盆山转换与沉积地质记录——以楚雄前陆盆地分析为例

楚雄盆地位于扬子陆块的西南边缘,为一中生代周缘型前陆盆地。根据沉积相特征、层序地层结构和古地理演化的详细研究,结合古哀牢山造山带的构造演化,笔者认为楚雄盆地经历了从古生代被动大陆边缘沉积到中生代前陆盆地沉积的演化。前陆盆地演化的阶段性明显：晚三叠世卡尼期（云南驿组沉积期）和诺利早、中期（罗家大山组沉积期）为前陆复理石沉积;诺利晚期（花果山组沉积期）－古新世（赵家店组沉积期）为前陆磨拉石沉积。磨拉石     

楚雄前陆盆地的构造特征与沉积演化

对楚雄前陆盆地西部及相邻构造格架进行了分析 ,认为原形盆地的西南部及相邻造山带受到了新生代红河断裂的强烈改造 ,而盆地西北部的盆 -山体系保留了盆地演化时期的基本格架。利用当代前陆盆地演化模式理论 ,对原形盆地的沉积特征及其与西部推覆构造的耦合关系进行了综合分析 ,认为扬子西部被动陆缘向楚雄前陆盆地转化的时期发生在晚三叠世卡尼早期 ,前陆盆地经历了 3个发展阶段 :卡尼期深水复理石沉积、诺利期浅水复理石沉积和瑞替期磨拉石沉积 ,并提出了相应的沉积 -构造演化模式。     

楚雄中生代前陆盆地的构造沉降史研究

云南楚雄盆地位于场子陆块的西南边缘,为一典型的中生代周缘前陆盆地,盆地演化阶段明显,晚三叠世为前陆早期复理石沉积,侏罗纪则为前陆晚期磨拉石沉积。对盆地构造沉降史研究后笔者认为：①晚三叠世复理石沉积盆地构造沉降幅度巨大,沉降与沉积中心位于盆地最西部,紧邻古哀牢山造山带,沉积体呈形楔形展布;③侏罗纪磨拉石沉积盆地构造沉降和沉积中心以及前缘隆起向内陆方向迁移明显;③中生代构造快速沉降的沉积体的楔形展布表     

楚雄盆地下侏罗统磨拉石楔沉积与含油性研究

楚雄盆地为一中生代周缘型走滑前陆盆地，通过对下侏罗统冯家河组沉积特征的详细研究与对比，作者认为早侏罗世是楚雄前陆盆地强烈坳陷与沉降的主要发展时期从早期到晚期经历了一个变深又变浅的典型前陆盆地充填过程。在前陆冲断块体的不断逆冲和加载条件下，楚雄盆地西部早侏罗世沉积物的来源主要为哀牢山造山带隆起，其沉积环境以滨，浅湖或湖泊三角洲为主。     

楚雄前陆盆地的充填层序与造山作用

楚雄盆地是一中生代前陆盆地，发展过程有两个阶段：晚三叠世卡尼期至诺利期为前陆复理石充填期；诺利晚期至瑞替期为前陆磨拉石充填期。相应的形成两个二级层序和四个三级层序。层序的构型显然与造山过程耦合。哀牢山前缘逆冲带推进的速度控制着楚雄盆地基底挠曲幅度，因而决定了盆地的沉降率；逆冲带隆升幅度则决定了陆源区的物源供给量。由于可容空间和物源供给率是控制盆地层序地层格架的两个基本因素，因此前陆逆冲载荷的迁移就是控制层序地层的关键。作者以盆地中的充填层序反馈哀牢山造山作用的特点和过程：早、中期，盆地中以向上变深的二级沉积层序代表了哀牢山道冲的初始价段，逆冲载荷达到盆地拉张变薄的基底上，前陆挠曲幅度大，造山带抬升的相对高度较低。晚期，盆地中以向上变浅的二级沉积层序代表了逆冲载有推进到克拉通基底上，地壳挠由受阻，物源供给量加大。三级沉积层序的相互叠量则反映了造山带多幕次、多周期活动的特点。     

云南思茅三叠纪弧后前陆盆地的沉积特征

思茅盆地位于古特提斯构造域的东段,西侧为澜沧江造山带,东侧为哀牢山造山带.三叠纪沉积盆地建立在晚古生代褶皱基底之上,形成于古特提斯洋闭合后,造山早期的弧陆碰撞阶段.前人提出过后陆盆地、滞后型弧后盆地、裂谷盆地和前陆盆地等多种认识.本文通过对盆地形成的地球动力学背景及盆地内沉积体的性质、结构、时空叠置关系、古流向、特殊沉积体的时空展布及其所表现出的盆地沉降中心的迁移规律等方面的系统研究,认为思茅三叠纪盆地属弧后前陆盆地,其演化阶段始于中三叠统安尼期以前,盆地主要受控于澜沧江造山带,晚三叠世晚期受哀牢山造山带影响,具有复合式前陆盆地特点,三叠纪末过渡为陆内拗陷盆地。     

楚雄盆地含油气系统分析及勘探目标选择

楚雄盆地是在扬子板块西南大陆边缘上发育起来的晚三叠世－早白垩世前陆盆地与晚白垩世－第三纪陆内湖盆叠置的构造－沉积残留盆地。     

右江盆地层序充填序列与古特提斯海再造

首次识别出5个级别的层序界面及相应的沉积层序,以不同级别的层序界面作为划分相应级别层序的重要标志,不同级别的层序反映不同地质事件和动力转化过程。将5个级别的沉积层序作为板间、板缘、板内构造过程的地层记录,反映了沉积盆地类型、性质及演化过程,并与沉积盆地之间存在不同级别的耦合效应:超级层序相当于沉积盆地域的地层记录;Ⅰ级层序对应于一个成因盆地的地层记录;Ⅱ级层序反映沉积盆地的构造阶段或构造沉积幕;准Ⅱ级层序揭示盆地构造期或沉积幕;Ⅲ级层序相当于盆地充填韵律;Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级层序分别相当于盆地充填体系域和冲填体系。研究表明,右江古特提斯海演化经历了陆内裂陷海、陆缘裂谷海、孤后裂谷海和残余海前陆盆地4个发展阶段。     

湘西地区志留纪沉积体系及典型前陆盆地的形成模式研究

湘西地区发育志留系中、下志留统碎屑岩地层,缺失上志留统。经沉积学综合研究,可以划分出滞留盆地、浊积扇、三角洲、潮坪滨岸等沉积体系,从下向上海平面逐渐下降,其物源来自于东南部雪峰隆起。湘西地区志留纪沉积盆地构造演化经历了前陆盆地的形成期、发展期及萎缩期、消亡期几个阶段。其沉积构造演化规律为：前陆盆地初始形成期发育深水滞留盆地沉积体系;前陆盆地发展期发育海相浊积扇沉积体系;前陆盆地萎缩期发育三角洲沉积体系,前陆盆地消亡期发育潮坪沙坝滨岸沉积体系。     

楚雄前陆盆地逆冲带的油气潜力

楚雄盆地位于云南省的中部 ,为一中生代的前陆盆地 ,其沉积可划分为前陆复理石和前陆磨拉石两个阶段。前陆复理石为一套半饥饿状态下的灰色 /深灰色薄层状粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩组合 ,夹泥灰岩 ,含有大量的有机质 ,为重要的烃源岩 ;前陆磨拉石为三角洲相—滨岸相的砂岩 ,为油气的储集砂体。盆地被渔泡江 三街推覆断裂切割成两部分∶西部为推覆体 ,东部为原形盆地。逆冲推覆体由根带、主逆冲带和逆冲传播前缘带三部分组成。逆冲作用始于中三叠世拉丁期 ,以前置的方式向扬子克拉通推覆 ,形成有断弯褶皱圈闭、断展褶皱圈闭、台阶状逆冲断层 岩性圈闭、基底折离圈闭和推覆带前缘传播消减带褶皱圈闭等多种类型。因而盆地逆冲带的演化对油气的聚集具有巨大的促进作用 ,因而在推覆体上寻找油气具有较好的潜力。     

东海丽水西次凹古新统明月峰组层序--体系域分析及沉积体系展布

古新统明月峰组是丽水西次凹中重要的含油气层段,其浅海-三角洲相沉积构成了一个完整的三级层序。层序界面在地震剖面上表现为下超、削截、下切,界面底部的下切水道在测井曲线上具块状、箱型等特征性的反映。依据初始海泛面、最大海泛面和高位域晚期存在的明显海退界面,三级层序内可划分出低水位、海侵、高水位和下降体系域四部分。层序界面和主要的海侵、海退面均得到了古生物丰度和分异度的佐证。通过对上述4个体系域平面编图,揭示了不同时期沉积体系展布及其演化。低位-海侵期发育下切谷、滨岸碎屑-三角洲及扇三角洲前缘-远端浊积砂体,前者分布在盆地西缘斜坡带,物源来自西北和东南两个方向;后者发育于盆地中部的东缘陡坡带,物源由东向西推进。高位域和下降体系域以发育大型高角度进积的三角洲前缘砂为特征,高位域三角洲分布在盆地西侧,且南部比北部发育;下降域盆地沉积范围明显缩小,三角洲主要集中在盆地西侧中部。     

Diachronous evolution of systems tracts in a depositional sequence from the middle Pleistocene palaeo-Tokyo Bay, Japan

Palaeo-Tokyo Bay is a relic of the Plio-Pleistocene Kazusa forearc basin in the Boso Peninsula of Japan. The sedimentary infill of palaeo-Tokyo Bay is characterized by shallow marine to paralic sediments of the middle to upper Pleistocene Shimosa Group. Sequence stratigraphical analysis has been used to describe spatial and temporal variations in the depositional systems of the lowest units of the Shimosa Group, deposited during the early stage of development of palaeo-Tokyo Bay. Three different type of depositional systems were recognized: sand ridge to shelf (SRS), shelf to delta (SDL) and shelf to non-deltaic nearshore (SNS) systems. They overlie early transgressive estuarine deposits infilling lowstand valleys incised in the south-eastern margin of palaeo-Tokyo Bay. These systems were developed during late transgressive through highstand stages of a relative sea level cycle, which may have been controlled by a glacio-eustatic sea level change at about 0·4 Ma. Spatial variation in depositional systems is largely identical to that in modern Tokyo Bay; environmental conditions similar to those prevailing at the present day probably characterized the early history of palaeo-Tokyo Bay. The timing of highstand systems tracts within a high frequency depositional sequence was analysed in terms of the effect of sedimentation rate, based on the mapping of a chronostratigraphical surface marked by the Hy4 volcanic ash layer. From spatial variations in sedimentation rate, it was possible to identify the diachronous evolution of highstand systems tracts from the SDL system, through the SNS system, to the SRS system. Time lag is indicated by major bounding surfaces, such as maximum flooding or downlap surfaces associated with a condensed section, which developed immediately above or below the Hy4 volcanic ash layer. The lag may be of the order of a few thousands to tens of thousands of years within a depositional sequence with a total of duration of about 100 000 years.     

库车坳陷古近系层序和沉积体系发育特征

以露头和测井资料为基础,建立了库车坳陷古近系层序地层格架,划分出5个三级层序和2 4个四级层序。四级层序内识别出冲积扇/扇三角洲、辫状河、曲流河、辫状河三角洲、下切水道、滨浅湖、干盐湖、泻湖-海湾、半深湖浊流-重力流等多种沉积体系。通过层序-体系域对比,将区内的三级层序划分为6种沉积构成类型,总结了每种类型在前陆盆地中的发育和分布特征。      

Differentiating the effect of episodic tectonism and eustatic sea-level fluctuations in foreland basins filled by alluvial fans and axial deltaic systems: insights from a three-dimensional stratigraphic forward model

Many studies of foreland basins have recognized a hierarchical organization in the stacking of sequences deposited by axial‐deltaic and alluvial fan systems. The hierarchy is often explained in terms of the competing control of eustasy and pulsed tectonic subsidence and the different frequencies at which these processes operate. Unravelling the relative contributions of tectonic and eustatic controls on the sequence stacking pattern is a fundamental question in foreland basin analysis, yet this is difficult because of the lack of independent stratigraphic evidence. In this study, a three‐dimensional numerical model is presented, which aids in the interpretation of alluvial successions in foreland basins filled by transverse and axial depositional systems, under conditions of variable tectonism and eustatic sea‐level change. The tectono‐sedimentary model is capable of simulating the hierarchical stratigraphic response to both eustatic and tectonic forcing, and is of higher resolution than previous models of foreland basin filling. Numerical results indicate that the onset of tectonic activity is reflected by rapid retrogradation of both depositional systems and by widespread flooding and onlap of carbonate sediments. Syntectonic fluvial patterns on the axial‐deltaic plain are dominated by bifurcating channels, swiftly relocating in response to the general rise in relative sea level induced by flexural subsidence. The resulting surface morphology of the axial delta is convex upwards. Syntectonic eustatic sea‐level fluctuations result in parasequence‐scale packages of retrograding and prograding fan and delta sediments bounded by minor flooding surfaces and type 2 sequence boundaries. Incised channels are rare within the syntectonic parasequences and are formed only during phases of tectonic quiescence when eustatic falls are no longer compensated by the subsidence component in the rise in relative sea level. Suites of amalgamating, axial channels corresponding to multiple eustatic falls delineate the resulting type 1 unconformities. Coarse‐grained, incised‐channel fills are found in the zone between the alluvial fan fringes and the convex‐upward body of the axial delta, as the axial streams tend to migrate towards this zone of maximum accommodation.     

酒西白垩纪盆地沉积构成及盆地演化动力学分析

酒西白垩纪盆地是酒西含油气盆地的一个单型盆地，发育了冲积扇、水下重力流扇、扇三角洲、湖泊、河流沉积体系。在湖盆演化的不同阶段形成冲积扇—扇三角洲—滨浅湖-砾质辫状河、近岸水下重力流扇。中深湖—扇三角洲和扇三角洲—中浅湖—河流沉积体系组合型式。依据答时界面，将湖盆充填序列划分为3个构造层序，相对应于初始裂陷、扩张裂陷—热衰减沉陷和湖盆萎缩关闭3个演化阶段。地幔热柱的形成和衰减、燕山运动等远程应力作用控制着盆地的演化。     

Seismic tectono-stratigraphy of fluvio-deltaic to deep marine Miocene silicoclastic hydrocarbon reservoir systems in the Gulf of Hammamet,northeastern Tunisia

Most of hydrocarbon accumulations within the Gulf of Hammamet foreland basins in eastern Tunisia are reservoired within the Upper Miocene Birsa and Saouaf sandstones. It is the case of Birsa, Tazarka, Oudna, Baraka, Maamoura, Cosmos and Yasmine fields. These sandstones constitute oil and gas fields located on folded and faulted horst anticline highs and described as varying from shoreface to shallow marine and typically exhibit excellent reservoir quality of 30 to 35% porosity and good permeability from 500 to 1100 md. In addition, the fracturing of faults enhanced their reservoir quality potential. However, due to the lack of seismic stratigraphic studies to highlight depositional environment reservoir characterization and distribution, petroleum exploration faces structural and stratigraphic trap types and remains on targeting only high fold closures with limited reserve volumes of hydrocarbons. As an example of the Birsa concession case, syn-sedimentary tectonic structuring and geodynamic evolution during Middle to Upper Miocene Birsa reservoir sequences have guided the distribution of depositional environment of sandstone channel systems around horst and grabens by E-W, NE-SW and N-S strike slip flower faults controlling the subsidence distribution combined with the eustatic sea level variations. Seismic sequence stratigraphy study of Miocene Birsa reservoir horizons, based on the analysis and interpretations of E-W and N-S 3D selected regional lines that were compared and correlated to outcrops and calibrated by well data, permitted to highlight the basin configuration and sequence deposit nature and distribution. Sedimentary infilling of the basin from Langhian Ain Ghrab carbonate to Serravallian Tortonian Birsa and Saouaf sandstone and shale formations is organized in four third-order seismic sequences, limited by regional erosional toplap, onlap and downlap unconformity surfaces and by remarkable chronostratigraphic horizons of forced and normal erosive lowstand and highstand system tracts separated by transgressive and maximum flooding surfaces. Reconstructed sedimentary paleo-environment distribution vary from deltaic fluvial proximal deposits in the northern part of the high central Birsa horst to a delta front and prodelta coastal and shelf shore face and shore line channelized deposits in the surrounding borders of grabens. Distal deposits seem to be distributed from upper to lower slope fans and probably to the basin floor on the flanks of the subsiding grabens. Synthetic predictive paleogeographic depositional reservoir fairway map distribution of Lower, Middle and Upper Birsa sandstone reservoirs highlights four main domains of channelized superposed and shifted reservoirs to explore.     

Facies and allostratigraphy of high-latitude, glacially influenced marine strata of the Early Permian southern Sydney Basin, Australia

The Sydney Basin of New South Wales, Australia is a foreland basin containing a thick (up to 10 km) Permo-Triassic succession. The southern margin of the basin exposes strata deposited during Late Palaeozoic glaciation of south-eastern Gondwana. The Early Permian Wasp Head, Pebbley Beach, Snapper Point Formations and Wandrawandian Siltstone were deposited between 277 and 258 Ma on a polar, glacially influenced continental margin adjacent to ice sheets located over East Antarctica and eastern Australia. Sedimentary facies, together with related ichnofacies and fauna, can be grouped into six facies associations that record marine sub-environments ranging from high energy, storm-dominated inner shelf to turbidite-dominated upper slope settings. Cold marine conditions, with near-freezing bottom water temperatures, are recorded by glendonites. Ice-rafted debris, most likely deposited by icebergs, occurs in almost all facies associations. An allostratigraphic approach, emphasizing the recognition of bounding discontinuities (i.e. erosion surfaces and marine flooding surfaces), is used to subdivide the Early Permian stratigraphy into facies successions. Three types of succession can be identified and record changes in the relative influence of allocyclic controls such as basin tectonics, sediment supply and glacio-eustatic sea level variation. Together, sedimentological and allostratigraphic data allow reconstruction of the depositional history of the south-western margin of the Sydney Basin. Initial marine sedimentation, characterized by sediment gravity flows and storm-deposited sandstones of the lower Wasp Head Formation, occurred adjacent to a faulted basin margin. Overlying successions within the upper Wasp Head, Pebbley Beach and Snapper Point Formations, record aggradation in inner to outer shelf settings along a storm- and glacially influenced continental margin. Tectonic subsidence and basin flooding is recorded by deeper water turbidites of the Wandrawandian Siltstone.     

Fan-Delta,Braid Delta and the Classification of Delta Systems

This paper mainly discusses the origin and deposhional features of fan-deltas and braid deltas. Fan-del-tas are storm discharge-dominated, while braid deltas are usually flashy flood-dominated. The two types ofdelta, like common deltas, were reworked by marine processes. Delta systems are classified into nine deltatypes on the basis of the subaerial depositional processes and the nature of marine reworking. Fan-deltas and braid deltas are of great significance for petroleum exploration. In divergent-marginforeland and intraplate rift-subsided basin settings fan-deltas often form combination traps for petroleum ac-cumulation.     

陆相前陆盆地沉积充填与层序地层模式探讨——以库车前陆盆地为例

以库车前陆盆地为例,对陆相前陆盆地的形成、沉积充填与层序地层结构、不整合面与层序界面、层序地层组成与其模式、生储盖组合与岩性地层圈闭等关键问题进行了探讨。认为前陆层序是盆缘构造运动的响应,由低位(冲积)体系域、湖侵体系域、高位体系域组成。前陆盆地层序界面表现为构造或沉积不整合面,代表了一次构造幕的发生,其层序地层样式是盆缘造山带构造楔推进作用的结果,是盆地演化的不同阶段的响应,反映了构造运动由强到弱的间歇变化。前陆层序界面代表了沉积结构的大转换,之下为构造稳定阶段的湖相泥岩或膏泥岩,之上为代表构造运动的冲积扇—扇三角洲相的巨厚磨拉石沉积充填。在构造活动期和静止期,盆地不同位置形成不同的沉积充填和地层结构特点。构造活动期以低位(冲积)体系域为主,在毗邻造山带侧以巨厚的冲积扇-扇三角洲-辫状河三角洲相等冲积沉积物为主;构造静止期以湖侵体系域为主,为广泛的河流-湖泊相沉积。沉积厚度从靠近冲断带侧向盆地内逐渐变小。陆相前陆盆地的生储盖组合配置好,储集体广泛分布于低位、湖侵和高位体系域中,以辫状河三角洲和滨湖相为主。其岩性地层圈闭主要分布在前缘斜坡带上,包括沿古隆起边缘的地层超覆不整合圈闭和地层削蚀不整合圈闭,将会成为今后油气勘探的新领域。