新疆南疆全新世湿润期与罗布泊地区小河文明的关系探讨

全新世气候变化一直是科学界关注的热点问题,尤其是罗布泊地区多次大规模的环境变化导致小河文明和楼兰文明等古文明的消失。笔者等通过对叶尔羌河流域的阿克奇河左岸黄土剖面系统采样和粒度、磁化率及年代学测试,重建了该地区5 ka BP以来的古气候环境,并在此基础上分析了昆仑山北区黄土沉积记录的古气候环境与塔里木河下游罗布泊地区小河文明之间的关系。研究结果显示4. 5~3.58 ka BP,昆仑山区次生黄土快速堆积,气候较湿润,降水量较多,塔里木河上游水源充足,为下游罗布泊地区提供了大量水资源,也为小河文明的孕育和初期发展奠定了坚实基础;3.58 ka BP以后,昆仑山区的剖面沉积物由次生黄土转为风成黄土,显示气候开始转向干冷,因降水量减少导致流入到罗布泊地区的有效水资源逐步减少,罗布泊生态环境开始恶化,小河文明开始衰退,直至消失。因此小河文明的孕育与昆仑山区全新世湿润期气候有着非常密切的联系。     

全新世黄土记录的古气候演化及磁化率和粒度参数灵敏性探讨

黄土是公认的三大古气候记录载体之一,全新世黄土由于位于顶层极易受到人类活动的影响,故研究程度不高.最近在甘肃会宁白草塬发现一个沉积连续、分辨率高、且保存完整的全新世黄土剖面,该剖面忠实地记录了全新世古气候演化,能够很好地与三宝洞和葫芦洞石笋氧同位素记录全新世古气候进行对比:二者共同记录了约12.5 ～11.5ka之间的Younger Dryas冷干事件;约10.5 ～5.2ka全新世适宜期,但是适宜期中气候变化具有不稳定性;5.2ka至今,气候较全新世适宜期慢慢变干变冷,二者相互印证了东亚季风区全新世古气候演化的一般过程;而驱动二者演化主要因素是太阳辐射量的变化.位于黄土高原西北边缘的会宁白草塬剖面中的磁化率和粒度两参数相比较:粒度较磁化率波动更频繁,记录古气候变化更灵敏.     

黄河源区距今13万年来古气候演化

综合分析黄河源区-青海玛多地区斗格涌盆地钻孔剖面的孢粉及易溶盐等气候代用指标,揭示了该区130ka B P以来的古气候演变规律。即:130.0-110.0ka B P寒冷干旱;110.0-82.0ka B P寒温较湿;82.0-10.4ka B P寒冷干旱;10.4ka B P至现代(即全新世)温湿冷干交替。全新世古气候又可划分为3期:早全新世升温期(10.4-7.5ka B P)(Anathermal);中全新世大暖期(7.5-3.5ka B P)(Megathermal);晚全新世降温期(3.5ka B P至今)(Katathermal)。本区古气候总的规律是:冷期长且比全球其它地方提前,暖期短且开始时期滞后。全新世以来气候波动具有千年尺度的振荡规律,晚全新世至今,气温有逐渐降低,湿度逐渐变干的趋势。      

沙漠/黄土过渡带杨桥畔全新世地层微量元素特征及其所揭示的古气候变化

通过对沙漠-黄土过渡带杨桥畔全新世地层中20种微量元素的地球化学特征分析,结合年代学资料,探讨了该地区13.0ka B.P.以来的气候环境变化过程。研究表明,微量元素地层分布规律明显,化学成分具有很高地一致性,Cr、Cs、Co、Cu、Mn与I可作为衡量东亚夏季风强度的古气候替代性指标。根据主要微量元素演替所揭示的古气候变化特征,将该地区气候变化可划分为5个阶段:13.0~11.7ka B.P.气候干燥寒冷;11.7~10.0ka B.P.气候略温偏干;10.0~6.4ka B.P.气候温暖湿润;6.4~1.60ka B.P.偏冷干气候恶化期;1.6ka B.P.以来气候继续朝冷干方向发展,并且冷暖干湿交替频繁。通过与黄土、石笋等记录变化对比,发现杨桥畔地区全新世气候演化过程与全球气候环境的变化基本一致。     

台湾头社盆地湖沼相沉积孢粉记录的6.2~1.3 cal ka BP以来气候研究

头社盆地位于中国台湾省中部,东亚季风区的最前沿,对东亚季风的响应十分敏感,研究其中晚全新世以来古植被、重建古气候序列,探讨其气候与东亚夏季风的关系具有重要的科学意义。文章对头社盆地泥炭—湖泊沉积的AMS14C测年、体积磁化率测试的基础上,基于孢粉记录,重建晚全新世来植被变化,恢复古气候。结果表明全新世中晚期以来分六个阶段：6.2~6.0 cal ka BP,气候凉干,植被类型是亚热带常绿阔叶林;6.0~4.0 cal ka BP,气候转暖湿,植被类型为含较多热带成分的亚热带常绿阔叶林;4.0~2.2 cal ka BP,气候相对凉干,植被类型转为亚热带常绿阔叶林;2.2~1.9 cal ka BP,气候又变暖湿;1.9~1.7 cal ka BP,气候快速冷干事件,森林退化;1.7~1.3 cal ka BP,气候重转温暖湿润,植被类型为接近现代的沼泽草原。整体上6.2~2.2 cal ka BP的气候变化是由温暖湿润向温凉干燥转变的趋势,这是全新世中晚期以来的太阳辐射量减少所导致的,太阳辐射量的减少导致热带辐合南移,进而导致东亚夏季风减弱,而2.2 cal ka BP之后气候波动较大,可能是在东亚夏季风减弱的背景下,ENSO活动加强与人类活动的干扰下耦合的结果。     

汉江上游I级河流阶的形成及对东亚季风 变化的响应

对郧县—白河段汉江Ⅰ级河流阶地上风成黄土的沉积学、理化性质、地球化学和年代学进行了系统研究。结果表明,汉江Ⅰ河流阶的形成不晚于25 ka BP;黄土具有马兰黄土(L1)→过渡黄土(Lt)→古土壤(S0)→全新世黄土(L0)→表土(TS)的地层序列,与渭河谷地的黄土地层序列完全可比;25~11.5 ka BP,冬季风强盛,气候冷干,从11.5 ka BP开始,冬季风逐渐减弱,气候开始向暖湿方向逐步转化,从8.5 ka BP开始,夏季风达到了末次冰期结束后的鼎盛时期,3.1 ka BP前后,东亚季风格局发生变化,夏季风减弱,重新进入一个相对干冷的时期,而人类活动对地表的影响形成了表土;汉江上游谷地黄土记录的末次冰期后季风逐渐加强、中全新世季风强盛、随后季风衰退和气候变干的夏季风演变模式与渭河谷地黄土的记录高度一致,与邻区石笋和泥炭记录的季风变化趋势也有良好的可比性,但与石笋/泥炭记录的夏季风强盛期的起始时间(9.3~4.2 ka BP)并不完全一致。     

中全新世云南寻甸地区气候演化与冷干事件的石笋记录

通过对云南寻甸XR1石笋进行TIMS-U系测年、氧碳同位素和沉积速率变化分析,重建了寻甸地区中全新世季风气候演化模式:(1)8.0～6.0 ka BP为温暖湿润期;(2)6.0～5.1 ka BP为气候突变期,温湿向冷干转变;(3)5.1～2.1 ka BP为气候恢复期,气候从冷干逐渐恢复到中全新世正常的气候水平.XR...     

内蒙古东南缘晚第四纪以来的气候环境演化

基于内蒙古东南缘西拉木伦河上游刘家店河湖相剖面的粒度、磁化率、微量元素地球化学指标,重建该区35 ka BP以来的气候演化过程。结果表明,在MIS 3晚期(35.23~25.15ka BP)研究区气候条件总体温暖湿润,并伴有区域变干的趋势;MIS 2阶段(25.15~11.13 ka BP)气候整体寒冷干燥,但叠加有短暂回暖气候事件。剖面记录的末次盛冰期(LGM)出现于22.25~18.47 ka BP,此时气候极度干冷;MIS 2阶段叠加了两个短暂气候适宜期,分别出现于18.47~16.24 ka BP和14.72~11.13 ka BP。在11.13 ka BP前后研究区进入全新世,气候变得暖湿。刘家店剖面的气候记录与周边气候记录具有可对比性,揭示了区域上东亚夏季风进退具有一致性,并认为自MIS 3晚期以来东亚夏季风受北半球太阳辐射及冰量的共同驱动。此外,刘家店剖面记录揭示的千年尺度气候变化对典型气候事件具有一定的响应,推测这些千年尺度的季风强度变化可能与北大西洋经向翻转环流(AMOC)相关。     

太湖西部地区8.2ka BP以来的高分辨率孢粉记录

通过AMS14 C测年技术建立年代标尺,对太湖西部地区LTD-12号钻孔301cm以上的岩芯进行高分辨率孢粉分析,重建太湖西部地区8.2ka BP以来的气候和植被,并探讨了太湖地区新石器文化对气候变化的响应。结果表明:1)太湖西部地区8.2ka BP以来的植被类型演替过程大体为:以松属—常绿栎—落叶栎—枫香为主的含针叶成分的常绿落叶阔叶林→以落叶栎-常绿栎-枫香树属为主的常绿落叶阔叶林→以松属-枫香为主的针阔叶混交林→以松属为主的次生性质的针叶林。2)太湖西部地区高分辨率孢粉记录的气候变化可划分为2个大的阶段:(a)8.2~4.4ka BP为中全新世温暖湿润期,最适宜期出现在6.9~5.5ka BP;(b)4.4ka BP~0ka BP为晚全新世降温期,气候从暖稍湿向暖干过渡。3)太湖地区的新石器文化总体上响应于气候的变化。环太湖平原地区至今未发现10~7ka BP的新石器遗址可能与当时过于潮湿和不稳定的气候环境有关;6.9~5.5ka BP温暖湿润的气候适合人类的生存,促使了马家浜文化的出现、繁荣和发展;5.0ka BP左右的干燥降温事件可能导致了崧泽文化的衰落;良渚文化的消亡可能与4.4ka BP前后该地区的气候突变事件有关。     

东北哈尼泥炭沉积物磁化率特征及古气候意义

东北哈尼泥炭沼泽位于长白山西麓和龙岗山脉中段,沉积连续,受人为干扰较小,记录了东北地区全新世以来的古气候、古环境演变信息。本研究采用AMS ¹⁴C测年技术建立了哈尼泥炭剖面年代学框架,并对泥炭柱心磁化率进行测定,分析其古气候意义,结合相关气候代用指标,重建了东北地区14 ka B.P.以来的古气候与环境演化历史。结果表明,哈尼泥炭磁化率总体偏低,说明在全新世的大部分时间内哈尼泥炭中的磁性矿物颗粒富集程度较低。哈尼泥炭磁化率记录了区域环境温度和湿度变化信息,较高的磁化率表明气候温暖湿润,较低的磁化率表明气候干燥寒冷。磁化率参数变化响应了全新世多次气候干冷事件,如0.4~0.6 ka B.P.(小冰期)、2.8 ka B.P.、4.3 ka B.P.和8.2 ka B.P.等气候突变事件。哈尼泥炭磁化率不仅反映了东北地区全新世以来的气候变化,而且呼应了全新世的多起气候突变事件。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.