活断层的分段模型

活断层分段模型的建立是活动构造研究领域一个重要的新进展，它对了解断层的习性，认识破裂的起始与终止过程具有重要意义。它促进了地震危险性预测定量新方法的发展。段指的是断层彼此独立破裂延展的部分，它是断层上独立的破裂单元，它控制了破裂的位置与延展。分段主要指的是破裂分段。本文综述了有关段的含义及分段概念的发展，段的稳定性及分段标志以及分段与地震危险性评估有关的问题。     

基于构造活动历史的活断层工程避让研究

活断层工程避让在本质上属于工程抗断问题,其目的是减少活断层未来发生地表破裂时对建筑物的破坏.不是所有活断层都能产生地表破裂,只有地震活断层才是工程避让的对象.各种研究方法确定的活断层工程避让安全距离,是否适用于某一具体的活断层,尚需对活断层本身开展相关研究.本文基于活断层研究的基本方法,分别以贺兰山东麓断裂和银川隐伏断裂为例,通过对活断层构造活动历史的分析,以活断层的过去预测未来,为裸露和隐伏活断层的工程避让提供依据.对裸露活断层而言,采用地震地质填图、槽探、断层陡坎地貌调查的方法,鉴定其是否为地震活断层,古地震和断层陡坎地貌的原地复发特征是确定工程避让位置的依据,探槽剖面断层带宽度及断层陡坎宽度可作为避让距离的参考.对隐伏活动断裂而言,首先应通过多种手段进行断层定位,槽探和钻探是鉴定地震活断层并进行构造活动历史分析的基础.古地震事件的原地复发、以及钻探剖面不同深度不同沉积时期的地层界线的断距变化是分析未来地表破裂位置的主要依据,已有断层面在地表延伸的位置是下次地震地表破裂发生的位置,是工程避让的参照.通过分析,认为前人统计的15m避让距离适用于贺兰山东麓断裂和银川隐伏断裂,银川隐伏断裂考虑最大定位误差后的避让距离为40m.     

北美西部盆地山脉省历史地表破裂作用一断层分段的意义

前言 单次历史地震很难使整个断层带发生破裂．因此，地震灾害分析要求估计特定断层带在未来地震时的破裂规模，以说明地震的大小现已研究出了数个估计未来地震破裂长度的方法，包括半长度，部分断层长度和断层分段等方法．其中断层分段方法最为诱人，     

郯庐断裂带中段第四纪活动及其分段特征

郯庐断裂带是中国东部一条岩石圈尺度的构造不连续带。位于江苏和山东培内的郯庐断裂带中段，在新构造运动时期强烈右旋走滑复活，形成地貌形迹显著的走滑活动断裂带。笔者在断层活动形迹的野外调查和观测的基础上，结合TM遥感影像特征解译和地震震源机制解资料，分析了郯庐断裂中段第四纪活动的分段行为特征。位于嘉山－潍坊之间的郯庐断裂带中段可以进一步划分为3段，北段安丘－茅埠亚段，中段汪湖－宿迁亚段，南段宿迁－嘉山亚段，这三段可能分别是独立的地震破裂段。观测表明，新构造变形主要集中在宿迁以北的中、北段，是历史强震的发生段，而南段变形相对较弱，嘉山以南安徽境内郯庐断裂新构造变形更弱。郯庐断裂带新构造走滑变形的走向分段行为是华北地区不同块体新构造运动位移调节的结果。     

海原活动断裂带破裂行为特征研究

通过对海原断裂带18个探槽资料的研究，分析得出海原断裂带是10ka以来共发生10次古地震事件，这些古地震事件具有分级破裂的特征，第一次和最后一次是沿全断裂的破裂事件，其他都是沿次级段落的破裂事件。在时间上，古地震事件的分布是不均匀的，具有丛集的特征；在空间上，具有西段或中东段（中段）来回迁移的特征。沿全断裂的破裂事件震级约8．5级左右，沿次级断裂的破裂事件震级约7．5级左右。     

犹他州瓦萨奇断层带的分段性和全新世地震历史

前言 在伸展构造区确定与地表破裂事件相关的地震过程和时间的几个关键问题是：(1)辨别大于50公里长的断层；(2)确定特征地震的发生及其实质；(3)确定强震复发间隔及其变化，这些地震可能使该区成为一片废墟．通过古地震调查，包括横跨犹他州瓦萨奇断层带的详细地质填图和探槽工作，我们对这些问题获得了进一步的认识．     

第四纪断层上断裂活动的群集及迁移现象

对许多第四纪断层上形成地表破裂的巨大滑动事件及错动位移状况的具体研究表明,在不同时间段它们的数量和强度是变化的,不均匀的。这种断层活动的不均匀性主要表现在两个方面:一是滑动事件的发生往往集中于一定的地段和一定的时间段,并与相对平静的阶段相交替,即所谓断裂活动的群集性;另一方面的表现是集中发生滑动事件段落(或区域)在空间上的迁移变化。这是中国大陆内部第四纪断层活动所表现出的主要特征之一。这方面的实例可见于许多活断层上。如沿郯庐断层、鲜水河断层以及河西走廊断裂带、阿尔金断裂带等。深入研究第四纪断层活动的这一不均匀特性对正确评估活断层的活动程度和潜在地震危险性具有实际应用意义。     

东昆仑活动断裂带强震地表破裂分段特征

东昆仑活动断裂带是青藏高原内部一条长度达到1000km以上的活动断裂带。在近100年期间,沿该断裂带曾发生过4次M_S7.0以上地震。最新一次强震是2001年昆仑山口M_S8.1地震。本文综合前人资料,通过东昆仑活动断裂带的几何展布、活动速率、历史强震及古地震地表破裂带展布,讨论了该断裂带的强震破裂分段特征、强震破裂端点障碍体的稳定性,强调了从断裂带演化过程认识断裂带的几何展布与现今强震地表破裂分段的异同,并讨论了该断裂带未来的强震破裂危险地段。      

断陷盆地边界断层分段的层序地层响应特征——以南堡凹陷西南庄断层上盘陡坡带东营组为例

通过综合3D地震数据及钻井资料,以三级层序为时间单元制作了不同时期断层位移曲线和断面倾角分布图,对西南庄断层分段的断面几何学与东营组时期运动学特征进行分析。结果表明西南庄断层分段控制了其上盘褶皱几何形态。其中,向斜(半地堑)位于断层位移极大段,背斜位于断层位移极小处即断层段连接处;断层分段的几何学与运动学特征具有明显对应关系,在位移极大段,断层面较陡,而断层段连接处,断层位移较小,对应的断层倾角也较小。边界断层分段活动控制了盆地内可容纳空间、物源供应和古地貌。在断层段中央附近断层活动速率最大,物源供应速率最低,可容纳空间一直是增长的,层序内部准层序以退积和加积式叠置方式为主。而断层段连接处,断层活动速率最小,物源供应速率最高,可容纳空间以下降为主,层序内部准层序以进积式叠置方式为主。因此,沿边界断层走向断层活动性差异控制了层序内部构成样式,是控制断陷盆地陡坡带储层和烃源岩发育的主要因素。     

青藏高原东南缘活动断层相互作用、应力触发与差别响应

岩石圈、地壳由众多板块、地块及层圈组合而成,是开放性复杂巨系统,活断层在地壳中犹如神经网络也是复杂的开放体系。因此活断层之间存在复杂的相互作用,例如地震断层破裂产生应力扰动,可能触发其他断层破裂,不仅在近处,也会在远处发生。不同的活断层构造产状、活动方式及应变阶段不同,对同一次触发响应不同。触发与差别响应二者的叠加效应在地震活动性上有重要表现。表现之一是区域大震后,余震区外地震活动显著增强处发生继发性大震的概率最大,也即率先出现"远余震、诱发前震、响应震"的地方地震危险性增大,对预测未来地震位置有效。对本区1950—2013年地震统计表明,预测成功率W=1-漏报率-虚报率=80%。同时,对当前地震危险区作了预测。     

阿尔金盆地群构造类型与演化

阿尔金走滑断裂带主要由阿尔金主干断层与几条近于平行的左行走滑断层和斜交断层组成,其空间分布规律可用左行走滑简单剪切模型解释。     

Review of paleoseismological and active fault studies in Taiwan in the light of the Chichi earthquake of September 21, 1999

This paper reviews the research on active and earthquake faults in Taiwan conducted prior and after the 1999 Chichi earthquake. The Chichi earthquake plays as a turning point of the relevant studies, since the 1999 coseismic surface rupture exactly follows preexisting fault scarps, created in turn by previous seismic events along the Chelungpu Fault. This fact indicates that the precise mapping on the other active faults is fundamental to predict the location of surface rupture caused by large future earthquakes. Since 1999, many trenching studies have been carried out along the Chichi earthquake fault. A few of them demonstrates that the penultimate event is as young as probably only 200–430 years old; however, some others show a rather old age of several hundreds years or even older for the last faulting event before 1999. More trenching studies are necessary for such a long fault in order to understand the possible segmentation features and the correlation of the paleoseismic events identified along the entire fault length. In addition, we further discuss the offshore faulting associated with seismic event along the eastern coast of Taiwan, where the multiple Holocene terraces are well known.     

Co-seismic displacements, folding and shortening structures along the Chelungpu surface rupture zone occurred during the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake

A nearly 100-km-long surface rupture zone, called Chelungpu surface rupture zone, occurred mostly along the pre-existing Chelungpu fault on the northwestern side of Taiwan, accompanying the 1999 Chi-Chi Ms 7.6 earthquake. The Chelungpu surface rupture zone can be divided into four segments based on the characteristics of co-seismic displacements, geometry of the surface ruptures and geological structures. These segments generally show a right-step en echelon form and strike NE–SW to N–S, and dip to the east with angles ranging from 50 to 85°. The co-seismic flexural-slip folding structures commonly occurred in or near the surface rupture zone from a few meters to a few hundreds of meters in width, which have an orientation in fold axes parallel or oblique to the surface rupture zone. The displacements measured in the southern three segments are approximately 1.0–3.0 m horizontally and 2.0–4.0 m vertically. The largest displacements were measured in the northern segment, 11.1 m horizontally and 7.5 m vertically, respectively. The amount of co-seismic horizontal shortening caused by flexural-slip folding and reverse faulting in the surface rupture zone is generally less than 3 m. It is evident that the co-seismic displacements of the surface rupture zone are a quantitative surface indicator of the faulting process in the earthquake source fault. The relations between the geometry and geomorphology of the surface rupture zone, dips of the co-seismic faulting planes and the striations on the main fault planes generated during the co-seismic displacement, show that the Chelungpu surface rupture zone is a reverse fault zone with a large left-lateral component.     

索尔库里盆地的形成,演化及其与阿尔金断裂带的关系研究

阿尔金走滑断裂带主要由阿尔金主干断层与和条近于平行的左行走滑断层和斜交断层组成,其空间分布规律可用左行走滑简单剪切模型解释。索尔库里盆地是阿尔金断裂带中一个新生代断陷盆地,属于典型松弛分叉型走滑拉分盆地。索尔库里盆地扩张开始于上新世,至今扩张量约为４０ｋｍ,其扩张速率约为０．８ｃｍ／ａ。按相同的位移速率,本文估算了阿尔金主干断层自始新世晚期以来的走滑量,大约为３２０ｋｍ。     

LARGE-SCALE STRAIN PATTERNS,GREAT EARTHQUAKE BREAKS,AND LATE PLEISTOCENE SLIP-RATE ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT (CHINA)

LARGE-SCALE STRAIN PATTERNS,GREAT EARTHQUAKE BREAKS,AND LATE PLEISTOCENE SLIP-RATE ALONG THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT (CHINA)     

Kinematics of the Malatya–Ovacık Fault Zone

We investigate the left-lateral slip on the 240-km-long, NE–SW-trending, Malatya–Ovacık fault zone in eastern Turkey. This fault zone splays southwestward from the North Anatolian fault zone near Erzincan, then follows the WSW-trending Ovacık valley between the Munzur and Yılan mountain ranges. It bends back to a SW orientation near Arapkir, from where we trace its main strand SSW beneath the Plio-Quaternary sediment of the Malatya basin. We propose that this fault zone was active during ∼5–3 Ma, when it took up 29 km of relative motion between the Turkish and Arabian plates; it ceased to be active when the East Anatolian fault zone formed at ∼3 Ma. The geometry of the former Erzincan triple junction, which differs from the modern Karlıova triple junction, where the North and East Anatolian fault zones intersect, suggests a possible explanation for why slip on the Malatya–Ovacık fault zone was unable to continue. We interpret the SW- and SSW-trending segments of the Malatya–Ovacık fault zone as transform faults, which define an Euler pole ∼1 400 km to the southeast. Its central part along the Ovacık valley, which is ∼30° oblique to the adjoining transform faults, is interpreted as the internal fault of a stepover. The adjoining mountain ranges, which now rise up to ∼3 300 m, ∼2 000 m above the surrounding land surface, are largely the result of the surface uplift which accompanied the components of shortening and thickening of the upper crustal brittle layer that occurred around this stepover while the left-lateral faulting was active.     

Tectonic position and geological manifestations of the 2006 olyutor earthquake in Koryakia

The results of seismotectonic study of the epicentral zone of the major earthquake in northern Kamchatka oblast are presented. Primary and secondary surface seismic dislocations were revealed. The exposed seismic source as a complex system of seismic faults up to 140 km in total length was found and mapped in detail. The system consists of three en echelon arranged NE-oriented segments about 16, 45, and 75 km long. The general strike of the fault system coincides with the orientation of the ridges in the Koryak Highland. The kinematics of the longest northeastern segment is reverse faulting of the southeastern wall combined with right-lateral strike-slip faulting. The maximum vertical and horizontal separations are 3 and 1.5 m, respectively. Vibration fractures, griffons, landslides, and rockfalls were revealed and documented as secondary seismic dislocations. The indications of paleoseismic dislocations were studied and documented as well. The age of paleoseismic events was determined with radiocarbon method from soil samples. The seismic source is confined to the boundary of the North American and Bering Sea lithospheric plates and exhibits its internal structure for a long distance. Seismic events testify to recent geological activity of the zone of interaction between the lithospheric plates. The collected data provide insights into the structure of the seismic source and its tectonic setting at the active continental margin of Asia.     

Kinematics of the Malatya–Ovacik Fault Zone

Abstract

We investigate the left-lateral slip on the 240-km- long, NE-SW-trending, Malatya-Ovacik fault zone in eastern Turkey. This fault zone splays southwestward from the North Anatolian fault zone near Erzincan, then follows the WSW-trending Ovacik valley between the Munzur and Yilan mountain ranges. It bends back to a SW orientation near Arapkir, from where we trace its main strand SSW beneath the Plio-Quaternary sediment of the Malatya basin. We propose that this fault zone was active during ~5–3 Ma, when it took up 29 km of relative motion between the Turkish and Arabian plates; it ceased to be active when the East Anatolian fault zone formed at ~3 Ma. The geometry of the former Erzincan triple junction, which differs from the modem Karliova triple junction, where the North and East Anatolian fault zones intersect, suggests a possible explanation for why slip on the Malatya- Ovacik fault zone was unable to continue. We interpret the SW- and SSW-trending segments of the Malatya-Ovacik fault zone as transform faults, which define an Euler pole ~1 400 km to the southeast. Its central part along the Ovacik valley, which is ~30° oblique to the adjoining transform faults, is interpreted as the internal fault of a stepover. The adjoining mountain ranges, which now rise up to ~3 300 m, ~2 000 m above the surrounding land surface, are largely the result of the surface uplift which accompanied the components of shortening and thickening of the upper crustal brittle layer that occurred around this stepover while the left-lateral faulting was active. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

柴达木盆地西部新生代沉积特征及其对阿尔金断裂走滑活动的响应

柴达木盆地西部新生代沉积的发育受昆仑山(及青藏高原)崛起和阿尔金断裂的走滑活动控制。基于对该地新生界尤其是下油砂山组沉积环境的剖析,并与邻区的索尔库里北盆地进行对比,对阿尔金断裂的新生代的活动提出以下认识。1)古近纪为右行走滑,中新世起变为左行走滑,在盆地北缘伴随走滑发生的冲断作用,早期向北东扩展,晚期向南西扩展。2)阿尔金断裂的斜冲作用在始新世和上新世表现尤为明显,控制了下干柴沟组上段和狮子沟组异常高的沉积速率和沉积中心自西向东迁移。3)中新世是阿尔金断裂的松弛期,在次级北东向正断层的联合作用下可能在柴西形成拉分盆地,因而盆地发育特征明显不同于邻区的索尔库里北盆地。4)新近纪阿尔金断裂在左行走滑的大背景下经历了一个陆内的拉张—挤压旋回。