Geology and petrology of the Hormuz dolomite,Infra-Cambrian: Implications for the formation of the salt-cored Halul and Shraouh islands,Offshore, State of Qatar

Geological investigations of the Halul and the Shraouh islands, offshore Qatar, indicate that most of their calcareous rocks, which display abundant stromatolitic bedding, belong to the Infra-Cambrian Hormuz Series. Mineralogical, petrological, and geochemical analyses show that these calcareous rocks consist dominantly of dolomite and have formed in a reducing depositional environment. Faint laminations and small streaks of organic matter furnish evidence for the involvement of algal mats in their genesis and indicate their formation in an intertidal to supratidal setting. The Halul and Shraouh dolomites experienced extensive recrystallization and sulfatization during the emplacement of the Halul and Shraouh salt domes that form the cores of the islands. During mobilization and ascent of the salt, the dolomite recrystallized, and its Sr initial ratios were abnormally enhanced by the incorporation of ⁸⁷Sr from a source, which is more radiogenic than the attendant seawater at the time of the dolomite formation near the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary. Geochemical analysis show that Si, Al, Ti Zr, and % of insoluble residue are highly correlative, suggesting the presence of detrital minerals such as rutile and zircon. A paleosabkha model may well agree with this chemical signature. However, the Infra-Cambrian age of the Hormuz rocks and the presence of stromatolitic layers containing organic materials in the studied rocks, suggest that organogenic dolomitization could be an alternative dolomitization model.     

华北秦皇岛地区柳江盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩多期白云化作用

华北秦皇岛地区的中奥陶统马家沟组以广泛发育海相白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩和白云岩为特征。在石门寨奥陶系亮甲山剖面,马家沟组自下而上识别出四类碳酸盐岩:含白云石泥晶灰岩（类型I）、细-粉晶白云岩（类型II）、“麦粒状”细-粉晶白云岩（类型III）和钙质泥晶白云岩（类型IV）。类型I主要由泥晶方解石构成,含三叶虫和介形类生物碎片,少量自形的粉晶白云石呈“漂浮状”分布于压溶缝合线内,基质中少见。岩相学和地球化学特征表明此类白云石形成于埋藏成岩期压溶作用之后,压溶缝为云化流体提供通道,压溶缝内泥质组分的成岩转化可能为白云化作用提供了部分镁离子来源;类型II白云岩主要由自形、半自形不等粒粉晶-细晶白云石构成,白云石普遍具有“雾心亮边”,在背散射和阴极发光照片中白云石可见清晰的多圈亮、暗相间环带。环带和带间主量元素的差异表明白云石经历了埋藏成岩期多期成岩流体的改造;类型III白云岩中白云石呈单向延伸的“米粒”或“麦粒”状,粉晶为主,晶体长轴方向具有垂直结晶轴c的特点,白云石具富铁、贫锰、锶的特点,长、短对角线上钙、镁离子的微小差异以及阴极发光特征表明此类白云石也经历了埋藏成岩期的改造,成岩流体使白云石发生微溶作用可能是导致白云石晶体单向延伸且光学性质固定取向的主要原因;类型IV为钙质泥晶球粒白云岩,含石膏假晶,白云石多为微晶和微亮晶,球粒也多由微晶白云石构成,溶孔发育,但全被亮晶贫铁方解石充填,此类岩石的白云化作用发生得很早,可能形成于潮上带澙湖或潮坪环境。综上所述,研究区马家沟组碳酸盐岩具有经历了不同类型及多期白云化作用的特点。自剖面底部向顶部,白云石的有序度由0.8降至0.47,而去云化作用则呈现逐渐增强的趋势。     

塔里木盆地构造热液白云岩及其储层意义

野外露头和岩心资料表明,塔里木盆地下古生界广泛分布与构造活动有关的热液白云岩化作用。这种构造热液白云岩化作用有其特有的岩石学特征和地球化学特征,以鞍形白云石和自形白云石为标志,多表现为裂缝和孔洞填隙物,具有粗晶结构;流体包裹体具有较高的均一温度和盐度,地球化学上具有较轻的碳氧同位素值,与围岩(白云岩)有一定范围的重叠;锶同位素放射性不明显,表现出亲源性特征。塔里木盆地下古生界构造热液白云岩与西加盆地泥盆系热液白云岩区别明显。塔里木盆地二叠纪广泛发育的岩浆热事件可能是构造热液白云岩的主要成因。与构造热液白云岩有关的储层多是优质储层,其分布与断裂、不整合密切相关,是油气勘探的有利目标。     

Dolomitization by penesaline sea water in Early Jurassic peritidal platform carbonates, Gibraltar, western Mediterranean

Peritidal carbonates of the Lower Jurassic (Liassic) Gibraltar Limestone Formation, which form the main mass of the Rock of Gibraltar, are replaced by fine and medium crystalline dolomites. Replacement occurs as massive bedded or laminated dolomites in the lower 100 m of an ≈460‐m‐thick platform succession. The fine crystalline dolomite has δ¹⁸Ο values either similar to, or slightly higher than, those expected from Early Jurassic marine dolomite, and δ¹³C values together with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that overlap with sea‐water values for that time, indicating that the dolomitizing fluid was Early Jurassic sea water. Absence of massive evaporitic minerals and/or evaporite solution‐collapse breccias in these carbonate rocks indicates that the salinity of sea water during dolomitization was below that of gypsum precipitation. The occurrence of peritidal facies, a restricted microbiota and rare gypsum pseudomorphs are also consistent with penesaline conditions (salinity 72–199‰). The medium crystalline dolomite has some δ¹⁸Ο and δ¹³C values and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios similar to those of Early Jurassic marine dolomites, which indicates that ambient sea water was again a likely dolomitizing fluid. However, the spread of δ¹⁸Ο, δ¹³C and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values indicates that dolomitization occurred at slightly increased temperatures as a result of shallow (≈500 m) burial or that dolomitization was multistage. These data support the hypothesis that penesaline sea water can produce massive dolomitization in thick peritidal carbonates in the absence of evaporite precipitation. Taking earlier models into consideration, it appears that replacement dolomites can be produced by sea water or modified sea water with a wide range of salinities (normal, penesaline to hypersaline), provided that there is a driving mechanism for fluid migration. The Gibraltar dolomites confirm other reports of significant Early Jurassic dolomitization in the western Tethys carbonate platforms.     

川东三叠系飞仙关组白云岩锶含量、锶同位素组成与白云石化流体

川东飞仙关组白云岩包括微晶白云岩、具原始结构的粒屑白云岩和结晶白云岩等3种主要的结构类型,其中结晶白云岩是重要的天然气储集岩。根据白云岩的锶舍量和锶同位素组成,结合相关岩石学和地球化学资料,本文研究了白云石化过程中锶的迁移和相应的同位素变化。三种类型白云岩具有类似的锶含量,但其(87)~Sr/(86)~Sr 比值均不同程度地高于同期海水值,锶在白云石和方解石(或文石)中分配系数的差别是影响白云石化过程中白云石锶含量最为重要的因素。不同流体中锶的混合方程计算表明:如果白云石化流体是大气淡水和海水的混合流体,则结晶白云岩的白云石化流体相当于94%的大气淡水和6%的海水混合,具原始结构的粒屑白云岩的白云石化流体相当于81%的大气淡水和19%的海水混合,微晶白云岩的白云石化流体相当于92%的大气淡水和8%的海水混合。但极低的锰含量、相对较高的锶含量和包裹体均一化温度等资料均不支持有94%的大气淡水参与了结晶白云岩的白云石化作用,其白云石化流体应是埋藏成岩过程中囚禁的近同期、但是非同期的海源流体,其来源可能与埋藏成岩过程中该时间段蒸发盐的溶解有关。锰含量、锶含量、(87)~Sr/(86)~Sr 比值都表明具原始结构的粒屑白云岩和微晶白云岩的白云石化过程都存在大气淡水的介入,微晶白云岩的白云石化可能与潮坪环境的蒸发泵机理有关;具原始结构的粒屑白云岩的白云石化可能与混合水白云石化作用有关,这类白云岩分布于向上浅滩化旋回滩体的顶部,这是埋藏前或浅埋藏阶段大气淡水与海水混合白云石化作用最容易发生地带。     

塔里木盆地寒武系膏盐岩对盐下白云岩储层的影响

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩作为重要的战略接替区已成为近年来的研究热点。前人主要集中对寒武系白云岩的形成机制和膏盐岩的封盖作用进行了研究,而关于膏盐岩对白云岩储层的影响则少有涉及。本文总结了塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩储层特征,同时探讨了膏盐岩对白云岩储层的影响机制,以期为寒武系盐下白云岩勘探提供指导。塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩主要分为结晶白云岩和微生物白云岩两大类,其中结晶白云岩又可分为泥微晶白云岩、晶粒白云岩和颗粒白云岩,微生物白云岩又可分为凝块石白云岩、叠层石白云岩和泡沫绵石白云岩。受膏盐岩影响的白云岩储层类型可划分为膏溶孔型白云岩储层、晶间孔型白云岩储层和溶蚀孔型白云岩储层。蒸发潮坪环境中,膏盐岩的沉淀有利于克服白云石化的Mg2+的动力学障碍而形成白云岩,同时,微生物作用下SO24-的还原会促进白云石的沉淀。膏盐岩对白云岩储层孔隙的影响主要体现在:含硬石膏结核泥粉晶白云岩易于形成膏溶孔型白云岩储层;膏盐层较高的热导率有利于倒退溶蚀作用的发生;近地表低温条件下硫酸盐的溶解有利于白云石的沉淀;热化学硫酸盐还原作用形成酸性气体有利于深埋溶蚀作用,形成溶蚀孔型白云岩储层。     

Carbonate petrology of an Upper Ordovician—Silurian section at the Lone Mountain,Eureka County,Nevada

This preliminary petrographic study of a Paleozoic carbonate section (Upper Ordovician to Silurian) in the Lone Mountain district in east-central Nevada provides new information on its microfacies and dolomitization. The occurrence of diversified microfacies in rocks from this section reveals the complex nature of their depositional history, as well as the subsequent diagenesis. Most microfacies from these rocks fall into two general groups: (1) dolomite facies which predominates in the Hanson Creek Formation (Upper Ordovician to Lowest Silurian) and the Lone Mountain Unit 1; and (2) dolomitized limestone facies which is common in the Lone Mountain Formation (Upper Silurian).The dolomite in the mid-Paleozoic carbonate section of the Lone Mountain is overwhelmingly diagenetic in origin. The early diagenetic dolomite is characterized by its homogeneous texture, uniform medium-to-coarse grain size and poorly preserved fossil impressions. The fossil content in this type of dolomite indicates its original calcareous nature. On the other hand, the late-diagenetic dolomite is characterized by its heterogeneous texture, non-uniform grain-size, detrital-quartz content and the presence of partly or incompletely altered fossil structures.     

川北元坝地区长兴组白云石化作用机制及其对储层形成的影响

通过岩心观察和薄片鉴定,在岩石学和矿物学特征分析基础上,结合白云石有序度测定,碳、氧同位素、锶同位素和稀土元素组成及配分模式分析,详细研究了川北元坝地区长兴组白云石化作用的特征、机制及模式,结果表明长兴组发育微晶白云石(岩)、粉-中晶他形白云石、粉-中晶自形白云石和异形白云石等四种类型,它们的有序度由低变高;白云石的碳、氧同位素、锶同位素和稀土元素组成及配分模式特征表明,长兴组微晶白云石(岩)、粉-中晶他形白云石、粉-中晶自形白云石主要形成于浓缩海水环境、正常海水环境、或者与正常海水相似的地层水环境中,并遭受过热液地质作用的改造,从微晶白云石(岩)→粉-中晶他形白云石→粉-中晶自形白云石是一个沉积埋藏过程中多阶段白云石化作用的产物,异形白云石则由热液作用形成;根据长兴组白云石的矿物学和地球化学特征及白云石化作用与层序和沉积相之间的关系,分别可以用准同生期蒸发泵白云石化作用模式、准同生期渗透回流白云石化作用模式、成岩早期浅埋藏状态下地层水白云石化作用模式和成岩晚期热液白云石化作用模式来解释微晶白云石(岩),粉-中晶他形白云石、粉-中晶自形白云石和异形白云石的形成。白云石化作用是有利于长兴组储层形成的建设性成岩作用。     

川中磨溪—高石梯地区栖霞组白云岩特征及成因机制

川中磨溪—高石梯地区栖霞组发育滩相白云岩,目前对滩相中差异白云石化机理不明确,导致难以预测优质白云岩储层的分布。在岩石学和地层特征研究基础上,通过分析不同类型白云岩的微量元素及碳、氧、锶同位素特征,结合颗粒滩类型和构造背景,系统研究了该区不同类型白云岩的成因机理及模式。结果显示:研究区栖霞组白云岩中白云石以细晶为主,中晶和粗晶次之,晶形多为半自形—自形。白云岩具有明显的残余颗粒结构,表明原始岩性为颗粒灰岩。细晶、细—中晶白云岩的阴极发光整体较暗,呈暗红色至红色,稀土元素配分模式与同期灰岩相似,白云岩的87Sr/86Sr比值大部分落于二叠纪海水的87Sr/86Sr比值范围之内,表明白云岩的成岩流体与海水沉积的灰岩具有同源性。白云岩的δ13C值（3.73‰~4.19‰）与同期灰岩δ13C值（3.61‰~4.93‰）相近,表明白云岩与灰岩具有一致的碳源。从灰岩到白云岩,Sr含量明显减少且Mn含量有所增加,说明灰岩经过一定的成岩作用被交代形成白云岩,该类白云岩为埋藏条件下地层中富Mg2+的流体交代孔隙型颗粒灰岩而成;中—粗晶白云岩的阴极发光呈红色,具明显环带特征,且具有高的Mn含量、低Sr/Ba比值及铕的正异常,87Sr/86Sr比值高于同期海水值,δ18O值在-8.06‰~-8.52‰,为颗粒灰岩在埋藏期受持续、充足的云化流体供给而成,较高的包裹体均一温度和δ18O值明显偏负均指示埋藏白云化作用过程还受到局部高温的影响。总体而言,埋藏白云岩化是该区白云岩的主要成因,地层中富镁的流体在压力和热对流的双重影响下进行迁移,促进白云岩化流体的运移,但局部地区鞍形白云石的形成遭受了后期不同程度的热液改造作用。     

中国中西部盆地海相白云岩主要形成机制与模式

塔里木、四川及鄂尔多斯盆地是中国中西部海相白云岩的主要发育地区。三大盆地重点层系海相白云岩新近的成因研究表明,大规模准同生白云岩和埋藏成因白云岩的发育均与蒸发台地密切相关。蒸发台地中由海水浓缩形成的富Mg~(2+)卤水一方面在准同生期,通过蒸发泵和下渗机制交代碳酸钙沉积物而形成与蒸发岩共生的准同生白云岩,另一方面作为富含Mg~(2+)的地层孔隙水,在准同生-浅埋藏期乃至中、深埋藏期,通过侧向渗透、侧向与垂向压实排挤和垂向热对流机制与粗结构的碳酸钙沉积物发生交代反应,在蒸发岩系周边和上下形成广泛分布的埋藏成因白云岩。与热流体作用有关的白云石化主要依靠构造断裂、裂缝、不同级次的层序界面、孔洞层等输导体系发生,分布较局限。热流体云化常表现为对先期白云岩进行叠加改造而形成热水改造白云岩。热流体性质不一,可以是深埋藏混合热水、深部循环水、地幔深部的岩浆热液等。白云石(岩)的生物成因不仅表现为微生物作用导致白云石直接沉淀,还表现为生物的存在与活动为白云石化作用提供Mg~(2+)和云化流体通道。由微生物和宏观藻释放出Mg~(2+),在埋藏期对方解石进行交代是各种富含藻类的灰岩中部分白云石的重要形成机制。生物扰动可明显改善岩石的孔渗性,从而显著促进白云石化作用的发生。     

湖北秭归地区震旦系灯影组白云岩地球化学特征及其成因意义

白云岩化流体性质与成岩作用是近年来碳酸盐岩成岩作用研究的热点,研究白云岩的成因有利于进一步认识白云岩储层的形成机制并为优质储层的预测提供依据。通过岩石学、矿物学(X射线衍射)、地球化学(微量元素、稀土元素、碳氧同位素)方法,系统研究湖北秭归地区灯影组不同类型白云岩的成因,并分析了可能的白云岩化模式。样品的微量元素特征显示,秭归地区白云岩未受到陆源碎屑物质的影响,形成于气候干旱、海水咸度较大且氧化的沉积环境中;Sr含量特征显示白云岩发生了较为彻底的白云岩化,其成岩环境为温度较高的埋藏环境,成岩过程中未受到淋滤作用的影响;秭归地区白云岩化流体主要来源于海水。结合蒸发白云岩(萨布哈)及埋藏白云岩化模式解释了秭归地区泥微晶白云岩及晶粒白云岩的形成过程。     

Multiphase dolomitization of deeply buried Cambrian petroleum reservoirs,Tarim Basin,north‐west China

Cambrian dolostone reservoirs in the Tarim Basin, China, have significant potential for future discoveries of petroleum, although exploration and production planning is hampered by limited understanding of the occurrence and distribution of dolomite in such ancient rocks buried to nearly 8 km. The study herein accessed new drill core samples which provide an opportunity to understand the dolomitization process in deep basins and its impact on Cambrian carbonate reservoirs. This study documents the origin of the dolostone reservoirs using a combination of petrology, fluid‐inclusion microthermometry, and stable and radiogenic‐isotopes of outcrop and core samples. An initial microbial dolomitization event occurred in restricted lagoon environments and is characterized by depleted δ¹³C values. Dolomicrite from lagoonal and sabkha facies, some fabric‐retentive dolomite and fabric‐obliterative dolomite in the peloidal shoal and reef facies show the highest δ¹⁸O values. These dolomites represent relatively early reflux dolomitization. The local occurrence of K‐feldspar in dolomicrite indicates that some radiogenic strontium was contributed via terrigenous input. Most fabric‐retentive dolomite may have precipitated from seawater at slightly elevated temperatures, suggested by petrological and isotopic data. Most fabric‐obliterative dolomite, and medium to coarse dolomite cement, formed between 90°C and 130°C from marine evaporitic brine. Saddle dolomite formed by hydrothermal dolomitization at temperatures up to 170°C, and involved the mixing of connate brines with Sr‐ enriched hydrothermal fluids. Intercrystalline, moldic, and breccia porosities are due to the early stages of dolomitization. Macroscopic, intergranular, vuggy, fracture and dissolution porosity are due to burial‐related dissolution and regional hydrothermal events. This work has shown that old (for example, Cambrian or even Precambrian) sucrosic dolomite with associated anhydrite, buried to as much as 8000 m, can still have a high potential for hosting substantial hydrocarbon resources and should be globally targeted for future exploration.     

Diagenesis of the Aphebian Mistassini regolith,Quebec, Canada

A well-developed regolith is preserved beneath early Proterozoic (Aphebian) rocks of the Otish and Mistassini Groups in Central Quebec, Canada. The regolith is covered by fluviatile clastic rocks (Otish Group) in the north, and by a thick sequence of stromatolitic and sandy dolomite (Mistassini Group) in the south.Where preserved beneath clastic rocks, the regolith exhibits the structures and textures of its crystalline parent rocks (tonalite, gneiss and amphibolite), despite the alteration of feldspars to clay minerals and the partial oxidation of biotite. A later event recrystallized the clay minerals to muscovite, while conserving the original outline of the feldspars. Beneath the dolomite, the regolith was largely replaced by dolomite, but retains many original textures. Dolomite replaced first the clay minerals, then quartz and unaltered feldspars and finally biotite. Repeated crustifications of dolomite with intervals of chert and minor anthraxolite surround unaltered blocks of crystalline rock within the regolith profile and similar complex veins fill many master joints. These veins are identical in composition to vug fillings throughout the overlying carbonate formations. Clasts of partly dolomitized regolith included in non-dolomitic sands filling channels and scours dug deep into the profile, suggest that dolomitization commenced very early, possibly related to a sabkha environment developed during the transgression.     

Tracing end-member fluid sources in sub-surface iron mineralization and dolomitization along a proximal fault to the dead sea transform

Shear faults in Upper Cretaceous limestones of the central Negev desert adjacent to the Dead Sea Transform (DST) feature extensive ferruginous mineralization and dolomitization. This has been related to topographically driven flow of metalliferous groundwaters through an underlying clastic (Nubian Sandstone) aquifer and rise of the fluids up the fault zones. The present study combines Pb and Sr isotope measurements with detailed sampling and petrography at the eastern end of the Paran fault (Menuha Ridge) in order to identify the types of groundwater and the sources of enriched elements in this regional-scale sedimentary mineralization. Ferroan and non-ferroan dolomitization along the Paran fault caused significant enrichment of several elements (Mg, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Zn, Pb, and U) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values that are significantly higher than the Upper Cretaceous limestone country rock. The non-ferroan dolomite and the ferroan dolomite sampled at three sites along the Menuha Ridge have similar ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values 0.7076-0.7089, and 0.7077-0.7086, respectively. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between Mg-content of the dolomites and their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values. The isotopic composition of Sr and Pb of dolomite corresponds to the mineralogical type identified in the mineralized rock (non-ferroan dolomite, simple-zoned ferroan dolomite, and complex-zoned ferroan dolomite). The ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of Fe oxides and dolomites from the three sites plot on a straight line, where the simple-zoned ferroan dolomite values are at the non-radiogenic end of the line and the complex-zoned ferroan dolomites at the radiogenic end. Both ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios in dolomites and to a lesser degree in Fe-oxides suggest that a mixing between two end-members controls the behavior of Pb in the mineralization products along the Paran fault. Rather than a single fluid source, the study indicates that two types of metalliferous groundwaters were involved in the dolomitization and mineralization along the Paran fault. The first, and hitherto undocumented, fluid source is the Mg-rich Dead Sea Rift brine, migrating in the sub-surface before dolomitizing the carbonate bedrock. Migration of the brines took a deep path to the site of mineralization, with temperatures reaching 75 °C. Based on the geological history of the region, this probably took place in the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene interval. The second type of groundwater acquired its high solute concentrations from leaching igneous rocks and clastic sediments in the sub-surface, and infiltrated along the Paran fault, precipitating Fe-rich minerals and caused the first stage of dolomitization. This groundwater flowed at shallower depth than the DSR brines, and at lower temperatures (T ? 50 °C). The study shows that sedimentary mineralization in faults adjacent to active transform fault zones may arise from the combination of several different fluid flow regimes.     

Rock composition and origin of the Duwi Formation calcareous rocks, Upper Egypt

Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2＋ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio.     

四川盆地东北部晚二叠世-早三叠世白云岩与同期海水锶同位素组成的对比研究

在四川盆地东北部14条野外剖面和地下钻井的二叠系长兴组、三叠系飞仙关组和嘉陵江组石灰岩和白云岩岩石学研究的基础上,对其中189个不同类型的碳酸盐样品(包括代表海水的石灰岩样品和在不同成岩阶段形成的各种白云岩样品)进行了锶同位素组成和相应的MgO、CaO和Mn、Sr元素分析,获得了系统的晚二叠-早三叠世海水的锶同位素组成数据并建立了相应演化曲线.在此基础上,对不同地层组/段和不同类型白云岩的锶同位素组成与同期海水锶同位素组成进行了对照研究,取得了如下主要认识:(1)川东北晚二叠-早三叠世白云岩的锶同位素组成与同期海水具有类似的演化趋势,结合白云岩的低锰、高锶特征,说明白云化流体与海水存在显著的亲缘关系,与铝硅酸盐地层无关;(2)白云岩的锶同位素组成与同期海水存在差别,各地层组/段白云岩的87Sr/86Sr比值都不同程度地高于同期海水,但从下往上,即从长兴组、飞2+3段、嘉2段到嘉4段,这种差值逐渐缩小,嘉4段白云岩的锶同位素组成已和同期海水基本一致;(3)川东北长兴组、飞2+3段白云岩形成的时间显著晚于同层石灰岩,白云化流体为时间上更晚的海源流体,但嘉2、嘉4段白云岩的形成时间仅略晚于同层石灰岩,白云化流体来源于非常近同期的蒸发浓缩的高Mg/Ca比值海水,一些嘉4段的白云岩的白云化流体就是同期海水,因而这些白云岩是同生或准同生的;(4)如果把白云化的时间看作白云岩的形成时间,则违背地层叠置原理是川东北长兴组和飞仙关组结晶白云岩的主要特征之一,其形成机制可用非同期海源流体的隐伏回流-对流模式来解释,嘉陵江组白云岩形成机制可用活跃回流-萨布哈模式来解释.白云岩和代表同期海水的石灰岩锶同位素组成的对比为解决白云化流体与海水之间的时间关系提供一种新的研究途径.     

The role and impact of freshwater–seawater mixing zones in the maturation of regional dolomite bodies within the proto Floridan Aquifer, USA

Palaeogene dolostones from the sub‐surface of Florida are ideal for the study of dolomite maturation because they record the early stages of a secondary dolomite overprint without destruction by later diagenetic overprints. Two distinct dolomite textures occur in the dolostones of the Upper Eocene Ocala and Lower Oligocene Suwannee limestones in west‐central Florida: a porous and permeable sucrosic dolomite and a less porous and relatively impermeable indurated non‐sucrosic dolomite. In both textures, the initial matrix dolomite is dully luminescent, whereas the secondary overprint is dominantly luminescent cement in the Suwannee and only neomorphic luminescent dolomite in the Ocala. The abundance of luminescent dolomite ranges from 2% to 38%, which translates to 1·6 km³ of material in the Suwannee and 13·5 km³ in the Ocala. Extrapolated trace‐element contents (Sr and Na) and δ¹⁸O values for the matrix and luminescent end‐members indicate a marine origin for the matrix dolomite in both units, and a freshwater–seawater mixing‐zone origin for the secondary luminescent dolomites. The δ¹⁸O values indicate that a saline, middle mixing‐zone environment overprinted the Suwannee but a more dilute mixing zone affected the Ocala. Fluid–fluid mixing models constrained by modern Floridan aquifer hydrochemistry and extrapolated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of the luminescent phases indicate that the mixing zones operated during the Late Miocene to Pliocene in the Ocala and affected the Suwannee in the Pliocene. The luminescent Suwannee mixing‐zone cement reduced porosity up to threefold and permeability up to 100‐fold, which converted many sucrosic dolomites to indurated dolomites. By contrast, the neomorphic luminescent Ocala dolomite did not have an appreciable impact on the maturations. Although freshwater–seawater mixing zones were not the sites of the initial dolomitization, the mixing‐zone environment did dramatically overprint and mature the regionally widespread dolomites of the Ocala and Suwannee limestones. This maturation occurred shortly after formation of the proto‐Floridan aquifer; the timing suggests the matrix dolomites were ‘ripe’ for alteration and that the only prerequisite for mixing‐zone dolomite is pre‐existing dolomite substrates to reduce kinetic barriers. In contrast to recent claims, the results of this study demonstrate that mixing zones can be effective in forming regionally significant amounts of secondary dolomite and influencing the petrophysical maturation of dolomite bodies.     

Regional studies of dolomites and their included fluids: recognizing multiple chemically distinct fluids during the complex diagenetic history of Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) rocks of the Irish Zn-Pb ore field

This study provides a regional framework within which studies of ore-related dolomite and dolomite cements may be placed. Fluid inclusion data indicate the presence of three distinct fluids following early dolomitization: 1) a ubiquitous low-temperature, higher salinity fluid found in saddle dolomite; 2) a low-temperature, lower salinity fluid limited to sub-Waulsortian and Waulsortian carbonates; and 3) a higher temperature, lower salinity fluid found in Waulsortian and supra-Waulsortian rocks. Similar fluids have been reported in ore-associated minerals and postmineralization dolomite (Type 1) and in ore-stage carbonates and sphalerite (Types 2 and 3). The halogen geochemistry of included fluids indicates genesis from evaporated seawater. Type 1 fluids are enriched in chloride relative to bromide, reflecting a component of salinity derived via dissolution of halite or from dehydration of seawater. These data suggest that dolomitization and mineralization of Mississippian rocks in the Midlands requires both regionally extensive and localized fluid flow.     

Multiple fluid components of salt diapirs and salt dome cap rocks, Gulf Coast, U.S.A.

Salt diapirs contain a few percent of anhydrite that accumulated as residue to form anhydrite cap rocks during salt dissolutions. Reported ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of these salt-hosted and cap rock anhydrites in the Gulf Coast, U.S.A., indicate their derivation from Middle Jurassic seawater. However, a much wider range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, incorporating a highly radiogenic component in addition to the Middle Jurassic component, has been found in several Gulf Coast salt domes. This wide range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of anhydrite within the salt stocks records Sr contributions from both marine water and formation water that has equilibrated with siliciclastics. During cap rock formation this anhydrite either recrystallized in the presence of, or was cemented by, a low-Sr fluid with a Late Cretaceous seawter-type Sr isotope ratio or simply lost Sr during recrystallization. Later, the cap rock was invaded by warm saline brines with high Sr isotope ratios from which barite and metal sulfides were precipitated. Subsequently, low-salinity water hydrated part of the anhydrite bringing to six the total number of fluids that interacted througout the history of salt dome and cap rock growth. The progenitor of these salt diapirs, the Louann Formation, is generally thought to have formed from marine water evaporated to halite and, rarely, higher evaporite facies. Salt domes in the East Texas, North Louisiana, and Mississippi Salt Basins have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ³⁴S values that corroborate a Mid-Jurassic age for the mother salt. However, salt domes in the Houston and Rio Grande Embayments of the Gulf Coast Basin have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ration ranging to values higher than both Middle Jurassic seawater and all Rb-free marine Phanerozoic rocks. These anomalous ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are probably derived from radiogenic Sr-bearing fluids that equilibrated with siliciclastic rocks and invaded the salt either prior to, or during, diapirism. Potential sources of the radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr component include clay and/or feldspar (located either in older units beneath the Louann Formation or younger units flanking the salt diapirs) and K-salts within the Louann evaporites. Because partial Sr exchange in anhydrite had to take place in a fluid medium, admittance of radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr-bearing fluids into the salt may have led to diapirism by lowering the shear strength of the crystalline salt. The slight number of anomalous ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values in the interior basins indicates that anomalous values are related to areally discrete structural or stratigraphic controls that affected only the Gulf Coast Basin.     

羌塘盆地南坳陷古油藏带中侏罗统布曲组白云岩元素地球化学特征及意义

在前期详细岩石学分类的基础上,研究南羌塘坳陷布曲组碳酸盐岩微量元素地球化学特征及意义。结果表明:(1)布曲组碳酸盐岩具有较低的微量元素含量,与班公湖-怒江洋盆海水快速入侵及炎热、半潮湿-半干旱条件下缺少地表径流补偿陆源物质有关;(2)Na元素和K元素指示布曲组保留先驱灰岩原始组构的白云岩和不保留先驱灰岩原始组构的晶粒白云岩的初始流体为同期蒸发海水,岩石中Sr元素的含量受方解石和白云石的相对含量控制;(3)经历不彻底白云石化作用的过渡性岩类(RD5-1)是在中-深埋藏阶段中-晚期不彻底交代先驱灰岩形成,细-中晶、自形-半自形白云石充填物由微-粉晶白云岩在浅埋藏阶段末期重结晶形成;(4)鞍形白云石的形成有外来高温流体参与,流体成因具大气淡水参与、流经碎屑岩地层深循环流体特征。新生代(78~64Ma)构造热事件是形成高温流体的热源,部分基质白云岩受到构造热事件的高温改造。