(LP)MCICPMS方法精确测定液体和固体样品的Sr同位素组成

MCICPMS是近年发展起来的高精度固体同位素分析仪器,利用MCICPMS可以精确测定Sr同位素组成,与TIMS相比,分析效率明显提高;对于含有Rb的实际样品,在Rb/Sr比值较小时(Rb/Sr<0.001),可以通过Rb扣除获得准确的87Sr/86Sr比值,而当Rb含量较高时,可以通过建立Rb/Sr与87Sr/86Sr偏差值的线性关系进行再一次校正,同样也可以获得准确的87Sr/86Sr比值.通过这种校正关系,可以直接分析固体微区的Sr同位素组成.     

地质样品中Sr同位素比值测定的Rb干扰校正初探

在地质样品Sr同位素比值测定中,由于~(87)Rb与~(87)Sr是同质异位素,在质谱分析中~(87)Rb会干扰87Sr的测定,降低了测试数据的准确度和精确度,所以样品化学分离时Rb和Sr的良好分离尤为重要.但是对于高Rb高Sr或高Rb低Sr的样品,要实现Rb和Sr良好分离是比较困难的.     

云南思茅盆地钾盐矿床的深源浅储成因模式——来自于Sr同位素的证据

【研究目的】思茅盆地赋存有中国唯一的前第四纪固体钾盐矿床,该矿床的成因一直存在争议。客观地认识矿床成因、合理地构建矿床成因模式,不仅是钾盐矿床学研究中亟需解决的基础科学问题,而且关乎盆地内钾盐资源勘查方向的选择。【研究方法】本项研究以思茅盆地L-2井和MZK-3井的盐岩、盐岩上覆和下伏碎屑岩、盐岩中的碎屑岩为主要研究对象,重点分析其锶同位素地球化学特征。【研究结果】结果表明：（1）L-2井全岩样品⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值为0.708220~0.727458,平均值为0.712776;盐岩水不溶物⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值为0.711342~0.741999,平均值为0.716574;（2）MZK-3井盐岩上覆碎屑岩层⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值为0.713318~0.723147,平均值为0.717255;盐岩下伏碎屑岩层⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值为0.712470~0.738988,平均值为0.719307;（3）碎屑岩样品经过87Rb校正恢复至初始沉积状态的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值为0.710880~0.727678,平均值为0.712828;（4）盐岩样品⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值全部明显小于大陆地表风化系统的平均值,有个别样品⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值大于现代海水。【结论】基于思茅盆地基础地质和钾盐矿床地质已有的研究成果,结合盐岩和碎屑岩锶同位素地球化学特征,可以得出：思茅盆地含钾盐岩与碎屑岩处于不同的锶同位素平衡体系;含钾盐岩的物源主体为海水,成盐过程中陆源淡水的补给可使⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值增大;碎屑岩沉积于陆相环境,在与固态盐岩或盐岩水溶液接触之前已处于早成岩阶段A亚期;钾盐的成矿模式为勐野井组沉积期深层源盐通过走滑拉分形成的断层迁移至地表,在由高处向汇水盆地迁移过程中捕获了处于早成岩阶段A亚期的碎屑颗粒,形成了现今的含泥砾盐岩;部分含泥砾盐岩在迁移进入汇水盆地之后,经历了溶解-重结晶的过程,形成了盆地内成分较纯的盐岩;后续沉积的碎屑颗粒形成了防止盐岩溶蚀破坏的保护层;新生代的喜山运动使早期形成的钾盐矿床发生调整改造。     

地质样品Sr同位素比值测定计量比对结果评价

Sr同位素比值（87Sr/86Sr）测试技术作为一项成熟方法和常规示踪技术手段被广泛应用于地球科学、环境科学、考古学等研究中,但该测试技术至今并未开展相应的计量比对工作。为评价各实验室Sr同位素比值检测水平和能力,本文组织开展了地质样品Sr同位素比值测定专项计量比对活动。通过对参加实验室检测结果进行统计分析,评价各实验室的检测能力。结果表明：参比实验室检测结果的满意率为85.7%,仅一个实验室的检测结果为不满意,参比实验室整体检测能力和技术水平良好,但仍然需要重视高Rb/Sr比值样品分离有效性的问题。     

来源物质控制的黄土酸不溶相87Sr/86Sr

陈骏等^[1]在黄土-古土壤序列的表生地球化学过程研究中指出,由于矿物在化学风化过程中的行为存在差异,Sr同位素比值的高与低能从一定程度上反映沉积物的风化强度,并据此可用于恢复东亚夏季风强度变化历史。但作为一种粉尘堆积,黄土物质在其源区即已经历过风化作用^[2],因此其Sr同位素比值应同时受控于源区和沉积区的风化作用;此外,同其他化学组成一样,我们有理由相信黄土颗粒的粗细变化也是其Sr同位素比值变化的主要控制因素。为了考察黄土硅酸盐矿物中。⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值的受控因素,本研究在中国黄土高原由南到北选取蓝田(109.32°E,     

日本岩石标准样品的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值和铷、锶含量的测定

本文报导了对12个日本“火成岩系列”岩石标准样品的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值和Rb、Sr含量的测定结果。Rb、Sr含量采用同位素稀释法测定,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值单独取样经分离后由质谱计直接测量。对NBS-987和NBS-607标准样品~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr单次测定的分析精度和重复分析的再现性均好于0.03％,NBS-607中Rb、Sr含量测定结果与证书值的最大偏差小于0.6％。直接测定日本“火成岩系列”岩石标样的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,与同位素稀释法测定的结果吻合,用不同浓度的稀释剂在不同仪器上测定的Rb、Sr含量在实验误差范围内一致,表明测定的结果可靠。     

微钻取样-TIMS/MC-ICPMS和LA-MC-ICPMS分析矿物岩石87Sr/86Sr比值的技术比较

微区Sr同位素体系相对于传统全岩Sr同位素研究,可以揭示样品自身存在的不均一性,更好地反映样品经历的地质过程,已被广泛应用于各种地质研究领域,如研究壳幔相互作用、岩浆起源和演化,岩浆体系开放性研究,沉积盆地物源示踪及气候环境研究。准确测定Rb-Sr同位素比值是应用该同位素体系的前提。微钻取样-热电离质谱/多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(TIMS/MC-ICPMS)和激光剥蚀多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)作为分析地质样品微区Sr同位素组成的有效手段,已经得到了较为广泛的应用。两种技术在样品制备、干扰校正和质谱测试等方面各具优势和不足。微钻取样-TIMS/MC-ICPMS的最大优势是可获得高精度的Sr同位素数据(外精度优于100×10-6,2SD);但由于需要进行化学处理,流程繁琐耗时(约10天),实验周期较长,同时需要严格控制化学流程空白,且取样直径(200~2000μm)和取样深度(100~2000μm)较大,空间分辨率较低,但是该方法可以对高Rb样品(如钾长石)进行有效分析。LA-MC-ICPMS的最大优势是样品制备简单,数小时即可完成,且分析效率高,根据样品Sr含量的大小激光束斑直径多在60~300μm之间变化,其空间分辨率较前一种方法高,可在短时间内对大量样品进行分析。但由于不能进行化学分离,分析过程中存在多种干扰(如Rb、Ca、Kr和REEs等),影响了测试的精度(约200×10-6,2SD)和准确度(约150×10-6)。该方法目前只能对高Sr低Rb的样品(如斜长石、磷灰石等)进行有效分析,而对于干扰元素含量较高的样品目前无法应用。本文认为,对于微钻取样法,应将改进化学流程作为重点研究方向,提高化学处理效率,同时改善微钻取样法的取样技术,减小取样直径和深度以提高空间分辨率;对于激光剥蚀法,重点突破Kr、Rb和二价REEs等干扰校正问题,提高干扰元素含量较高的样品的分析精度和准确度,同时需要提高仪器灵敏度以满足低Sr含量样品的分析要求。     

微区-微量样品Rb-Sr同位素分析技术及其应用前景

利用微钻取样技术和微量样品Rb-Sr同位素分析方法,本文对出露在东秦岭造山带的中生代合峪花岗岩的自形钾长石巨晶进行微区-微量样品Rb-Sr同位素组成分析。分析结果表明,钾长石斑晶具有显著的Rb/Sr比值和Sr同位素组成变化,斑晶和基质钾长石均构成年龄为132~133Ma的Rb-Sr等时线,代表岩浆的后期冷却时代。钾长石晶体的初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值由边缘相到中心相没有明显的变化,代表花岗质岩浆结晶阶段的Sr同位素组成,暗示合峪花岗岩的钾长石巨晶为原生成因。以高空间分辨率为特征,微区取样技术已经广泛地应用在变质岩和深成岩浆岩的同位素年代学和成因研究。结合微量样品同位素分析技术,微区-微量样品Rb-Sr同位素方法有望在火山岩的成因和年代学方面得到应用。     

滇西南思茅盆地盐岩Sr同位素特征及其对区域成盐作用的启示

滇西南思茅盆地是中国西部重要的中—新生代含钾盐盆地,但其成盐物质来源一直存在争议。文章测定了滇西南思茅 盆地磨黑地区钻孔中盐岩样品的87Sr/86Sr同位素比值,同时结合区域其他含盐带已发表的Sr同位素数据,讨论成盐物质来源。 磨黑地区盐岩的87Sr/86Sr比值介于0.708598~0.709333之间,与思茅盆地其他含盐带盐岩的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.707504~0.711069）一 致,较接近于中新生代海水的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7068~0.7092）,但87Sr/86Sr比值略高于海水,显示有陆源水混合现象。结合Sr同位 素证据与盆地演化史,一些地球化学和矿物特征,作者推测思茅盆地盐岩成盐物质来源主要是海水,存在少量陆源水的混入。     

塔中地区寒武系-奥陶系碳酸盐岩Sr元素和Sr同位素特征

使用VG354固体同位素质谱仪对中1、中4井的25个碳酸盐岩样品做了Sr同位素测试, 并利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS) 对塔中地区4口井共109个碳酸盐岩样品测试了Sr、Mn元素的含量.通过对Sr、Mn元素含量分析, 及中1、中4井碳酸盐岩的Sr同位素组成分析, 对比全球奥陶系海相碳酸盐的Sr同位素分析结果及演化趋势, 得出了如下认识: (1) 塔中地区奥陶纪87Sr/86Sr比值与全球海水Sr同位素演化趋势基本一致, 具有随时间下降的总体趋势, 这与广阔陆表海和有关的沉积物对放射性成因锶的封存作用有关, 说明海平面变化和白云岩化作用仍然是该区海相碳酸盐岩锶同位素组成与演化的主要控制因素; (2) 塔中地区早奥陶世的87Sr/86Sr比值与全球海水Sr同位素比值相当, 说明该区早奥陶世碳酸盐岩成岩环境为正常海水, 且早奥陶世87Sr/86Sr比值有单调降低的规律, 说明与海平面变化有关; (3) 塔中地区晚奥陶世87Sr/86Sr比值比全球海水高, 其原因是白云岩化作用和晚奥陶世盆地抬升近地表水带来高87Sr/86Sr比值, 且晚奥陶世87Sr/86Sr比值为整体升高的趋势; (4) 塔中地区奥陶纪碳酸盐岩中Mn元素含量变化不大, 反映了塔中地区奥陶纪成岩环境主要为浅水相, 但也有深水相, 白云岩化对其影响不大; (5) 塔中地区奥陶纪碳酸盐岩中Sr元素含量变化较大, 反映该时期该区碳酸盐岩成岩流体主要为海水, 但也有混合水, 白云岩主要为Ⅲ类白云岩和Ⅰ类白云岩.      

铷同位素分析方法及研究进展

Rb作为一个具有中度挥发性、流体活动性、在岩浆过程中呈不相容性的碱金属元素,能为各种地质过程和物质源区提供制约;同时,⁸⁷Rb是放射性母体,Rb-Sr定年体系在确定长时间尺度的地质体年龄方面也有广泛的应用。传统研究认为特定地质年代下Rb同位素比值(⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁵Rb)是一个定值,但随着分离纯化方法的改进和质谱分析精度的提高,高精度Rb同位素组成得以测定,其结果显示,不同地质样品存在明显的Rb同位素组成的差异,意味着地质过程中存在Rb同位素的分馏。Rb同位素分馏能否为示踪Rb的地质过程提供更多有用信息,是否会对传统Rb-Sr定年体系产生影响,这些基础性的问题目前仍然没有答案。要回答这些问题,首先需要了解不同地质储库的Rb同位素组成,发现不同地质过程中的Rb同位素分馏,探讨其发生的控制机制。然而,这方面的研究目前还非常欠缺。文章回顾了近20年来国际上地球科学领域中的Rb同位素已有的研究,包括技术方法、分馏机理等各个方面,在此基础上对其研究前景进行展望,主要包括:(1)总结了Rb同位素组成测定的化学纯化及仪器测量方法,并对其优缺点进行点评,同时指出谨慎的化学前处理方法及质谱测定流程是获得高精度Rb同位素组成结果的基本前提;(2)收集了现有的地外样品Rb同位素组成数据,简述了Rb同位素在宇宙化学中的应用研究成果,指出Rb作为一个中度挥发性元素,对太阳系行星的吸积和演化过程具有重要的指示意义;(3)对Rb同位素在地质过程中潜在广阔的应用前景进行展望,例如完善经典的Rb-Sr定年体系,限定壳幔及地壳内部的分异过程,制约大陆硅酸盐岩风化,以及揭示超大型Rb矿的形成机制。     

87Sr/86Sr in Precambrian carbonates as an index of crustal evolution

The Sr isotopic composition of ‘seawater’, as measured on carbonate rocks, shows a composite pattern during geologic history. All known Archaean data are compatible with contemporaneous upper mantle ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values. This is followed by a strong increase in the radiogenic component during the 2.5–2.1 b.y. period, a less pronounced increase during the remaining portion of the Proterozoic and a decrease during the Phanerozoic. The trend closely resembles the K₂O/Na₂O secular variations in composition of igneous and sedimentary rocks (Engelet al, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 85, 843–858, 1974) and probably reflects the fractionation state of the contemporary crust. The data are compatible with recent suggestions of three major tectonic regimes during geologic history: greenstone belts during the Archaean, mobile belts during the Proterozoic and plate tectonics during the Phanerozoic. They also indicate that continental crust during the Archaean contributed only subordinate Sr into the meteoric cycle.     

流体包裹体RbSr等时线定年的可靠性

通过对Rb-Sr等时线原理应用的必要条件及流体包裹体样品的成因特点的分析，认为是否可以用流体包裹体Rb-Sr定年在理论上尚需解决以下问题：（1）因矿物中常有不同期次、不同成因的流体包裹体存在，必须保证所选择的各流体包裹体样品具有相同的初始Sr同位素比值；（2）流体包裹中Rb与Sr的分异机理以及分异程度问题，即流体中Rb与Sr之间是否存在分异和分异程度是否可以达到Sr同位素分析的精度分析。已有的流体包裹体的Rb-Sr等时线年龄研究资料和数据的分析检验结果普遍存在以下问题：等时线图上数据点分散；拟合年龄较老；等时线拟合品质参数的MSWD偏大，可靠性低。     

我国某些元古宙及早寒武世碳酸盐岩石的锶同位素组成

本文报道了我国某些元古宙及早寒武世碳酸盐岩石锶同位素的测量结果，样品采自蓟县中元古界和峡东震旦－寒武系标准剖面，共４６件样品５４个测定数据。样品分析分别在澳大利亚国立大学和宜昌地质矿产研究所同位素实验室进行。取得的测定数据经空白校正和年龄校正，给出样品形成时＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ的初始值，测定中用ＮＢＳ－９８７和ＮＢＳ－６０７标准物质监探仪器状态和分析过程，得到的＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ值的精度好于     

Strontium isotope zoning in garnet: implications for metamorphic matrix equilibration,geochronology and phase equilibrium modelling

In principle, garnet growth rates may be calculated from ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr measurements in garnet subsamples and the surrounding rock matrix. Because of low Rb/Sr, garnet should passively record the matrix decay of ⁸⁷Rb to ⁸⁷Sr as a progressive increase in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from core to rim. This concept was tested by collecting Rb‐Sr data for five garnet grains from four major orogenic belts: eastern Vermont (c. 380 Ma), western New Hampshire (c. 320 Ma), southern Chile (c. 75 Ma) and northwestern Italy (c. 35 Ma). Both normal Sr isotope zoning (increasing ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from core to rim) and inverse Sr zoning (decreasing ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from core to rim) were observed. Garnet and matrix isotope data commonly yielded grossly inaccurate model ages. Incomplete Rb and Sr equilibration among matrix minerals is invoked to explain the deviations between theoretical v. measured zoning patterns and the age disparities. Initially, the reactive matrix is dominated by rapidly equilibrating Rb‐rich mica, which imparts high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values in garnet cores. Progressive participation of slower equilibrating Sr‐rich plagioclase buffers or even reduces ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, possibly leading to flat or decreasing ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from garnet cores to rims. Unusually high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in garnet in combination with bulk matrix compositions causes erroneously young apparent ages, so metamorphic ages, growth rates, and associated heating and loading rates are likely suspect. Although Rb‐Sr may be the most susceptible because of the profound disparities between mica and feldspar, zircon reactivity might influence the Lu‐Hf system by up to a few per cent. The Sm‐Nd system seems generally immune to these effects. Pseudosection analysis and conventional garnet geochronology, which presume complete matrix equilibration during metamorphism, may require modification to account for differences between whole‐rock v. reactive matrix compositions.     

87Sr/86Sr composition of seawater during the Phanerozoic

${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ measurements of 108 sedimentary carbonate rocks have been used to trace variations in the strontium isotopic composition of seawater during the Phanerozoic. The lowest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr observed for any suite of carbonates is taken as the best approximation to the value in well-mixed contemporary seawater. Our data support the existence of low ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ in the Cretaceous and Late Jurassic but they do not support further structure beyond a general trend through the Phanerozoic, which may correlate with the continental denudation rate.     

Astronomical tuning of the Tortonian 87Sr/86Sr curve in the Mediterranean basin

ABSTRACT This work presents a detailed ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope curve for the interval 7.5–9.7 Ma obtained by a high-resolution analysis (sampling spacing of about 40 kyr) of an astronomically calibrated land-based sedimentary sequence exposed in the central Mediterranean area (Gibliscemi section, southern Sicily). The main aim is to verify a synchronous response of the Mediterranean seawater Sr isotope record to the oceanic forcing on the basis of multiple comparisons of the Gibliscemi record with published coeval ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr curves. A good correlation with the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data from the ODP site 926 (equatorial Atlantic ocean), considered to be the Sr chemostratigraphic reference section for the Late Miocene, and from the Pacific DSDP site 590B was registered. Conversely, the comparison of the Gibliscemi Sr isotope data with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from the coeval segment of the land-based Sardella section (eastern Mediterranean) shows important differences highlighting a local control on the seawater Sr isotope changes in semi-isolated subbasins within the Late Miocene Mediterranean.     

A 3.1 billion year old marble and the 87Sr/86Sr of late-Archean seawater

A marble band in the ≈ 2.75 Gyr old Ramagiri schist belt in the Dharwar craton of south India gave a Pb–Pb age of 3.075 ± 0.095 Gyr. The geochemical data, including high Sr and low Ba and Mn indicate seawater origin for the parent rock, and that there was insignificant geochemical exchange between the marble and the surrounding rocks. The calculated initial Nd isotopic composition and μ₁ indicate an older continental crustal source for the Nd and Pb. The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of the marble is 0.70128, which is higher than the calculated mantle value at ≈ 3 Ga. Although pre-3 Gyr old marine carbonate rocks are thought to be buffered by mantle Sr, the Ramagiri marble contains evolved, crustal Sr. Despite this, the marble has the lowest measured ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr among carbonates and represents one of the least radiogenic periods in seawater Sr isotope composition.     

Geochemistry of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the Murray-Darling River System: A Conceptual Isotopic/Geochemical Model for the Fractionation of Major, Trace and Rare Earth Elements

A conceptual isotopic/geochemical model is presented to explain the variation of major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry and Sr isotope systematics in suspended particulate matter (SPM) as a function of particle/colloid size. This conceptual model is an extension of a previous investigation of the origin of SPM in the Murray-Darling River system (MDRS) that utilised Sr isotope systematics to examine aspects of SPM (particle/colloid) origin, structure and mineralogy. The geochemical processes that give rise to the often coherent trends in major, trace and REE geochemistry and Sr isotopic signature as a function of particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) size in the MDRS have been identified using an enhanced SPM size fractionation technique as a basis to not only obtain a broad range of particle/colloid size ranges, but also to provide sufficient material for subsequent geochemical and isotopic analysis. The conceptual isotopic/geochemical model proposed here contains three major components: (i) the differential weathering of micas and alkali (K-) feldspars to form the majority of the particulate (<1 μm) fractions (high 87Sr/86Sr ratio), which have a geochemical and Sr isotopic signature that closely resembles precursor mineralogies, (ii) the differential weathering of Na, Ca-feldspars (plagioclase) which decompose to form clay minerals in the colloidal (>1 μm) fractions (low 87Sr/86Sr ratio), with a range of geochemical signatures related to the relative proportions of inorganic and organic constituents, and (iii) the presence of natural organic matter as coatings on the particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) matter and possibly as organo-colloids which exert an increasing influence in particular on bulk colloid geochemistry with decreasing colloid size. This conceptual isotopic/geochemical model also accounts for the distinct variation in major, trace and REE geochemistry and Sr isotopic systematics between the particulate (<1 μm) and colloidal (>1 μm) fractions, the variation being primarily a function of the distinctly different precursor mineralogies of the SPM fractions and geochemical fractionation during the weathering and transport. Additionally, this model explains a systematic fractionation of REE apparent within colloidal (>1 μm) fractions. Statisitcal (hierachical cluster) analysis of two particulate and three colloidal fractions from 23 samples from the MDRS is used as a basis to investigate geochemical and mineralogical associations within the particulate and colloidal size fractions and to provide additional supporting evidence for the conceptual isotopic/geochemical model. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of Sr/Sr mass-dependent isotopic fractionation and radiogenic isotope variation of Sr/Sr in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation

We measured both mass-dependent isotope fractionation of δ⁸⁸Sr (⁸⁸Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and radiogenic isotopic variation of Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) for the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation that deposited as a cap carbonate immediately above the Marinoan-related Nantuo Tillite. The δ⁸⁸Sr and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr compositions showed three remarkable characteristics: (1) high radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values and gradual decrease in the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, (2) anomalously low δ⁸⁸Sr values at the lower part cap carbonate, and (3) a clear correlation between ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ⁸⁸Sr values. These isotopic signatures can be explained by assuming an extreme greenhouse condition after the Marinoan glaciation. Surface seawater, mixed with a large amount of freshwater from continental crusts with high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and lighter δ⁸⁸Sr ratios, was formed during the extreme global warming after the glacial event. High atmospheric CO₂ content caused sudden precipitation of cap carbonate from the surface seawater with high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and lighter δ⁸⁸Sr ratios. Subsequently, the mixing of the underlying seawater, with unradiogenic Sr isotope compositions and normal δ⁸⁸Sr ratios, probably caused gradual decrease of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the seawater and deposition of carbonate with normal δ⁸⁸Sr ratios. The combination of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ⁸⁸Sr isotope systematics gives us new insights on the surface evolution after the Snowball Earth.