非饱和重塑黄土的土水特性及压缩屈服与湿陷性的研究

利用改造的非饱和土固结仪对Q_3重塑黄土分别进行了无应力作用的分级增湿试验和控制基质吸力的压缩试验,测试得到了土–水特征曲线和压缩应力–应变曲线,研究了饱和度与基质吸力和含水率与基质吸力之间关系、压缩屈服应力随基质吸力的变化规律和湿陷系数随基质吸力的变化规律。研究结果表明,非饱和重塑黄土的吸力较大时土的强度较大,其压缩变形较小,非饱和重塑黄土的结构屈服压力较大;非饱和土基质吸力一定时,随着压力的增大,湿陷系数呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;同一净压缩应力下非饱和土基质吸力越大,湿陷系数越大,吸力越小,土样的?_s(p=200 k Pa)越小,当?_s(p=200 k Pa)超过约0.1时,?_s(p=200 k Pa)与基质吸力(u_a-u_w)近似呈指数增加。     

吸力历史对非饱和粉土动力变形特性的影响

以非饱和粉土为研究对象,利用吸力可控的动三轴仪对其进行动力变形试验,得到了在不同净围压和不同吸力路径下非饱和粉土试样的骨架曲线、动弹性模量和阻尼比,研究了先脱湿后吸湿的吸力历史对其动力变形特性的影响。结果表明,在同一净围压和吸力下,非饱和粉土试样经历过先脱湿后吸湿的骨架曲线和动弹性模量比仅经过脱湿的要高,而试样经历过先脱湿后吸湿的阻尼比比仅经过脱湿的要小;此外,随着非饱和粉土试样经历过最大吸力的增大,其骨架曲线和动弹性模量增大,而阻尼比减小。试验结果可用非饱和土的平均骨架应力和弯液面水的表面张力作用来解释,并用两项联合预测非饱和土试样的最大剪切模量。     

非饱和填土侧限压缩变形特性试验研究及应用初探

为研究吸力及压实度对非饱和压实填土压缩变形特性的影响,并建立脱湿（吸力增长）状态下的填方土体工后沉降变形修正计算应用模型,开展了控制吸力和压实度的一维非饱和土侧限压缩试验。结果表明：压缩曲线平缓段随压实度和吸力的提高而增长,表明土样的结构屈服强度同步得到提高;在比容v变化差值序列上,饱和土压缩土样最大、常规压缩土样次之、脱湿土样最小,并且吸力越大,比容v变化差值越小。经历脱湿（吸力增长）后的压实土压缩性降低,定义和建立了吸力压缩系数 及其经验模型,用以表征和度量吸力和压实度对压缩特性的影响规律及程度,发现 随竖向应力增加呈现指数型衰减。对模型参数与压实土相关参量间的关联性进行了分析探讨,同一压实度土样不同吸力所对应的参数 均值随压实水平提高而线性减小,参数λ总体上随吸力的增加而增大,但随压实度的提高吸力对于土体抗压性增强的贡献水平降低且参数 试验数值点靠拢线性趋近线,土样的压缩性随压实度和吸力大小变化而动态调整。基于分层总和法的基本原理初步构造建立了高填方非饱和填土压缩变形修正计算模型（MS）,其应用途径应建立在进一步对非饱和压实填土受荷状态下脱湿土-水特征关系的研究基础之上。     

非饱和压实黄土结构特性试验研究

对增（减）湿到相同含水率及相同干密度的不同结构性非饱和压实黄土进行土-水特征曲线试验和三轴剪切试验,研究制样含水率引起的结构变化对非饱和压实黄土基质吸力、应力-应变特征及结构性参数的影响。研究结果表明：制样含水率引起的结构性对非饱和压实黄土的土-水特征曲线有明显的影响,小于塑限时基质吸力随制样含水率的增大而增大,最优制样含水率时非饱和压实黄土具有均匀小孔隙的团粒凝聚结构使其吸力相对最大;应力-应变曲线在最优结构状态时位于坐标最上端,小于最优制样含水率时的结构弱化程度相对较低,其应力-应变曲线逐渐下移,大于最优制样含水率时土样的结构弱化程度较高,其应力-应变曲线位于最下端;定义的结构性参数m?r能够合理反映压实黄土的结构性,弥补了压实土工程中用最优含水率和最大干密度指标无法反映土结构性影响的不足;屈服结构性参数m?r0能够合理反映出不同制样含水率压实黄土的结构弱化程度,结构弱化程度还反映在三轴剪切破坏强度上。     

压实度和基质吸力对土石混合填料强度变形特性的影响研究

针对土石混合料高填方工程分析计算参数和模型确定难题,采用非饱和土三轴仪进行了控制基质吸力和净围压的36个固结排水剪切试验,定量研究了压实度、基质吸力、配合比对非饱和重塑混合料强度变形特性的影响,建立了非饱和压实土抗剪强度、切线变形模量和切线体积模量修正算法表达式。试验结果表明:破坏应力、黏聚力随吸力的增加基本呈线性增长,吸力变化对有效内摩擦角影响不大;破坏应力与强度参数随压实系数的提高而增大;土石比为4:6的土样破坏应力和强度参数整体略高于2:8的土样,有效黏聚力随粉质黏土含量的增加而增大。配合比和压实系数相同的土样,净围压或吸力越大,试样强度越大,体变逐步由剪缩趋于剪胀;净围压和吸力相同的土样,在相同配合比时,压实系数越高,应变曲线逐渐由应变硬化型向理想弹塑型转变,低净围压下部分土样趋于应变软化型。修正后的非饱和土非线性增量本构关系符合大面积填方工程实际,可用于高填方地基变形计算和高填方边坡稳定性分析。     

吸力路径对非饱和土力学性质的影响

基质吸力的存在使得土的工程性状变得十分复杂.非饱和土的力学性质,不仅受基质吸力及竖向荷载等应力状态的影响,吸力路径也起着不可忽视的作用.为了探讨不同吸力路径对非饱和土应力-应变关系和强度的影响,采用非饱和土直剪仪对不同吸力路径固结平衡的非饱和土样进行直剪试验,获得其固结量及应力-应变关系,得到了不同吸力路径对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响规律.试验结果表明:在相同的竖向荷载条件下,非饱和土的抗剪强度随着吸力的增加明显增大.在相同吸力及竖向荷载条件下,经历过较高吸力历史的试样固结量和前期剪切强度明显增大.     

非饱和粉土的液化特性研究

使用非饱和土动三轴试验仪,对非饱和粉土进行动力强度试验,探讨了饱和度、动应力比及固结围压对非饱和粉土动力强度特性、液化特性及孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明：（1）非饱和粉土的动强度随饱和度的增加而下降,在相同动剪应力比下饱和度与液化振次在半对数坐标上成线性关系;（2）非饱和粉土的液化与不液化的临界曲线近似成S型,非饱和粉土的抗液化能力随饱和度增大而降低,当饱和度小于60%时,土样不会液化;（3）非饱和粉土的动孔压随振次增大而增长,孔压的增长呈现出三段式的模式。     

粉土基质吸力的新型量测装置与土-水特征研究

以非饱和土张力计原理为基础,制作了一种新型的基质吸力量测装置,并通过实测过程的不断总结与改进,得到了一种成本低廉、制作简单、操作便利、试验快速和结果可靠的非饱和土基质吸力量测装置,以此装置测定了不同体积含水率、不同压实度和干湿循环后粉土的基质吸力变化规律,得到了不同压实度粉土的土-水特征曲线,并通过Origin软件中的Boltzmann模型进行拟合对比分析,得到了与压实度相关的土-水特征曲线,比较了不同压实度粉土的含水率变化对基质吸力的不同影响特点。试验结果表明,干湿循环对粉土的基质吸力和强度有很大影响。     

环境湿度可控的土体小应变刚度试验系统

为研究脱湿过程中饱和度改变对土体小应变刚度的影响规律,自主研制了一套非饱和土小应变刚度试验装置。该装置由3部分构成：相对湿度控制系统、变形测试系统和波速测试系统。相对湿度控制系统可分级提供环境室内相对湿度,通过称重模块记录土样质量变化;变形测试系统利用图像采集结合数字图像处理技术获得土样体变;波速测试系统采用压电陶瓷元件制作的波速传感器,可同时测试土样脱湿过程中压缩波及剪切波波速。试验结果表明：该装置能够分级稳定控制相对湿度环境、间接测量土样体积变化及实时测试弹性波波速,进而研究波速表征的小应变刚度随饱和度的变化规律;土样剪切波速及小应变剪切模量随饱和度的降低逐渐增加,压缩波速及小应变体积模量随饱和度的降低先减小后增加。该装置结构简单,便于操作,为研究非饱和土小应变刚度特性提供了科学有效的测试方法与试验手段。     

真三轴条件下原状Q_3黄土的土-水特征

土-水特征曲线反映了非饱和土三相介质存在状态和相互作用的基本特性,非饱和土的受力状态变化和变形发展必然影响其土-水特性变化。为了揭示复杂应力作用下非饱和原状黄土的土-水特征曲线变化,利用真三轴仪对不同初始吸力的非饱和原状黄土进行了常含水率的等向固结和不同中主应力参数b值的剪切试验,探讨了不同试验条件下非饱和原状黄土的土-水特征,并对相应的土-水特征曲线进行了拟合,得出其拟合函数。研究结果表明:饱和度皆随着净平均应力、b值和净围压的增大而增大;吸力随着饱和度的增大而减小,饱和度较大(S_(r0)≥43%)时,吸力减小速率越小,饱和度较小(S_(r0)43%)时,吸力减小速率越大;饱和度一定时,吸力皆随着净平均应力、b值和净围压的增大而增大;较低净平均应力(p≤300 kPa)时,应力变化对原状黄土等向固结完成后土-水曲线的影响较小,为了工程应用方便,可以归一用幂函数来描述;拟合了可以反映净围压和中主应力共同作用影响的真三轴剪切完成后的土-水特征曲线表达式,与试验结果吻合较好。     

A bounding surface plasticity model for unsaturated soil at small strains

Most existing hydromechanical models for unsaturated soils are not able to fully capture the nonlinearity of stress–strain curves at small strains (less than 1%). They cannot therefore, for example, accurately predict ground movements and the performance of many earth structures under working conditions. To tackle this problem, a state‐dependent bounding surface plasticity model has been newly developed. Particularly, the degradation of shear modulus with strain at small strains ranging from 0.001% to 1% is focused. The proposed model is formulated in terms of mean average skeleton stress, deviator stress, suction, specific volume and degree of saturation. Void ratio‐dependent hydraulic hysteresis is coupled with the stress–strain behaviour. Different from other elastoplastic models for unsaturated soils, plastic strains are allowed inside bounding surfaces. In this paper, details of model formulations and calibration procedures of model parameters are presented. To evaluate the capability of the new model, it is applied to simulate a series of triaxial compression tests on compacted unsaturated silt at various suctions. Effects of suction, drying and wetting as well as net stress on unsaturated soil behaviour are well captured. The model shows good predictions of the degradation of shear modulus with strain over a wide range of strains from 0.001% to 1%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

干湿过程中膨胀土最大剪切模量及其预测

为了研究膨胀土在天然环境下的动力特性,本文利用装有弯曲元的三轴仪对南阳膨胀土原状样和重塑样进行了最大剪切模量的测试试验。试验包括在不同围压下的饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量测试;将初始干密度相近的原状样和重塑样分别进行脱湿和吸湿,量测整个过程中最大剪切模量的变化,并结合孔隙比进行分析。试验结果表明:饱和南阳膨胀土的最大剪切模量随着围压增大而增大;脱湿过程中南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量与含水率关系曲线要高于吸湿过程的曲线,即最大剪切模量与含水率关系存在滞回特性,这主要是吸力作用的缘故;初始干密度相近条件下原状样的最大剪切模量比重塑样的要小,这是由于原状样内部存在较多大孔隙。本文最后对饱和土最大剪切模量公式进行改进,使之适用于非饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量的预测。     

A theory of loosening earth pressure above a shallow tunnel in unsaturated ground

A theory is proposed to evaluate the loosening earth pressure (vertical earth pressure after excavation) acting on a shallow tunnel in unsaturated ground with an arbitrary groundwater level. The theory is developed based on the limit equilibrium theory, combining soil–water characteristic curves, Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria, and effective stress for unsaturated soils. The proposed theory is applied to predict the vertical distribution of loosening earth pressure in unsaturated ground, which shows a significant difference from that in saturated ground. In unsaturated ground, suction contributes to the increase in effective loosening earth pressure and shear resistance. The remarkable effects of groundwater depth, soil type, and scale of overburden height and trapdoor width on loosening earth pressure are also revealed. Based on the soil–water characteristic curve, the degree of saturation decreases, which causes wet density to decrease and the total and effective loosening earth pressures to have contrary tendencies. Moreover, effective loosening earth pressures vary with soil type as the degree of saturation varies. The total loosening earth pressures are, however, very similar regardless of soil type, because wet density and shear resistance have similar tendencies. The proposed theory provides a valid model for loosening earth pressure in unsaturated ground that will be useful for shallow tunnel excavations.     

基质吸力对非饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度的贡献

非饱和土抗剪强度随饱和度降低、基质吸力增大而提高.然而,不同类型非饱和土中,基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献却显著不同.本文通过室内试验,探讨了基质吸力对非饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度贡献的基本特征.研究结果表明,非饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度随着基质吸力的增大,表现为非线性的和明显的4个阶段性增、降和逐渐稳定特征,且分段特征值与土-水特征曲...     

Yielding of Silt at High Temperature and Suction Magnitudes

This study presents an evaluation of yielding mechanisms for unsaturated, compacted silt using drained triaxial compression tests with control of elevated temperatures and high suction magnitudes. After anisotropic compression, some compacted silt specimens were heated by approximately 40 °C before a suction of approximately 300 MPa was applied, while others were heated after suction application. A frictional response was observed for the specimens sheared under high suction magnitudes, in the form of a consistent increase in peak shear strength with increasing net confining stress. An effective stress analysis was used to evaluate the trends in the peak shear stress and the role of stress history for the different specimens. A single peak failure envelope was observed when the shear strength data was interpreted in terms of the mean effective stress. Changes in preconsolidation stress were estimated by identifying the intersections between a thermo-elasto-plastic yield function and the experimental peak shear strength values. Soil specimens heated before application of high suction values had lower peak shear strengths than reference specimens at high suction and ambient temperature. This behaviour is consistent with thermal softening trends observed in soils heated under low suction values. However, soil specimens heated after suction application had greater peak shear strengths than the reference specimens. This indicates heating under high suction results in hardening. The impact of suction on the preconsolidation stress was found to be better represented by a power law model at high suction magnitudes than other available models. The estimated preconsolidation stress values were used to evaluate the impacts of stress history on the thermal volume change response, which matched well with data from tests on saturated specimens.     

A hierarchical thermo‐hydro‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils and its numerical implementation

Unsaturated soils are highly heterogeneous 3‐phase porous media. Variations of temperature, the degree of saturation, and density have dramatic impacts on the hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. To model all these features, we present a thermo‐hydro‐plastic model in which the hydro‐mechanical hardening and thermal softening are incorporated in a hierarchical fashion for unsaturated soils. This novel constitutive model can capture heterogeneities in density, suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature. Specifically, this constitutive model has 2 ingredients: (1) it has a “mesoscale” mechanical state variable—porosity and 3 environmental state variables—suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature; (2) both temperature and mechanical effects on water retention properties are taken into account. The return mapping algorithm is applied to implement this model at Gauss point assuming an infinitesimal strain. At each time step, the return mapping is conducted only in principal elastic strain space, assuming no return mapping in suction and temperature. The numerical results obtained by this constitutive model are compared with the experimental results. It shows that the proposed model can simulate the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with satisfaction. We also conduct shear band analysis of an unsaturated soil specimen under plane strain condition to demonstrate the impact of temperature variation on shear banding triggered by initial material heterogeneities.     

基质吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响

在自然界和工程实践中遇到的土大多数是非饱和土,研究吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的作用,对于工程实践具有重要的意义。通过压力板仪和直剪仪组合试验,探讨了击实土抗剪强度和基质吸力的关系。试验结果表明：凝聚力在饱和度为40%-60%时最大,而内摩擦角则随饱和度增加而有所减少。进一步对比土-水特征曲线与抗剪强度的关系,并整合前人研究成果,指出了非饱和土中吸力对其抗剪强度影响的规律。对于无黏性土,在边界效应区不产生假凝聚力,且内摩擦角不变;在过渡区与非饱和残余区,假凝聚力和基质吸力的关系存在峰值且变化较大,内摩擦角则随吸力增加而增加。对于黏性土,残余体积含水率所对应的最小吸力可能是影响抗剪强度的界限值,小于此吸力值,φb可近似为常数。但在非饱和残余区,凝聚力将随土状态路径的不同而变化。对于重塑土,凝聚力降低;而对于原状土,则凝聚力可能不变或增加。