水力压裂对地下水影响的深部脆弱性评价

为评价区块尺度页岩气开采过程中深部污染物对上部含水层的污染风险,基于“源-途径-驱动力-受体”概念模型,采用层次分析法构建了页岩气开采对地下水影响的深部脆弱性评价指标体系.利用该体系对贵州省某页岩气开采区块进行了评价,结果表明:评价区地下水深部脆弱性以低和较低为主,两者面积占研究区总面积的69.15%,主要分布于研究区西北部、中部及东南部,中间层厚度是影响评价结果的主要指标.该评价体系能够评估页岩气开采区地下水深部脆弱性,丰富了现有地下水脆弱性评价体系,可为区块内页岩气井的布设选址及地下水环境保护提供技术支撑.      

浅析某油田地下水石油类污染途径

研究区处于东北某油田区,该油田已有近50年的开发历史。随着对石油需求的不断增加,大量的石油被开采了出来。但是在开采过程中由于对落地原油及开采过程中油田废水的处置不当,致使地下水遭受了污染。因此保护地下水免受进一步污染对当地居民的身体健康和人身安全都是非常必要的。笔者基于研究区水样测试的结果石油类污染物浓度等值线图,发现地下水中石油类污染小范围内呈面状分布外,主要呈点状分布于研究区。通过结合对研究区地质环境、构造背景、地表水流和污染源的大量调查研究,分析得出石油类污染物主要是通过由过量开采地下水引起的地裂缝和新构造断裂引发的地裂缝以及事故性污染到达地下水的。研究区的ZK6号井附近由于长期的超量开采地下水从而改变了地下水流向,在地表则形成了地面沉降并引发了此处的地裂缝,致使此地下水油类的污染非常严重。另外,新构造断裂在北西向、北北东向及东西向3组壳断裂带的基础上继承性运动,致使下伏含油层油气沿裂缝上窜污染上覆含水层,同时在油田地表发育大量的地沟、地裂缝,地表洒落的原油及其他污染物通过这些地裂缝污染含水层。     

区域地下水系统防污性能评价方法探讨与验证——以鲁北平原为例

区域地下水系统防污性能评价,面临影响因子多又复杂、评价指标难以客观性选定和权重不易确定等难题,以至严重影响评价结果的可信性。本文以鲁北平原为例,在以往地下水脆弱性评价常用的DRASTIC模型基础上,采用创新的迭置指数方法,改进为"DRITCS法",选择地下水位埋深、包气带综合岩性、地表2 m内单层厚度大于0.5 m的粘土层厚、含水砂层厚度及其渗透系数、和地下水净补给量等因子,组成区域地下水系统防污性能评价模型。合理地确定了区域地下水系统防污性能评价中关键指标——包气带粘性土层变化影响,并在鲁北平原示范性应用和通过以面源污染为主的三氮污染现状验证的结果表明:本文提出的方法能够客观地反映流域性相变造成的地下水系统防污性能空间差异性和区位分布特征,具有较强的实用性。     

太湖流域典型平原地区浅层地下水脆弱性研究

以太湖流域典型平原地区苏州市为例,结合研究区水文地质特点,选取浅层地下水水位埋深等6项参数作为评价因子,建立基于墒权的浅层地下水脆弱性评价DRITuTmE模型。将评价模型与GIS技术相耦合,形成研究区浅层地下水脆弱性分区图,并进行研究区浅层地下水脆弱性评价。评价研究结果表明：所建立的评价模型避免了人为因素的干扰,能够真实地反映苏州市浅层地下水脆弱性程度。     

Intrinsic vulnerability assessment of Saturnia thermal aquifer by means of three parametric methods: SINTACS,GODS and COP

Three different parametric methods for the evaluation of intrinsic vulnerability to pollution have been applied in a hydrothermal carbonate aquifer located in central-northern Italy and the results obtained were compared with each other. The study area, large, approximately 152 km², lies in an area of the northern Apennines. The investigated aquifer feeds the hot thermal springs of Saturnia. The vulnerability assessment methods used are: SINTACS, GODS and COP. The vulnerability maps obtained were first individually examined, and then they were compared with each other by means of spatial analysis. These maps show similar results for the estimation of the vulnerability just in some areas. SINTACS yields areas potentially vulnerable to pollution along the Albegna River and its major tributaries in the northern part of the study area. The GODS index map reflects the great importance that this method gives to the lithological characteristics of the unsaturated zone in the subdivision of areas with different vulnerability. GODS and COP methods agree in classifying low vulnerability in the most part of central-southern study area, where the aquifer is confined by the Pliocene clay deposits. Based on the conceptual model of groundwater flow developed for the aquifer under investigation, COP seems the most appropriate method among those applied in this work, in particular with regard to the assessment of the vulnerability of the recharge area of thermal groundwater. Located in the northern part of the study area, where karst carbonate formations of the Tuscan Nappe outcrop, this recharge area is classified by the COP method as highly vulnerable to pollution.     

DRASTIC模型评价地下水系统脆弱性中的GIS应用——以河北沧州地区为例

地下水是水资源的重要组成部份,地下水污染危害人的健康,影响人们的生产和生活,查明某一地区地下水容易受污染的可能性即地下水脆弱性,能为管理决策部门提供合理开发地下水资源,防治地下水污染的科学规划和管理依据。在脆弱性评价工作中,应用GIS技术完成地下水系统脆弱性编图,并进行地下水环境保护功能分区,是查明某一示范区地下水脆弱性的可靠手段和科学依据。本文以河北省沧州地区为例,以DRASTIC模型的七项评价因子为脆弱性评价指标,利用MAPGIS为平台实现地下水脆弱性编图,方便从事地下水工作的管理人员及时掌握地下水污染动态、空间分布及演化趋势。     

Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability in El-Bahariya Oasis,Western Desert,Egypt, using modelling and GIS techniques: A case study

The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSSA) is the main groundwater resource of the El-Bahariya Oasis, which is located in the middle of the Western Desert of Egypt. This aquifer is composed mainly of continental clastic sediments of sandstone with shale and clay intercalations of saturated thickness ranging between 100 and 1500 m. Vulnerability assessment to delineate areas that are more susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic sources has become an important element for sustainable resources management and land use planning. Accordingly, this research aims to estimate the vulnerability of NSSA by applying the DRASTIC model as well as utilising sensitivity analyses to evaluate the relative importance of the model parameters for aquifer vulnerability in the study area. The main objective is to demonstrate the combined use of the DRASTIC and the GIS techniques as an effective method for groundwater pollution risk assessment, and mapping the areas that are prone to deterioration of groundwater quality and quantity. Based on DRASTIC index (DI) values, a groundwater vulnerability map was produced using the GIS. The aquifer analysis in the study area highlighted the following key points: the northeastern and western parts of the NSSA were dominated by ‘High’ vulnerability classes while the northwestern and southeastern parts were characterised by ‘Medium’ vulnerability classes. The elevated central part of the study area displayed ‘Low’ aquifer vulnerability. The vulnerability map shows a relatively greater risk imposed on the northeastern part of the NSSA due to the larger pollution potential of intensive vegetable cultivation. Depth-to-water, topography and hydraulic conductivity parameters were found to be more effective in assessing aquifer vulnerability.     

岩溶地下水脆弱性评价的城镇化因子:以水城盆地为例

岩溶地下水是贵州省六盘水市的重要供水水源,但针对该地区的岩溶地下水脆弱性评价,尤其是城镇化区域的岩溶地下水脆弱性评价尚未见报道.运用改进的径流-覆盖层-降雨（COP）模型,利用RS及GIS技术对水城盆地的土壤类型、土地利用/覆盖类型、降水量数据进行处理,研究了岩溶地下水脆弱性评价的城镇化因子.结果显示,2004~2016年间,研究区地下水固有脆弱性整体呈现出由中脆弱性向低脆弱性转变的趋势,脆弱性降低的区域与城镇化过程中增加的不透水地面区域相一致;表明不透水地面有效地阻碍了地表污染物进入地下,降低了地下水固有脆弱性.本结果为水城盆地岩溶水资源管理提供了重要依据.      

模糊数学在扶余油田地下水水质评价中的应用

运用模糊数学法,参考国家地下水环境质量标准,对扶余油田地下水水质现状进行了评价。结果表明该区地下水水质普遍较差,潜水全部属于Ⅴ类水,已经不适宜饮用,其中石油类、挥发酚、高锰酸盐指数等超标严重超标;大部分承压水水质也属Ⅴ类水,只有极少部分属Ⅲ类水。根据地下水水质的污染状况,并结合本区实际情况即以油田开采的工业污染为主,提...     

基于含水层非均质性随机特征的地下水脆弱性评价

由于地质条件的复杂性,人们所能获取的地质和水文地质资料是有限的,这就导致对水文地质条件的认识具有不确定性,其中以含水层非均质特征最为显著,这对地下水脆弱性评价显然会产生显著的影响。考虑含水层的非均质特性,提出具有非平稳随机场空间相关性的地下水脆弱性评价方法。以南京市江宁区中部地区为例,用改进的连续随机增加方法(Successive Random Additional method,简称SRA)生成了渗透系数对数(lnK),具有分维Levy运动统计特征的随机场,模拟含水层渗透系数可能的非均质空间分布,采用DRASTIC方法进行地下水脆弱性评价。结果表明由此方法生成的渗透系数场变化的程度相对传统的普通克里金方法更加剧烈,更加符合复杂分布的非平稳随机场特征,在此基础上建立的地下水脆弱性评价更加符合客观事实,丰富和发展利用随机理论解决地下水环境问题的理论和方法。     

油田区地下水系统特殊防污性能评价

针对中国典型油田区的水文地质条件、主要石油类污染物性质,对地下水防污性能评价模型DRASTIC进行了改进,建立了油田区地下水系统特殊防污性能评价模型——DORKI。在该模型中选取DRASTIC模型中的地下水埋深、净补给量、包气带介质3个评价因子,增加了土壤有机质含量和有机碳-水分配系数Koc2个评价因子。根据相关资料确定了新增评价因子的评分并通过层次分析法中的九标度法确定了5个评价因子的权重。最后结合某油田区的情况,对DORKI进行实例应用和分析,结果表明,DORKI模型能够较为准确地用于原油组分对油田区地下水的污染风险评价。     

饮用水源地地下水氨氮特殊脆弱性研究

特殊脆弱性分析评价是实现定量研究地下水受某种特定污染物威胁的有效手段。文章以佳木斯市七水源地为研究对象,在分析区域水文地质条件的基础上,选取地下水防污性能评价模型（DRASTIC）用于研究区固有脆弱性的评价,侧重分析区内土地利用类型、稳定开采条件下的地下水水位降深等人为因素,以及典型污染物氨氮在特定介质中的通量这一特殊人类活动因素,构建了水源地特殊脆弱性评价模型。以研究区内28组浅层地下水样品中氨氮浓度和对应采样点特殊脆弱性指数之间的相关性来评估模型的可靠性,计算结果显示二者相关系数为0.67,具有较好的相关性,说明该评价系统可靠。特殊脆弱性计算结果显示研究区内以中等以下脆弱性为主,其中水源开采区和西南丘陵区特殊脆弱性较高,计算结果有助于实现水源地的科学管理。     

青木关岩溶槽谷地下水水源地固有脆弱性评价

岩溶地下水脆弱性评价是基于保护岩溶含水层从而有效地管理和利用地下水提出的有效方法和手段。我国西南岩溶区大多数地区缺少应有的地下水保护带,地下水比较容易受到污染。通过采用改进的斯洛文尼亚模式,考虑四个因子:覆盖层(O)、径流特征(C)、降雨条件(P)、岩溶发育程度(K),对重庆市青木关岩溶槽谷地下水水源地的固有脆弱性进行了定量评价。结果表明:流域范围内12.6%为高脆弱性地区;43%为中等脆弱性;44.4%为低脆弱性区域。消水洞及周边100m和消水河及其两边10m,以及岩溶管道发育地区为高脆弱性区。大部分岩溶区为中等脆弱性区。砂岩地区为低脆弱性地区。评价结果与实际吻合。该评价结果为各级决策部门合理规划利用和保护地下水资源提供简单明了的科学依据。该方法对于川东岩溶槽谷地区脆弱性评价有推广价值。      

利用神经网络方法确定薄差层剩余油的分布

根据密闭取芯检查并资料和地质分析方法，通过人工神经网络（ANN）模式预测，即利用ANN方法可以确定薄差储层可动剩余油，首先输入形成剩余油的主要参数，然后通过网络的不断学习，最后输出判别精度较高的含油饱和度，含水率或水淹级别等参数，该方法的技术关键是输入参数类型的确定，它涉及剩余油的形成机制和分布规律等问题，在深入探讨高含水油田开发后期剩余油成因类型的同时，还在诸多的剩余油影响因素中，确定了利用神经网络判别单井，单层剩余油的参数，即井点砂体类型，井点所处位置，注水井砂体类型，注水井距和注水时间，将研究方法应用在大庆长垣萨尔图油田北二区东部三次加试验区，预测薄差层的水淹分布状况，对解决三次加密调整井区存在的问题很有成效，同时指出了该识别方法产生影响的因素。     

基于计点系统模型的地下水水量脆弱性评价

根据德阳市城市规划区的实际情况,选择含水层厚度、富水性、给水度、降水入渗系数、地下水资源可开采模数等能充分反应研究区地下水系统特征的5个指标,建立地下水水量脆弱性评价指标体系,利用专家评分法获取评价指标权重体系,并用计点系统模型及GIS技术进行研究区地下水水量脆弱性综合性评价。结果显示,地下水水量脆弱性较高和高的分布面积约占全区面积的29.7%,地下水水量保护管理形势较为严峻;发现地下水水量脆弱性在地下水补给区相对较低、在排泄区相对较高。     

下辽河平原地下水脆弱性研究

在参照DRASTIC方法的基础上,根据下辽河平原的具体状况,选择地下水埋深等11个参数作为该地区地下水脆弱性评价因子。评价因子的评分体系依据典型地区及相应标准确立,权重体系由层次分析法和决策分析法得到。在此基础上,利用模糊模式识别技术对下辽河平原地区的地下水脆弱性进行评价,评价结果与该地区地下水污染情况的拟合度较好。     

Sensitivity analysis for the GALDIT method based on the assessment of vulnerability to pollution in the northern Sfax coastal aquifer,Tunisia

Coastal aquifer of northern Sfax (Tunisia) suffers from the high risk to seawater intrusion and the water quality degradation due to the overexploitation. Hence, assessing the study area vulnerability to pollution is highly crucial so as to protect the groundwater resources. The assessment has been performed by applying the GALDIT method using Geographic Information System (GIS) software and multi-criteria evaluation techniques, and the sensitivity analysis approach to evaluate the effect of each GALDIT parameter on the vulnerability assessment. The GALDIT vulnerability map classifies the study area into three vulnerability classes: low vulnerability (30–50), moderate vulnerability (50–70), and high vulnerability (70–90), which represent 5, 30, and 65 % of the study area, respectively. The map illustrates that the coastal zones of the aquifer are the most threatened areas. The sensitivity analysis results show that the aquifer hydraulic conductivity (A) and the thickness of the aquifer (T) represent the determining factors in the modified vulnerability model. The real weight was used to elaborate the modified GALDIT model which was correlated with resistivity values for validation. This study could serve as a scientific basis for sustainable land planning and groundwater management in the study area.     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的盘锦地区地面沉降监测

近几年,盘锦地区的地面沉降问题开始受到人们的关注。为了掌握盘锦地区地面沉降现状,包括沉降中心位置、沉降区面积、沉降量、沉降速率等,选取2013-2016年覆盖研究区的19景C波段Radarsat-2 SAR数据,采用SBAS-InSAR技术提取了盘锦地区地面沉降速率和累积沉降量。结果表明,研究区内存在两个沉降区:曙四联沉降区,面积约为43.6 km2,最大沉降速率为-151.49 mm·a-1;龙王村沉降区,面积约为33.28 km2,最大沉降速率为-119.55 mm·a-1。通过地表形变量时序分析,发现两个沉降区的范围随着时间不断扩大,累积沉降量不断增大。与水准监测数据进行对比后发现,两种监测方法得到的沉降区范围和沉降量大体一致,但两者间仍有差别。对研究区内油田井场分布和地下水水位降落漏斗特征与沉降区分布进行了对比分析,研究表明地面沉降与地下水开采、油气资源开采、新构造运动等多种因素具有密切关系。研究结果将为地质环境的管理、地面沉降灾害的防治及资源开发利用规划提供基础依据。     

Groundwater occurrence and aquifer vulnerability assessment of Magodo Area,Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria

A combination of vertical electrical soundings (VES), 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) surveys and borehole logs were conducted at Magodo, Government Reserve Area (GRA) Phase 1, Isheri, Southwestern Nigeria, with the aim of delineating the different aquifers present and assessing the groundwater safety in the area. The Schlumberger electrode array was adopted for the VES and dipole-dipole array was used for the 2D imaging. The maximum current electrode spread (AB) was 800 m and the 2D traverse range between 280 and 350 m in the east-west direction. The thickness of impermeable layer overlying the confined aquifer was used for the vulnerability ratings of the study area. Five lithological units were delineated: the topsoil, clayey sand, unconsolidated sand which is the first aquifer, a clay stratum and the sand layer that constitutes the confined aquifer horizon. The topsoil thickness varies from 0.6 to 2.6 m, while its resistivity values vary between 55.4 and 510.6 Ω/m. The clayey sand layers have resistivity values ranging from 104.2 to 143.9 Ω/m with thickness varying between 0.6 and 14.7 m. The resistivity values of the upper sandy layer range from 120.7 to 2195.2 Ω/m and thickness varies from 3.3 to 94.0 m. The resistivity of the clay layer varies from 11.3 to 96.1 Ω/m and the thickness ranges from 29.6 to 76.1 m. The resistivity value of the confined aquifer ranges between 223 and 1197.4 Ω/m. The longitudinal conductance (0.0017–0.02 mhos) assessment of the topsoil shows that the topsoil within the study area has poor overburden protective capacity, and the compacted impermeable clay layer shows that the underlying confined aquifer is well protected from contamination and can be utilized as a source of portable groundwater in the study area. This study therefore enabled the delineation of shallow aquifers, the variation of their thicknesses and presented a basis for safety assessment of groundwater potential zones in the study area.     

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability using a specific vulnerability method: Case of Maritime Djeffara shallow aquifer (Southeastern Tunisia)

Groundwater resources are vulnerable to contamination especially in shallow aquifers. The aquifer hydrogeological parameters and the Land Uses category combinations lead to subdivide areas according to their contamination likelihood. In arid and semi-arid regions, shallow aquifers are more exposed to groundwater contamination due to high population densities (extensive uses) and agricultural activities (nitrate contamination). Moreover, these regions are characterized by low rainfall and high evaporation. Furthermore, the spread of farmland, industrial and domestic sectors, is the principal contaminant producer which threats the groundwater quality. To protect these limited resources, the groundwater vulnerability assessment was developed in Maritime Djeffara shallow aquifer (Southeastern Tunisia). The study area is essentially occupied by agricultural areas (intensive use of chemical fertilizers) in addition to the discharge of industrial zones. The main objective of this study is to assess the aquifer vulnerability using the Susceptibility Index (SI) method as a specific vulnerability model. The results show that the study area is classified into five classes of vulnerability: very low, low, medium, high, and very high (1.54, 20, 41.54, 35.9, and 1.02%, respectively) with an uneven spatial distribution. The risk results exhibit three degrees: low, moderate, and high. The validation of the vulnerability model was performed by using salinity values and nitrate concentrations with a correlation coefficient of about 57 and 55%, respectively. This study could serve as a scientific basis for sustainable land use planning and groundwater management in the study area.