贵州半边街锗锌矿床锗的富集特征及其地质意义

锗(Ge)属于战略性关键矿产资源,是众多高新技术领域的重要原材料。Ge主要以共/伴生形式产出于Zn、Pb和Cu等热液贱金属矿床和煤矿床中,目前全球Ge资源主要来源于铅锌矿的副产品。近期取得较大找矿突破的半边街锌矿床(7.70Mt矿石,Zn平均品位5.1%)伴生有超大型规模的金属Ge(>900t@110×10^-6),然而Ge超常富集的机制不清。本次研究利用LA-ICPMS对闪锌矿进行了微区原位微量元素组成和Mapping分析,以揭示Ge等元素的富集特征、赋存状态和替代方式,探讨Ge的富集机制。分析结果表明,半边街矿床闪锌矿中高含量(平均值>100×10^-6)微量元素有Fe、Pb、Ge和Cd等,较高含量(平均值100×10^-6～10×10^-6)的有Mn、Ga、Sn和Tl,以及较低含量(平均值<10×10^-6)的有Ag、Cu、In和Sb。相比于各类型铅锌矿床,半边街闪锌矿Ge超常富集(274×10^-6～1938×10^-6,...     

西藏白朗县农田系统硒含量特征及影响因素

富硒土地开发在全国各地区普遍开展并取得显著成果,然而西藏地区目前尚无报道有关富硒的土地或作物。本文以西藏白朗县重点耕地区为研究对象,讨论土壤、作物中的硒含量特征及影响因素,支撑服务西藏高原地区的富硒土地开发及利用。结果表明,研究区土壤Se含量范围为(0.05～0.76)×10^-6,高于西藏土壤背景值0.15×10^-6;研究区76.83%土地面积为足硒,根据碱性土壤Se标准阈值(w(Se)≥0.3×10^-6)划定,Se含量高于0.3×10^-6的土地面积45.43 km²。进一步研究显示,富硒土壤分布区域青稞籽粒中Se含量范围为(0.017～0.17)×10^-6,平均含量为0.063×10^-6,油菜籽籽粒中Se含量范围为(0.043～0.14)×10^-6,平均含量为0.078×10^-6。富硒土壤区域根系土结果表明,涅如组地层控制着土壤中Se的来源,土壤Se和有效Se含量与N、P、碱解氮、速效磷等...     

滇西放羊山Cu-Zn-Pb矿床成矿流体来源和成因

放羊山Cu-Zn-Pb矿床位于我国滇西保山地块镇康芦子园矿集区内,是区内近期发现的首个富铜的铅锌矿床。据野外地质调查和镜下鉴定,认为该矿床至少存在2期热液（热液期、叠加期）成矿。C、H、O稳定同位素组成特征研究表明,2期成矿流体均以岩浆热液来源为主,伴有大气降水的混入和水-岩反应等地质作用的参与。热液期、叠加期硫化物微量元素特征均反映矿床成因为岩浆热液型。其中,闪锌矿的w（Cd）为555.66×10^-6～900.04×10^-6,w（Ga）为0.81×10^-6～1.88×10^-6,反映高温闪锌矿的特征;黄铁矿Co/Ni值介于1.18～13.90之间,显示中温岩浆热液型黄铁矿的特征。叠加期方铅矿的ln[w（Bi）/10^-6]和黄铜矿的Zn/Cu值均分别高于热液期方铅矿和黄铜矿,暗示叠加期热液温度略高于热液期。对比研究区域内矿床认为,放羊山矿床为与隐伏中酸性岩体相关的、受2期同源岩浆热液流体叠加富集成矿的产物。     

小红石砬子铅锌(银)矿床成因：来自S-Pb同位素和元素特征的证据

小红石砬子铅锌(银)矿床是吉中-延边铜镍多金属成矿带中具有代表性的中型矿床,前人关于该矿床类型划分的观点有火山成因块状硫化物型(Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide, VMS)、中-低温热液脉型、喷流沉积-热液叠加改造型,这三种观点的争论严重制约了对该矿区及区域成矿和找矿的认识。本文选取该矿床中金属硫化物开展原位微量和S-Pb同位素分析,赋矿围岩开展全岩S同位素分析。闪锌矿Fe-Zn含量(4.48%～10.33%、53.67%～62.12%)与中温热液矿床一致(3.00%～10.00%、50.00%～60.00%,成矿温度约200℃),Zn/Cd比值(53.68～76.75)同样指示中低温成矿作用(高温：Zn/Cd>500;低温：Zn/Cd<250),Ga/Ge比值在lg(Ga/Ge)-T图解中,对应温度约为100～180℃,上述温度范围与前人测定的流体包裹体均一温度基本吻合(90～250℃)。闪锌矿Zn/Cd的比值(53.68～76.75)与Cd含量(7577×10^-6～11266×10^-6)特征与密西西比河...     

云南省富乐铅锌矿床闪锌矿中微量元素地球化学特征——兼论深色闪锌矿富集Cd的原因

富乐铅锌矿床位于川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿域东南部,其闪锌矿中Cd含量居全国前列。单矿物常量分析表明闪锌矿内w(Fe)低,平均0.23%。微量分析和电子探针微区分析显示,微量元素w(B)主要为Cd 16 183×10-6,Cu 1 514×10-6;Ni 414×10-6;As215×10-6;Se 163×10-6;Ge 135×10-6;Ga 86×10-6;Sb 35×10-6;Ag 16×10-6,其次为Cr,Co,Mn,Ba,Ti,Sr,Mo等,其含量一般1×10-6～10×10-6。Cd与Cu,Ag,Sb,As,Ni等呈正相关。闪锌矿的颜色由这些微量元素共同引起,Ni使闪锌矿呈紫色,Cu使闪锌矿呈红色,Ga使闪锌矿呈黄色。Cd不影响闪锌矿颜色,Cd之所以在深色闪锌矿中相对富集,是因为Cd与引起闪锌矿颜色改变的这些微量元素含量正相关,它们同步进入闪锌矿的晶格。Fe因为含量过低,对闪锌矿颜色影响不明显。     

安徽庐枞盆地西湾铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素特征及其地质意义

庐枞火山岩盆地是长江中下游成矿带的重要组成部分，近年来在其北缘东马鞍山组中发现了大型西湾铅锌矿床。前人研究显示该矿床闪锌矿中富集一定的稀散元素，但对其含量及分布特征研究不够深入，且缺乏对稀散元素的综合评价。文章采用LA-ICP-MS分析手段研究了西湾铅锌矿床中Ⅳ、Ⅴ号矿体闪锌矿中微量元素特征，并探讨了其地质意义。结果表明：(1)闪锌矿中较为富集Fe、Mn、Cd、Pb元素，贫In、Tl、Se、Te、Sn元素，其中Cd稀散元素具有一定的综合利用价值；(2)闪锌矿中微量元素替代机制主要有单元素和多元素耦合，其中单元素替代机制主要有Fe²⁺替代Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺替代Zn²⁺等，而多元素耦合替代机制主要有(Cu⁺+Ge³⁺)替代2Zn²⁺、(2Cu⁺+Ge⁴⁺)替代3Zn²⁺等；(3)闪锌矿中Fe、Mn、Cd、In等微量元素(稀散元素)组成特征，显示西湾铅锌矿床的成矿温度为中低温...     

贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床发现锗超常富集

正1研究目的(Objective)锗(Ge)是一种典型的稀散元素,其地壳丰度为1.5×10~(-6),主要富集在煤和铅锌矿床中。统计结果显示,闪锌矿是铅锌矿床中Ge的主要载体矿物,但不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量存在差异。除热液脉型和浅成热液型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量较高(可达2500×10~(-6))外,其他主要类型(如喷流沉积型,SEDEX;火山块状硫化物型,VMS;密西西比河谷型,MVT,等)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的平均含量通常300×10~(-6)。本次发现贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的显著超常富集现象,现报道如下。     

贵州晴隆丁头山铅锌矿床硒超常富集新发现及其地质意义

位于扬子板块西南缘的川滇黔接壤区,处于全球特提斯成矿域和环太平洋成矿域交汇部位、峨眉山大火成岩省内,成矿背景极其特殊,形成了独具特色的优势紧缺矿产(铅锌)、战略性关键矿产(稀散元素)为代表的大型-超大型矿床及相关的成矿系统。黔西北地区是川滇黔富稀散元素铅锌特色成矿系统的重要组成部分之一,近年来找矿不断取得重要突破。位于黔西北成矿区南部的丁头山铅锌矿床,是近期找矿突破的一个代表。通过对丁头山矿床闪锌矿LA-ICPMS原位微量元素分析,发现了该矿床Se显著超常富集现象,所测试的90个测点中w(Se)介于19.7×10-6～172×10-6,平均含量81.0×10-6,显著高于Se的地壳丰度(0.05×10-6)和整个扬子板块周缘同类型矿床硫化物的w(Se)(通常50×10-6),暗示其成矿环境极为特殊,很可能与研究区成矿背景有关。通过相关分析,发现丁头山矿床闪锌矿中Se并非直接替代Zn,而是很可能与Cd、In和Fe一起联合置换Zn,即Fe+Cd+Se+In?4Zn,是一种新的替代方式。丁头山矿床Se超常富集新发现,对理解稀散元素共生分异与超常富集成矿作用具有重要意义,同时表明丁头山矿区及外围具有良好的Se资源潜力,应加强系统勘查和深入研究工作。     

滇中中—上二叠统峨眉山组关键金属勘查新线索及地质意义

通过1∶5万区域地质调查及典型剖面研究,在滇中禄劝地区二叠系峨眉山组顶部识别出一套厚约20～50 m不等的Nb、Co、Ga、Zr及REE超常富集层。富集层主要岩性为灰紫色泥岩、凝灰质泥岩、凝灰岩,局部夹杏仁状玄武岩。通过对禄劝万鲁布、撒角海一带的富集层刻槽分析显示,Nb₂O₅含量在82.4×10^-6～120.1×10^-6,平均值为100.3×10^-6,大于风化壳型矿床一般工业指标80×10^-6;Ga含量28.8×10^-6～35.6×10^-6,平均值为32.1×10^-6,高于现行的Ga矿资源工业指标要求30×10^-6;REE含量在360×10^-6～510×10^-6,平均值为440.6×10^-6,接近风化壳型矿床一般工业指标500×10^-6;并呈现出泥岩→凝灰质泥岩→凝灰岩关键金属含量依...     

青海省富硒土壤标准探讨

基于青海省开展的土地质量地球化学调查数据,通过分析土壤pH范围和Se含量特征,掌握青海省土壤酸碱性和土壤Se背景值,建立小麦、油菜籽、豌豆、大蒜、牧草等作物与根系土Se的富集模型,结合人群Se摄入推荐量和青海省富硒农畜产品Se含量标准值,推算青海省富Se土壤推荐值。建议青海省碱性土壤以0.23×10^-6作为富硒土壤下限值,中酸性土壤以0.25×10^-6作为富硒土壤下限值。本次研究对青海省富硒土壤地方标准的制定及指导富硒产业发展具有重要意义。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.