structural boundaries.     

华南中生代大地构造研究新进展

华南地区中生代构造动力体制经历了从特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域的转换,由此产生了强烈的陆内造山作用和岩浆活动,形成了复杂构造组合的晚中生代陆内造山带和火成岩省。本项研究在下列几个方面取得了新的进展:(1)通过对雪峰山地区沅麻盆地的野外调查和构造测量,确定了该盆地晚中生代-早新生代5期构造应力场及其演替序列:中晚侏罗世近W—E向挤压、早白垩世NW—SE向伸展、早白垩世中晚期NW—SE向挤压、晚白垩世近N—S向伸展、古近纪晚期NE—SW向挤压。构造应力场方向的变化记录了不同板缘的动力作用对该区的影响。(2)识别了湖南地区晚古生代-早中生代海相地层中发育的横跨叠加褶皱构造,并基于地层接触关系和已有火成岩同位素年代学数据分析,认为该地区横跨叠加褶皱构造记录了中生代两期构造挤压和地壳增厚事件:早期近东西向褶皱构造是对三叠纪华南地块南北边缘大陆碰撞和增生作用的远程响应,晚期NE—NNE向褶皱构造则是对中晚侏罗世古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下低角度俯冲作用的变形响应。(3)对湖南衡山西缘拆离断裂带的变形结构和运动学特征进行了详细的调查和构造测量,确定了衡山变质核杂岩构造,并对拆离带中韧性剪切变形的钠长岩脉的锆石进行了SHRIMP U-Pb测年,从而确定了华南地区伸展构造的起始时代约137 Ma,即早白垩世早中期。(4)通过锆石U-Pb年代学测试分析,揭示了东南沿海长乐—南澳构造带早白垩世2期构造-岩浆事件:早期(147~135 Ma)表现为强烈的混合岩化作用和深熔作用形成的片麻状花岗岩、花岗片麻岩等;晚期(135~117 Ma)岩浆岩以含石榴子石花岗岩为主。这个结果表明东南沿海构造带是晚中生代陆缘造山带,造山作用可能起始于晚侏罗世,于早白垩世早中期(135 Ma)以来发生伸展垮塌。在上述研究结果的基础上,探讨了华南地区三叠纪"印支运动"和中、晚侏罗世"燕山运动"的表现及其产生的板块构造动力体制及其转换时代、早白垩世从挤压构造应力体制向伸展构造应力体制转变的时间节点。     

湖南锡田锡钨多金属矿床成矿构造特征及其找矿意义

锡田矿床内发育近SN向花岗岩穹窿伸展构造、NE向复式褶皱和NE或NEE向走滑伸展构造系统。穹窿构造主要由印支期和燕山期侵入的花岗岩和古生代地层及不连续的环形滑脱断层组成,控制燕山期花岗岩与围岩接触带矽卡岩型矿体的分布;复式褶皱为古生代地层组成的NE向复式向斜,在矿区中部被锡田复式花岗岩体切割。严塘复式向斜与小田复式向斜中的背斜核部,尤其断层叠加的部位常控制一些构造破碎带型钨锡富矿体的分布。NE向或NEE向走滑伸展构造系统包括NE向右行(伸展)走滑断层、NE向或近EW向右行次级的走滑伸展断层、近SN向左行走滑断层和NW向伸展断层,控制了锡田矿区内的不同方向构造蚀变岩型、石英脉型和云英岩脉型锡钨多金属矿床的分布。花岗岩锆石U-Pb、白云母40Ar-39Ar和辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年表明锡田地区燕山期构造活动、岩浆作用与成矿响应时间非常接近,介于150～160Ma。岩体与地层(灰岩)接触带、岩体中的NEE向断裂带以及被NE向断裂叠加的背斜轴部是重要的成矿区域,可作为下一步矿产勘查工作重要靶区。     

准噶尔盆地乌伦古坳陷中-新生代构造演化及成因机制

乌伦古坳陷位于准噶尔盆地东北部、阿尔泰山南缘,由北西-南东走向的红岩断阶带、索索泉凹陷和南部斜坡带组成。坳陷内上三叠统直接覆盖在石炭系基底之上,上三叠统和侏罗系发育生长地层,白垩系向红岩断阶带方向超覆沉积在侏罗系顶削蚀不整合面之上,古近系、新近系和第四系较稳定地沉积在白垩系顶小角度不整合面之上。索索泉凹陷中生界底面最深,往南部斜坡带逐渐抬高。红岩断阶带中生界被抬升剥蚀,古生界之上直接覆盖新生界。根据生长地层、不整合面、卷入变形的地层时代判断:早-中三叠世乌伦古坳陷延续了二叠纪的隆升剥蚀格局,地层缺失;晚三叠世-侏罗纪陆梁隆起隆升,在坳陷内沉积生长地层,局部发育逆冲断层;白垩纪为红岩断阶带主形成期,白垩系朝着红岩断阶带超覆沉积于侏罗系之上;古近纪构造变形微弱,沉积较为稳定;新近纪-第四纪发育挤压构造和正断层。乌伦古坳陷中生代受阿尔泰陆内造山作用制约,属于阿尔泰中生代陆内前陆盆地系统的一部分:楔顶带从阿尔泰山不断往南扩展,到白垩纪扩展到乌伦古坳陷红岩断阶带;前隆带位于陆梁隆起,并于晚三叠世-侏罗纪挠曲隆升。古近纪造山作用减弱,乌伦古坳陷区域沉降,地层较稳定沉积。新近纪-第四纪受印度-欧亚板块碰撞作用的远程效应影响,北天山发生陆内造山作用,乌伦古坳陷远离北天山,挤压构造变形相对较弱。新近纪-第四纪正断层为造山间歇期形成的区域性伸展构造,代表了中亚地区晚新生代脉动式冲断作用的一个间歇期。