西藏加多捕勒铁铜矿床晚白垩世岩浆活动成因

加多捕勒铁铜矿床位于冈底斯Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Fe成矿带西段。矿区出露的复式岩体由黑云二长花岗岩(50.9±1.8Ma)和石英二长闪长岩组成。本文以石英二长闪长岩为研究对象,分析了岩体地球化学特征、SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄以及原位锆石Hf同位素与稀土元素。分析结果显示石英二长闪长岩具岛弧岩浆活动特征,锆石U-Pb年龄84.3±1.4Ma,为晚白垩世岩浆活动产物,锆石Hf同位素与稀土元素指示岩浆源区具壳幔混源特征,且以古老地壳物质的部分熔融为主。综合分析已有研究成果及本文数据,笔者认为矿区晚白垩世岩浆活动可能与低缓角度俯冲的新特提斯洋壳有关。     

西藏列廷冈铁多金属矿侵入岩锆石U_Pb定年、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

西藏列廷冈铁多金属矿床位于冈底斯-念青唐古拉岩浆弧北缘,是冈底斯北缘Pb_Zn_Ag_Cu_Fe多金属成矿带上典型的铁多金属矿床,与成矿关系最为密切的岩体为花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩。采用锆石LA_ICP_MS对花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩进行了定年,结果显示花岗闪长岩的成岩年龄为58.69±0.68 Ma,花岗斑岩成岩年龄为60.69±0.98 Ma。与加拉普铁多金属矿、沙让钼矿、亚贵拉铅锌银矿等冈底斯-念青唐古拉岩浆弧上其它矿床的对比分析表明,这一系列矿床受印度-欧亚大陆碰撞过程中地幔的岩浆底侵作用影响,形成于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞早期。列廷冈锆石的Lu-Hf测试结果显示岩体的εHf(t)值为-3.01~3.0,Hf二阶段模式年龄742~1 322 Ma,表明岩浆具有壳幔混源的特点。结合列廷冈的目前勘探情况,认为在区域的铁多金属矿中,深部的Cu、Pb、Zn矿产将是今后勘查方向。     

班怒带西段尕尔穷铜金矿两套侵入岩源区及其地质意义——来自Hf同位素特征的指示

尕尔穷铜金矿位于班公湖—怒江缝合带西段南缘的措勤—申扎火山岩浆弧内,为与侵入岩有关的矽卡岩型-破碎带型铜金(铁)矿床。在已有石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年的基础上,进一步对其进行锆石Hf同位素研究,同时对最新勘查成果显示具有一定成矿潜力的花岗斑岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素研究,确定了两套侵入岩的形成顺序;结合前人总结的岩石地球化学特征,利用Hf同位素对其岩浆源区进行示踪。结果显示:花岗斑岩锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为(83.2±0.7)Ma,较石英闪长岩晚4 Ma左右,其初始176Hf/177Hf值为0.282 235～0.283 073,εHf(t)值为-17.2～12.5;石英闪长岩锆石初始176Hf/177Hf值为0.282 800～0.283 015,εHf(t)值为3.5～10.5。结合二者地球化学特征显示:石英闪长岩和花岗斑岩可能是同一岩浆系统不同分异阶段的产物,前者主要起源于具有幔源印记的初生地壳,而花岗斑岩具有和石英闪长岩相似的岩浆源区,但明显混入上地壳基底物质;暗示晚白垩世班怒带西段南缘内随着南羌塘—三江复合板片与冈底斯—念青唐古拉板片之间的弧-陆碰撞,先成的具有幔源印记的初生地壳重熔形成岩浆,随着碰撞的继续和岩浆的上涌分异,部分上地壳受挤压或热效应进一步重熔并参与岩浆系统中,由早至晚形成了由幔源特征向幔-壳混合源特征源区逐渐转变的花岗岩演化系列。尕尔穷铜金矿是起源于具有幔源印记的初生地壳的花岗岩的成矿专属性表现。     

云南格咱岛弧带休瓦促Mo W Cu矿床两期岩浆作用的锆石U Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及构造意义

锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,休瓦促Mo-W-Cu矿床含矿花岗闪长岩的形成年龄为202±3.5Ma,形成于甘孜-理塘洋壳向西俯冲时期;含矿二长花岗岩的形成年龄为83.3±1.7Ma,形成于燕山晚期造山后伸展环境。Hf同位素原位分析结果显示,花岗闪长岩中锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值为-2.87~4.12(平均为0.09),T_(MD1)年龄541~828Ma,T_(DM2)年龄为719~1109Ma,表明岩体形成的物质来源除壳源物质之外,也有幔源物质的混入;二长花岗岩中锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值为-7.96~-2.75(平均为-5.54),T_(MD1)年龄为820~1019Ma,T_(DM2)年龄为1102~1391Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)0,表明岩石是由古老地壳物质的部分熔融形成的产物。休瓦促两期含矿岩体的锆石U-Pb定年与Hf同位素原位分析显示,区内存在晚三叠世和晚白垩世两期构造-岩浆-成矿作用。晚三叠世花岗闪长岩岩浆侵入及Cu多金属成矿作用与洋壳俯冲造山有关;而晚白垩世二长花岗岩岩浆侵入及Mo多金属成矿作用主要形成于陆-陆碰撞造山的构造背景。研究表明,从晚三叠世洋壳俯冲造山至晚白垩世造山后伸展作用过程中都存在构造-岩浆-成矿作用的发生,且在晚三叠世构造-岩浆活动的基础上叠加了晚白垩世的成岩成矿作用,这为区内复合叠加成矿作用的研究提供了例证。     

黑龙江跃进山矽卡岩型铜金矿床花岗闪长岩的年代学和地球化学特征

对跃进山铜金矿床与矽卡岩型矿化有关的花岗闪长岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、锆石Lu-Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究。结果表明,花岗闪长岩中26个锆石测点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为(118.96±0.77) Ma (MSWD=0.29);岩体中锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值均为正值(+1.4～+3.2),且具有较年轻的Hf二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2)=1.09～0.98 Ga);花岗闪长岩表现为富Al、高K和Na以及低Ti、P、Ca的钙碱性I型花岗岩地球化学特征,显示出轻稀土富集、重稀土元素亏损的稀土元素组成特征;样品锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)的值为偏低的正值,表明岩浆物质来源应为壳幔混源。结合岩石地球化学投图以及区域构造背景演化认为,花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩均属于后碰撞-火山弧花岗岩,研究区的成矿成岩作用与太平洋板块强烈俯冲背景下的下岩石圈地幔拆沉有直接关系。     

中冈底斯成矿带查个勒矿床含矿岩体的年代学及成因

查个勒矿床是中冈底斯成矿带(即中部拉萨地体)目前发现的一个中-大型矽卡岩+斑岩型矿床,但是其成岩成矿时代一直缺乏年代学约束。本文报道该矿床含矿岩体的LA-ICPMS法锆石U-Pb定年、辉钼矿Re-Os定年、地球化学及Hf同位素数据。花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄明显可分为两组,206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为72.2～70.1Ma、65.2～64.4Ma,前者记录了早期的构造岩浆事件,后者代表了岩浆的结晶年龄;而辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为71.5±1.3Ma,所代表的查个勒主成矿期年龄与早期的构造岩浆事件一致;结合65～64Ma时期的岩浆侵位、林子宗群大规模火山活动以及以亚贵拉矿床为代表的成矿作用,表明在印度与欧亚大陆初始碰撞过程中都可能产生不同规模的成矿作用。查个勒含矿岩体具富硅、富钾,贫钛、磷的特征,铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为1.05～1.27,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti等,并具有不均一的锆石εHf(t)值(-7.9～-2.2)和古老地壳Hf同位素模式年龄(tDMC=1.3～1.6Ga),属于过铝质"S"型花岗岩类。本文认为中冈底斯成矿带南部晚白垩世岩浆活动和成矿作用很可能是与雅鲁藏布江洋盆闭合之后初始碰撞幔源岩浆底侵导致的拉萨微陆块古老地壳物质的部分熔融有关,岩浆在上升过程中有不同程度的分离结晶。同时本文认为冈底斯成矿带成矿元素组合的分带性与新特提斯洋壳俯冲消减-碰撞过程中岩浆产生的源区物质有关。     

西藏昂仁县多仁则—桑阿卡地区铜多金属矿点含矿岩体成因及成矿意义

冈底斯成矿带内的岩浆岩是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞造山的产物，更是研究碰撞造山与成矿作用的理想对象。多仁则—桑阿卡地区位于冈底斯火山-岩浆弧中段中南部，区内含矿岩体为灰白色中细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素研究表明：岩体就位年龄为（49.0±0.7）Ma，其形成时代为始新世；岩石具有高硅（w（SiO₂）为67.13%）、高钾（w（K₂O）为3.72%）、富碱（w（K₂O+Na₂O）为7.48%）、贫MgO（w（MgO）为1.34%，小于3%）的特征，为高钾钙碱性系列的高分异I型花岗岩；Eu负异常（δEu为0.70）和Sr的亏损暗示岩浆发生斜长石的分离结晶作用；岩石的微量元素表现出Th、U、K、Nd、Zr、Hf富集和Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti、P亏损的特征；全岩Sr-Nd同位素（（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i为0.705 280~0.705 530、ε_Nd（t）为-2.2~-1.6）、微量元素及元素比值揭示岩浆源区是壳幔混源，是在印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲-碰撞后板片断离构造背景下，热的软流圈地幔物质通过板片断离窗上涌，并诱发下地壳部分熔融，形成该地区壳幔混源岩浆-热液成矿作用。综合研究认为，多仁则—桑阿卡地区斑岩型-热液型铜多金属成矿作用是早始新世岩浆活动大爆发滞后的成矿响应，是与冈底斯成矿带内的壳幔花岗岩有关的Cu-Au-Mo-Fe-Pb-Zn成矿系统（52~47 Ma）的重要组成部分。     

江西大湖塘矿区九岭花岗闪长岩的成因及其构造意义

江南造山带东段发育了一系列新元古代花岗岩类侵入体,其中以江西九岭岩体最为显著。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明九岭岩体形成于819Ma。富云母暗色包体在九岭花岗闪长岩体内部广泛出现,典型的岩浆结构及针状磷灰石表明包体为岩浆成因。花岗闪长岩及暗色包体的Mg~#(42~50)均大于玄武质岩石熔融实验结果(大多数40)。暗色包体具有更高的MgO、CaO、Fe_2O_3~T、TiO2及更高的Ni、Co、Sc、V。全岩Sm-Nd同位素结果显示暗色包体的ε_(Nd)(t)为-3.4~-2.1,花岗闪长岩ε_(Nd)(t)为-4.0~-3.5。花岗闪长岩锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)为(-1.4~6.4),多数为正值。Nd-Hf同位素分析表明双桥山群很可能是花岗闪长岩的源区。暗色岩浆包体的普遍发育暗示九岭岩体形成于壳幔岩浆混合过程,除双桥山群外,地幔也贡献了一定的物质。暗色富云包体不是岩石熔融的残渣,而是幔源基性岩浆与富钾下地壳相互作用的产物。结合区域上变质岩、地层学、基性岩研究结果,我们认为扬子板块与华夏板块碰撞的时间很可能在825Ma左右,九岭岩体形成于造山带碰撞挤压向伸展转变的过渡阶段,是壳幔岩浆混合的产物。     

滇西梁河地区闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

对滇西梁河地区早白垩世闪长岩岩株中的花岗闪长岩和闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试,获得206Pb/238U年龄分别为118.7Ma±1.5Ma和119.8Ma±1.0Ma,表明它们与早白垩世花岗岩体基本同时形成。其中在闪长岩中发现1颗约140Ma的岩浆锆石,可能指示梁河地区早白垩世初期的岩浆事件,2颗晚三叠世锆石继承核的年龄分别为208.2Ma±6.7Ma和221.9Ma±2.4Ma,记录了印支期的岩浆活动。花岗闪长岩和闪长岩具有相似的全岩εNd(t)值(-8.03、-7.70),但却表现出不均一的锆石εHf(t)值(118.7Ma:-5.60~-3.28;119.8Ma:-6.73~-3.09),表明它们来自于结晶基底重熔的长英质岩浆与幔源岩浆的混合。不同锆石的Hf同位素组成显示,与北冈底斯带相比,滇西梁河地区早白垩世幔源组分参与花岗质岩石形成的程度较低。滇西梁河地区花岗闪长岩和闪长岩的形成,可能与地壳加厚的构造背景有关。     

西藏列廷冈-勒青拉Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn矿区成矿岩体锆石U-Pb年代学与岩石地球化学特征

西藏冈底斯北缘发育一条矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带,列廷冈-勒青拉矿床是这条带上同时发育Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn四个矿种的最具代表性矿床。矿区内Fe-Cu矿体位于列廷冈矿段和勒青拉矿段东侧,Pb-Zn矿体位于勒青拉矿段西侧,与成矿作用相关的居布扎日岩体位于矿区东南部,呈复式岩体,以大面积岩基产状出露。岩体北侧列廷冈Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿段的花岗闪长斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为62.85±0.58 Ma,为印度-欧亚大陆碰撞造山带主碰撞早期岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学分析表明该套岩石属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质向过铝质过渡花岗岩;其Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb等大离子亲石元素(LILE)强烈富集,Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素(HFSE)和Sr强烈亏损;稀土总量变化于173.23×10-6~208.98×10-6之间,(La/Yb)N介于5.71~6.24之间,具有中等负Eu异常(0.45~0.54),富集轻稀土元素(LREE),相对亏损重稀土元素(HREE);总体具有弧火山岩的地球化学特征。锆石结晶温度平均为693℃,岩体的氧逸度较小,平均为-8.63,表明其岩浆经历了在水近饱和条件下发生的熔融过程。锆石176 Hf/177 Hf=0.282557~0.282927,εHf(t)=-6.25~6.79,平均地壳模式年龄TDMC=696~1522 Ma,表明成矿岩体岩浆源区具有幔源岩浆混染壳源岩浆特征,这也成为形成矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿化共存的主导因素。结合前人及本次研究结果,建立冈底斯北亚带Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿化成矿过程如下:在印-亚大陆碰撞造山带主碰撞早期,俯冲的新特提斯洋板片发生回卷引起软流圈地幔上涌,诱发楔形地幔区部分熔融,经MASH过程产生的幔源岩浆上侵,并在部分地区遭受与壳源岩浆的混染甚至混合。当幔源岩浆与壳源岩浆分别上侵并与碳酸盐岩地层相互作用时,矿区形成矽卡岩型Fe-Cu和矽卡岩型Pb-Zn矿化,但当壳幔混源的岩浆上侵并与碳酸盐岩地层相互作用时,矿区则形成矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn等多金属矿化。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.