中国各大陆块在寒武纪全球构造中的位置及意义

者根据近年来所获的古地磁数据及板块构造的研究成果,对中国各大陆块在寒武纪全球构造中的位置进行了再造。笔者认为寒武纪全球存在三大洋、四大陆域。其中,中国大陆中的扬子、塔里木、柴达木等均属冈瓦纳大陆域,华北陆块则属介于冈瓦纳与劳亚两个大陆域之间的一个中间陆块。且当时华北与扬子两陆块的南、北位置与现在的位置正好相反。而介于二者之间的秦、祁古洋盆在当时是一个位于南半球赤道附近的径向洋。     

秦岭—巴山地区区域地质构造历史和特征

秦岭→巴山地区的地质构造是中国地质构造的一个缩影。本文论述了该区的区域地质构造发展史、特征、分区和形成机制,将区域陆壳的形成发展史划分为古陆块形成期、陆缘增生期、华北陆块与扬子陆块联合期和南北联合大陆期。并将区域划分为华北、扬子和华北—扬子陆间三个构造区。指出,华北—扬子陆间构造区是华北与扬子构造区的交接过渡带;前三叠纪华北、扬子构造区是分別形成的南北两个古陆块及其陆缘地槽褶皱带,二者在地质构造史和构造特征方面均明显不同;陆缘地槽褶皱带以东窄西宽为特征,晚古生代和三叠纪自东向西有较明显的构造迁移,早古生代以来古生态气候区带逐渐北移,古生态气候区带与现代纬线的交角逐渐变小;区域构造的形成主要与华北、扬子陆块向北位移的速度差和相对旋转运动的速度和有关。     

秦岭—巴山地区区域地质构造历史和特征

秦岭-巴山地区的地质构造是中国地质构造的一个缩影.本文论述了该区的区域地质构造发展史、特征、分区和形成机制,将区域陆壳的形成发展史划分为古陆块形成期、陆缘增生期、华北陆块与扬子陆块联合期和南北联合大陆期.并将区域划分为华北、扬子和华北-扬子陆间三个构造区.指出,华北-扬子陆间构造区是华北与扬子构造区的交接过渡带;前三叠纪华北、扬子构造区是分别形成的南北两个古陆块及其陆缘地槽褶皱带,二者在地质构造史和构造特征方面均明显不同,陆缘地槽褶皱带以东窄西宽为特征,晚古生代和三叠纪自东向西有较明显的构造迁移,早古生代以来古生态气候区带逐渐北移,古生态气候区带与现代纬线的交角逐渐变小;区域构造的形成主要与华北、扬子陆块向北位移的速度差和相对旋转运动的速度和有关.     

松潘地区北东向构造的新认识及其区域成矿意义

四川松潘地区位于松潘—甘孜造山带与秦岭造山带接合部,经历了前寒武纪扬子陆块北缘海沟、华北陆块与扬子陆块拼合,古生代陆间裂谷发展、稳定碳酸盐台地,印支期特提斯洋盆、大陆边缘浊流沉积盆地等发展阶段。在晚印支期褶皱造山,形成近东西向主构造,叠加南北向构造,在燕山、喜山期叠加北东向构造,形成复杂的造山带构造格架。区内发育有褶皱造山期后构造体制转化形成的穿透造山带的北东向横跨叠加构造体系。前人将它们全都作为主构造的伴生构造,或者认为它仅局限于个别地区,并未穿切前期构造。笔者第一次认识到,并     

中国南大陆古地理与Pangea对比

中国南大陆为一构造古地理名称，在地理上包括昆仑、秦岭山脉以南的广大地区，泛称中国南方。这些地区在地质历史演化中分属于扬子陆块、华夏陆块、羌塘－昌都陆块、中咱微陆块，也包括由冈瓦纳陆块群裂解出来的拉萨陆块和印度陆块北缘的江孜地区。塔里木陆块和紫达木陆块在中国古大陆的聚合中裂解、漂称，在早古生代末脱离扬子陆块的群体，与华北陆块聚合，因此，中国南大陆古地理的重建，不仅涉及南方各块体的聚合，还涉及中国古大     

华北、秦岭及扬子陆块的若干古地磁研究结果

本文对华北陆块、秦岭陆块以及扬子陆块内的70个采样点,474个标本进行了古地磁研究,利用16个采样点,112个标本中所获得的原生剩磁,重点分析了三陆块自寒武纪以来的古地磁极位置、古地磁偏角以及古纬度的变化特点。结果表明,三陆块为不同地质构造单元;寒武纪以来,华北陆块、秦岭陆块以及扬子陆块自北到南顺序排列;寒武纪时,秦岭陆块北侧和南侧分别存在一古洋盆,此时华北陆块和扬子陆块相距约1060km,三陆块向北漂移的过程中伴随着旋转运动,其中华北陆块和秦岭陆块以反时针旋转占优势,扬子陆块以顺时针旋转占优势;三陆块完全拼合时间在早三叠世至晚白垩世之间。     

北秦岭构造属性与元古代构造演化

秦岭前寒武纪地质、地球化学和年代学证据表明,北秦岭具有明显高的初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征,区别于明显低初始εNd(t)值和Pb同位素比值特征的华北陆块和扬子块体群.北秦岭与南秦岭具有明显不同的前寒武纪构造与演化特征.北秦岭是2 000 Ma左右形成于华北陆块南侧洋岛基础上的独立陆块,经历2 200～1 800 Ma和1 400～900 Ma分别以垂向加积增生和侧向加积增生为主要机制的地壳生长.北秦岭在早元古代洋盆演化基础上,首次于1 600 Ma左右拼接于华北陆块南缘,1 300～1 000 Ma发生扩张裂解,出现宽坪裂谷-洋盆构造环境,100 Ma左右再次拼贴于华北陆块南缘.同时,北秦岭南侧可能发生与南秦岭陆块群中的陡岭微陆块的拼接.     

早前寒武纪地质及深成构造作用研究进展

早前寒武纪地质的研究进展主要表现在准大陆克拉通早期构造演化,克拉通及古老造山带深层结构,元古代超大陆恢复对比、早期地壳性质及生长等主要问题上开展多学科研究计划的实施。其中,同位素年代学,特别是锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ方法,地震反射、Ｐ－Ｔ计算及古地磁研究对前寒武纪地质学的进展具有重要的推动作用。和个古陆克拉通区域地质学的持质研究积累,不断产生新的认识,这种新的科学思想涉及到早期陆壳组成及区划,太古代克拉通化历史,太古代－元古代界限及性质,元古代造山带网络与克拉进陆块拼合,大陆下地壳剖面及其组成等同题。华北早前寒武纪地质演化研究中的重要问题包括：华北麻粒岩相带与克拉通基底构造的关系,克拉通基底构造区域,早期陆壳性质及其记录的重大构造一热事件幕,华北克拉通与世界典型陆块构造演化对比等。     

中国新元古代青白口纪早期(1 000~820 Ma)洋陆分布

约1 000~820 Ma的新元古代青白口纪早期,全球罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚的构造环境是中国该时期洋陆分布的主控因素;华北、扬子和塔里木三大陆块均位于当时地球的北半球,三大陆块的外围被边缘海和洋环绕.华北陆块周缘以稳定型的滨浅海沉积为主;而扬子陆块周缘表现为沟-弧-盆体系;塔里木西北缘发育阿克苏活动陆缘,塔里木北东缘和西南缘分别发育库鲁克塔格被动陆缘浅海碎屑岩建造和铁克里克被动陆缘碳酸盐岩建造.环绕华北、扬子和塔里木三大陆块的边缘海和洋内分布有众多裂离地块,多数地块亲扬子和塔里木陆块,如伊宁、敦煌、阿拉善、松潘、罗霄和武夷等;少数亲华北和西伯利亚陆块,如宝音图、锡林浩特、额尔古纳、韩家园、佳木斯和阿勒泰等.      

大别山前寒武纪变质地体基本组成

本文以新城－圻春断裂为界将大别山前寒武纪变质地体划分为华北陆块南缘和场子陆块北缘两个次级变质地体，两个次级地体不仅在地球物理，构造变形方面明显不同，而且在物质成分上有显著差异，它们有各自独立的变质地层系统，遭受了不同类型的变质作用，有完全不同的岩浆活动图象，上述差异均可指示华北，扬子两古陆碰掸对接时扬子陆块北缘向北俯冲至华北陆块南缘之下，这可能包括两次合作用，从元古代开始至中生代最终结束的长期复杂     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.