吉林近50a来气候的年代际变化特征及其突变分析

利用吉林省50个地面气象站的观测资料对近50 a来吉林气候的年代际变化进行了诊断分析, 结果表明: 吉林省的年平均气温在20世纪50年代呈下降趋势, 60年代为相对低温期, 70年代开始表现出逐渐增温的趋势; 20世纪50年代降水量逐渐减少, 60-70年代为相对降水少的时期, 80年代降水略有增加, 进入90年代以后, 降水量又表现为逐渐减少的趋势. 近50 a来气候的年代际变化经历了一个"冷湿-冷干-暖湿-暖干"的过程.吉林省的最高、最低气温在近50 a内的总体趋势都是上升的, 但从增温率来看, 最低气温大约是最高气温的2.3倍.采用分段线性拟合的方法对吉林省年降水量和年平均气温进行气候突变的检验, 发现年降水量在1977和1987年各有一次突变, 年平均气温只在1969年发生了一次突变.     

1960-2008年额尔古纳河流域气候变化特征

为分析我国中高纬度地区的额尔古纳流域典型湿地对气候变化的响应,利用额尔古纳河流域气象站和水文站1960-2008年近50a的气象资料,分析了流域年、四季平均气温、降水量、蒸发量变化特征.结果表明：额尔古纳河流域全年及4个季节平均气温变化总体趋势为波动中上升,进人20世纪80年代中期以后,气温上升趋势进一步增强,且上游各...     

1960-2004年金沙江径流量特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于金沙江流域内1960-2004年的水文、气象站观测数据,分析了区域内径流量的年际、年代际变化以及气候因素(如降水量、平均气温)对径流变化的影响.结果表明:近40 a来径流量呈现逐渐增加趋势,并且支流雅砻江为金沙江径流量的主要产流区;干流与支流均存在年代间丰枯转移,20世纪60年代、90年代偏丰,70年代偏枯;干流夏...     

气候变化对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地地表水的影响

通过对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地各特征气候要素的变化分析,研究了近50a来巴音布鲁克高寒湿地地表水环境和气候变化的变化趋势和年际分布特征.结果表明:巴音布鲁克湿地不论冬季还是年平均气温都没有明显的升高趋势,极端最高、最低气温也没有明显变化,但夏季增温幅度高于新疆平均水平;夏季降水量占了全年降水量的68.4%,是巴音布鲁克湿地水体的主要来源.20世纪80年代中期是降水量最少的时期,此后开始逐步增加;开都河的径流量自1987年后呈现逐步增加趋势,并与巴音布鲁克年降水量和年均气温存在良好的响应关系.气候变化对湿地水环境的影响直接关系到湿地的生态系统.     

40a来江河源区的气候变化特征及其生态环境效应

通过江河源区分布的5个气象台站有关气温与降水的多年数据，分析了近40a来江河源区的气候变化特征，结果表明，近40a来江河源区气候变化的总趋势是气温升高，降水量增加，但降水量的增加主要体现在春季降水和近15a来冬季降水的明显增加上，对植被生长起重要作用的夏季降水量却呈明显减少趋势；江河源区20世纪80年代10a平均气温比50年代高0.12～0.9℃，大部分地区高于0.3℃，属于青藏高原高温区或升温幅度最大的地区之一，平均升温0.44℃，明显比全国平均升温0.2℃要高出一倍，在这种背景下，与植被生长关系密切的4、5月和9月气温呈现持续下降态势，江河源区脆弱的生态环境体系对气候的这种变化响应强烈，冰川退缩，多年冻土消融加剧，导致大范围高寒草甸与草原被植退化。     

艾比湖流域1957－2013年潜在蒸散、气温、降水变化特征分析

使用1957－2013年艾比湖流域6个气象站点的平均大气压、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、平均相对湿度、平均风速、日照百分率以及降水量资料,通过Penman-Monteith方程计算出各个站的月和年潜在蒸散量．利用线性倾向估计、累积距平法和Mann-Kendall法分析了该流域近57年的潜在蒸散量、气温及降水量变化特征．结果表明：近57年来艾比湖流域年潜在蒸散量以－25．05 mm·（10a）－1的速度呈下降趋势．近7年的平均潜在蒸散量与过去50年相比较偏少77．36 mm．年平均气温以0．33℃·（10a）－1的速度上升．近7年的平均气温比过去50年的平均气温增加了1℃．年降水量以7．97 mm·（10a）－1的速度增多．近7年的平均降水量与过去50年的平均降水量相比增多32．45 mm．     

变化条件下常德市降水气温特征分析

基于1968~2012年常德站降水量及平均气温资料,采用一元线性回归、九点二次平滑、MannKendall检验、Yamamoto法、Morlet小波分析研究了常德市降水量和气温序列的趋势、突变、周期特征,运用R/S分析法计算得Hurst指数预测了两者未来的变化趋势。结果表明,近45年常德市年降水量呈略微上升趋势,未发生突变,降水序列存在6a、15a和28a三个周期,在未来年降水量有增加趋势;近45年常德市年平均气温呈明显升高趋势(显著性水平α=0.01),在1994年发生突变,气温序列存在28a的主周期,在未来年平均气温有升高趋势。     

1961-2010年西藏雅鲁藏布江流域降水量变化特征及其对径流的影响分析

采用1961-2010年雅鲁藏布江流域6个气象站近50 a降水量的实测数据,统计降水量的年、干季、湿季平均序列;结合流域6个水文站近50 a年径流序列资料,分析雅鲁藏布江流域降水变化特征及其对径流量的影响. 研究表明： 雅鲁藏布江流域1961-2010年近50 a年平均降水量表现为不显著增加,增加速率为3.3 mm·（10a）^-1,其中干季、湿季分别为1.9 mm·（10a）^-1 和1.4 mm·（10a）^-1,均为增加趋势;降水量的年代际变化在20世纪60年代相对偏多,70年代较平稳,而80年代为最少,到90年代有所回升,21世纪前10 a降水量处于不显著的增多态势. 雅鲁藏布江径流的变差系数C_V值在0.15~0.40之间,年际变化较小. 径流的年代际变化总体上存在一定的周期性波动,20世纪60年代是一个相对的丰水期,70年代减少,80年代达到最小值,之后径流有所回升,进入21世纪前10 a呈不显著增加趋势. 年、湿季尺度上径流量和降水量的相关显著,湿季作为径流主要形成期,其降水量的多寡直接影响流域径流量的丰枯,湿季降水量的增减影响着流域径流量的增减. 由此可见,降水变化是雅鲁藏布江天然径流最主要影响因子,最终也决定了雅鲁藏布江流域年径流量的丰枯.     

1971-2005年西藏主要农区农田蒸散量变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

利用1971—2005年西藏"一江两河"主要农区4个气象站点月平均最高气温、最低气温、降水量、风速、相对湿度、日照时数等资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算了农田蒸散量,分析其空间分布、年际和年代际变化特征,并讨论了影响蒸散量变化的气象因子.研究表明:近35a西藏主要农区年蒸散量表现为不同程度的减小趋势,为-16.5～-71.6mm.(10a)-1,以泽当减幅最大;四季蒸散量均呈现为减小趋势,以冬季减幅最明显.土壤水分年亏缺量呈明显的减少趋势,平均每10a减小59.6mm,特别是近25a(1981—2005年)减幅更明显.20世纪70年代至90年代年、季蒸散量均为逐年代减小趋势.90年代与80年代比较,主要农区各季土壤水分亏缺量都有不同程度的减小,尤其是夏季由亏缺转为盈余.日照时数和平均风速的显著下降,以及平均相对湿度的明显增加可能是蒸散量显著下降的主要原因,平均气温日较差的显著减小和降水量的增加在蒸散量减少趋势中也起着重要作用.     

青藏高原河源区气候变化特征分析

利用1954-2007年青藏高原河源区(包括长江、黄河、澜沧江、怒江和雅鲁藏布江)30个气象站的年平均气温和降水量,通过计算气候倾向率和距平小波分析(墨西哥帽小波函数)等方法分析了近54 a来青藏高原河源区的气候变化特征.结果表明:青藏高原河源区年平均气温变化在7~-3℃之间,由东南向西北逐渐减少;并呈现逐年上升的趋势,自20世纪90年代以来升温更为强烈.年降水量的分布大致是由东南向西北逐步减少,在同一纬度上,东部的降水量多于西部,2001-2005年的多年平均降水量达到历史最大值.年平均气温和降水的周期振荡在高频区振荡频繁,有多个突变点,中低频区则较平缓.不同河源区的气温增温率具有显著的区域性差异,雅鲁藏布江源区最大(0.54℃.(10a)-1),黄河次之(0.31℃.(10a)-1),澜沧江和怒江最小(0.17℃.(10a)-1).除少数气象站外,区域内各站的年平均气温也普遍升高.澜沧江源区是整个青藏高原河源区降水量升幅最大的地区,而雅鲁藏布江源区为降水量升幅最小的区域.从整个青藏高原来看,温度和降水均普遍升高,整个区域呈现暖湿化趋势,但降水量的增加较微弱.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.