湖南宝峰仙地区水系沉积物测量地球化学特征及找矿预测

在1∶5万水系沉积物测量的基础上,对湖南宝峰仙地区的地球化学特征进行了初步分析。对元素分散富集特征、地区化学异常特征、异常元素组合特征进行了研究,结合区内成矿地质条件对组合异常区进行综合分析,圈定了楠木峡、雷家两个钨锡铅锌多金属矿找矿靶区。     

地球化学勘查快速圈定找矿靶区——以黑龙江省黑河市大新屯锑-金矿床的发现为例

黑河市大新屯锑-金矿床位于大兴安岭成矿带东北部,区内构造、岩浆活动频繁.1∶5万水系沉积物Sb、Au、Hg异常强度较高,规模较大,是金及多金属成矿有利部位.为了对区内1∶5万水系沉积物异常进行评价,选定了规模最大的新07Hs-35异常,利用土壤地球化学测量工作方法对异常进一步查证.经土壤地球化学测量工作后圈定Sb、Au、Hg、Ag、As、W土壤地球化学异常多处,以Sb、Hg、Au异常为主,各元素异常浓集中心吻合较好.因此利用槽探工程对圈定的土壤地球化学异常进行了验证,发现了锑-金矿体,从而确定了大新屯锑-金矿找矿靶区,说明地球化学勘查快速确定找矿靶区是成功的.     

甘肃省肃北县二段井铅多金属矿地球化学异常特征及找矿潜力分析

二段井铅多金属矿位于北山造山带南带,区内矿化主要受北西向断裂构造控制,围绕北西向断裂构造带是寻找金铅矿化最直接的标志。通过在二段井以Au、Pb为主的1∶5万水系沉积物异常靶区及外围实施1∶1万土壤测量、槽探、钻探工程,圈定出破碎蚀变带6条、12条铅多金属矿化体。通过1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学测量-1∶1万土壤地球化学测量-地质及工程验证的综合找矿方法,不断缩小找矿靶区,取得了较好的找矿效果。本区具有优越的成矿地质条件,化探异常发育,且已发现了较好的铅多金属矿找矿信息,充分展示出本区具较大的找矿潜力,通过进一步工作,有望取得较好的找矿成果。     

青海立新地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

根据1∶5万水系沉积物测量分析结果,研究了青海立新地区水系沉积物地球化学特征。通过对元素的含量、元素的相关性、元素异常组合等特征的研究,结果显示地球化学水系沉积物测量在圈定找矿远景区上有较好的找矿效果,在此基础上结合区内地质成矿构造条件,优选了拉忍科钨铋多金属矿、多香琼陇铅铋多金属矿和巴陇斜尼金多金属矿3处找矿靶区。     

普迟亚地区水系沉积物测量地球化学特征及找矿方向

在1∶5万水系沉积物测量的基础上,对西藏谢通门普迟亚地区的地球化学特征进行了初步分析.对元素分布特征、单元素异常特征、元素相关性分析、异常元素组合特征进行了研究.研究发现Pb、Zn 、Cu为区内具一定潜力的找矿指标.推断区内可能的成矿类型为火山岩型铅锌多金属矿和与酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩型铜多金属矿,优选了展咱木部铅锌找矿远景区和色药铜(钼)找矿远景区.     

土壤地球化学测量在新疆西准吉尔吾沙克金矿勘查工作中的应用

新疆在1∶20万比例尺的区域化探扫面中发现大量Au异常,据此找到多处大中型金矿床。为了对托里县幅1∶20万水系沉积物测量所圈定的"39乙"号异常区进行检查,开展了1∶1万土壤地球化学测量。通过合理确定研究区土壤中Au元素背景值与异常下限,直接用异常下限值圈定异常,利用岩石地球化学剖面测量进一步验证土壤异常。最终确定了土壤地球化学测量在该区找矿工作中的适用性和可靠性,圈定了2个Au异常带(4个异常区),并划定I号异常带为研究区首要找矿靶区。     

西藏谢通门县央弄地区铜找矿前景

本文在区域地质、水系沉积物测量、土壤测量和高精度磁测等方面对央弄地区的铜找矿前景进行了初步分析。利用1∶5万水系沉积物测量编制异常图,发现区内Mo、W、Sb、Cu、Au、Hg、Bi、Sn、Ag、Pb、Ba、As等元素有不同规模的明显异常,且Mo、W、Sb、Cu异常规模较大;通过土壤剖面可以看出Cu异常更显著。通过高精度磁测结果显示,化探异常位于磁异常附近;且已知铜矿化点位于磁异常附近。通过土壤测量数据研究元素间组合关系,推断区内可能的矿床类型为侵入岩型铜多金属矿,并对区内已发现的铜矿化点着重介绍。研究表明区内寻找侵入岩型铜多金属矿有较好的找矿前景。     

综合化探方法在青海夏日哈木超大型铜镍矿床中的找矿应用

夏日哈木矿床是青海省近几年在东昆仑地区发现的首例岩浆熔离型铜镍硫化物矿床,矿床规模达超大型,在其发现及评价过程中,化探综合找矿方法起到了最为主要的作用。在系统评价1∶20万水系沉积物异常→1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学特征→1∶1万土壤异常特征→地质及工程验证的方法组合及应用效果基础上,研究发现:1∶20万水系沉积物测量可大致圈定找矿靶区,但相应地质工作未发现与铜镍矿有关的基性—超基性岩体,引起异常的原因尚不能定性;1∶5万水系沉积物测量进一步分解了1∶20万水系沉积物异常,相应地质工作发现了与铜镍矿有关的基性—超基性岩体,但其含矿性需进一步确认;1∶1万土壤测量进一步缩小了找矿靶区,配套完成的1∶1万地质草测工作,基本查明了引起异常的原因,并详细圈定了含矿基性—超基性杂岩体,为进一步工程验证并发现矿(化)体提供了直接依据。通过研究确认其方法组合是达到最经济成本、最快发现矿体的有效方法组合,可为成矿带相似类型矿床的评价起示范作用。     

老挝普老地区多金属矿地球化学异常特征及找矿前景

普老地区Pb、Zn、Sn多金属异常区位于老挝北部长山成矿带,1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学测量发现了以Pb、Sn为主,伴生Zn、Ag、W、Sb、Bi、As、Hg、Cu、Au等元素异常。1∶1万土壤地球化学测量圈定了3个综合异常带,Pb、Zn、Sn等元素具有异常强度高、规模大、浓集中心明显的特点,经异常检查发现铅锌、锡多金属矿化点13处。研究和分析异常区元素的地球化学分布和异常特征,认为该区多金属异常为矿致异常,具有寻找热液型铅锌、锡及多金属矿的潜力。     

西藏雄梅地区1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿远景

依据1:5万水系沉积物测量资料,对雄梅地区水系沉积物地球化学特征进行了初步分析。通过对元素分布、元素相关性、单元素异常、组合异常等特征的研究表明,该区Pb、Zn、Au、W、Sn、Bi等元素具有一定的成矿潜力,结合野外异常查证工作,推断大多数异常受岩浆岩和构造作用控制,区内与酸性岩体有关且强度较高、元素组合较好的异常区有利于成矿。依据水系沉积物综合异常的圈定,结合区内成矿地质构造背景,进一步优选出赤打日钨锡多金属矿、查江铅锌多金属矿2个远景区,并在后续的野外工作中得到了相应的验证。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.