黄河三角洲饱和粉质土液化性能试验研究

在黏粒含量和干密度恒定的情况下,进行了一系列重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土不排水动三轴试验,试样直径为50 mm、高为100 mm,重点研究了有效围压、动荷载和粉粒含量等因素对饱和粉质土液化特性的影响。试验结果表明:（1）在粉粒含量不小于50%的情况下,粉粒含量的增加降低了黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的液化势;（2）重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动强度随有效围压的增大而增大,与初次液化振动次数的对数近似呈线性关系;（3）与砂土相比,粉质土的动孔压很难达到有效围压,并且随有效围压的增大,相同条件下动孔压达到有效围压的比率降低;随粉粒含量的增加,其对动孔压的影响有减小的趋势;粉粒含量的增大减缓了动孔压的增长;（4）根据本次试验结果,给出了重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动孔压计算模型及相关参数取值。     

饱和击实黄土的动力特性研究

通过进行不同固结条件下饱和击实黄土的动三轴试验,研究了饱和击实黄土的动模量、阻尼比、动强度、动孔压及抗液化特性。研究结果表明：饱和击实黄土的动应力-应变关系符合双曲线模型,模型中参数起始动剪切模量和最大动应力与轴向固结应力间均有良好的幂函数关系,且可以对不同固结应力状态归一,固结围压和固结比对阻尼比的影响较小。动剪应力比随固结围压的增大而减小,随固结比的增大而增大。固结围压、固结比以及动应力皆对动孔压比（ ）与振次比关系有显著的影响,而动孔压与破坏时动孔压之比与振次比关系只受固结围压变化的影响,基本上不受固结比和动应力变化的影响,可以用幂函数关系来模拟;在均压固结条件下,当破坏振次小于等于30时,饱和击实黄土不会产生液化,而当破坏振次较大（动应力较小）时可以产生液化;在偏压固结条件下不会产生液化。     

黄河口不同强度粉土液化特性的试验研究

研制真空压缩装置以制备不同强度的粉土土样,并进行动三轴试验,测试不同强度粉土的液化特性。建立了土的强度与动剪应力比的关系,确立孔压增长模型及其参数,探讨土的强度和动应力对液化的影响。结果表明,（1）真空压缩装置制备土样过程中,土体超孔压在24 h内基本消散完毕,28 d贯入阻力达300～400 N,不排水抗剪强度达8 kPa,达到黄河口软弱土的强度;（2）土的强度与动剪应力比基本呈线性关系,且土的强度越高,孔压增长曲线越呈现上凸趋势,破坏时的孔压比也越大;（3）指数模型能够较好模拟黄河口粉土孔压增长情况,其中参数a和b分别位于0.77～5.63和0.17～4.65之间;对于孔压比上限,参数a, b分别为0.92和4.65;孔压比下限,参数a, b分别为1.25和0.89。     

钱塘江冲海积非饱和粉土剪胀性三轴试验研究

钱塘江两岸广泛分布着冲海积粉土。在对钱塘江饱和粉土三轴试验研究的基础上,采用常规三轴仪,通过对不同饱和度系列粉土的固结排水CD试验,探讨钱塘江非饱和粉土的应力-应变性状和剪胀特性。对稍密状态（e = 0.871～0.969）粉土的试验表明：钱塘江冲海积非饱和粉土显著的特性之一是剪胀性,剪胀主要与粉土的饱和度和围压有关;饱和度对应力­应变曲线的一般形状影响不大;应力-应变曲线呈微软化型,残余强度qr与峰值强度qmax之比大多在0.9～1.0之间;粉土的剪胀随饱和度增高而增大,随围压增高而减小。临界状态体应变与中主应力随饱和度的变化有明显规律,围压800 kPa下,稍密状态钱塘江非饱和粉土体应变在 =12.020 2 – 4.939 2lnp和 =15.771 7 – 5.775 1lnp两条线所围的范围内,剪胀的最大体应变小于5%。     

地震荷载下辽西饱和粉土液化特性分析

地震荷载作用引起的粉土液化是路基抗震设计的重要问题。通过动三轴试验研究了不同围压、动剪应力条件下辽西地区饱和粉土的液化特性,并利用应变孔压模型对辽西饱和粉土路基进行了液化特性的数值模拟分析。结果表明:围压条件一定时,动剪应力与液化振次呈双曲线关系;抗震设防烈度为7度时,超越概率63.5%和10%的地震荷载不能使辽西饱和粉土发生液化,而超越概率2%时液化深度约为5 m左右,这为粉土路基抗震设计提供了一定的参考依据。     

掺土粉煤灰的动强度及孔压发展规律

在动扭剪三轴仪上对不同黄土掺量的粉煤灰试样进行动力学试验,根据试验结果对掺土粉煤灰的动强度及孔压发展规律进行了分析。试验表明:随着掺土量的增加,掺土粉煤灰的动强度值有所下降,在同一固结比条件下,掺土量越大,产生破坏所需的动剪应力和破坏振次就越小;掺土粉煤灰的动强度指标中粘聚力随掺土量的增大而提高,而内摩擦角随掺土量的增加呈略微减小的趋势;随着掺土量的增加,孔隙水压力随振次比及轴向变形的增长速度逐渐变缓,在纯粉煤灰中掺入一定量的黄土,有助于提高粉煤灰的抗液化性能。     

吸力历史对非饱和粉土动力变形特性的影响

以非饱和粉土为研究对象,利用吸力可控的动三轴仪对其进行动力变形试验,得到了在不同净围压和不同吸力路径下非饱和粉土试样的骨架曲线、动弹性模量和阻尼比,研究了先脱湿后吸湿的吸力历史对其动力变形特性的影响。结果表明,在同一净围压和吸力下,非饱和粉土试样经历过先脱湿后吸湿的骨架曲线和动弹性模量比仅经过脱湿的要高,而试样经历过先脱湿后吸湿的阻尼比比仅经过脱湿的要小;此外,随着非饱和粉土试样经历过最大吸力的增大,其骨架曲线和动弹性模量增大,而阻尼比减小。试验结果可用非饱和土的平均骨架应力和弯液面水的表面张力作用来解释,并用两项联合预测非饱和土试样的最大剪切模量。     

波浪荷载下饱和粉土不排水动力特性试验研究

确保海床场地的动力稳定性是近海工程安全运行的前提。目前针对复杂应力路径对海域环境饱和粉土动力学行为特性的影响研究尚属少见。利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪,开展了轴向-扭转耦合循环加载的重塑饱和粉土不排水试验,模拟波浪的波幅大小和海床深度变化,以广义剪应变γg=5%为液化标准,研究了均等固结条件下循环应力路径(循环应力比CSR和循环加载幅值比δ)对饱和粉土不排水动力特性的影响。结果表明:CSR与δ值的大小对饱和粉土的超静孔压与变形发展特性影响显著,圆形应力路径(δ=1)循环加载时饱和粉土最易液化;当CSR≤0.050时,饱和粉土不会发生液化;当CSR≥0.065且δ=1时,饱和粉土会发生液化;CSR> 0.150时,粉土易发生液化。γg与孔压比ru的相关性受CSR与δ值大小的影响较小,且γg可表示以r_u为变量的正切函数。以等效循环应力比ESR作为表征复杂应力路径下动应力大小的指标,饱和粉土达到γg=5%所需的液化振次NL与施加的ESR值具有事实上的唯一性关系,ESR随NL的增大而减小。     

非饱和粉土静、动强度对比试验研究

针对非饱和重塑粉土,利用改进的可控制吸力式非饱和土静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,进行了多组固结排水非饱和土静、动三轴试验,探讨了非饱和粉土静、动强度特性,分析了粉土静三轴强度随固结压力、吸力变化的规律,以及动强度随固结压力、吸力以及破坏振动次数变化的规律,研究表明粉土静、动强度之间具有很强的相关性。最后,通过归一化处理提出了利用粉土的静三轴强度推求相应的动力强度曲线的公式,从而达到在非饱和土地基稳定性分析中减少工作量的目的。     

高含冰量冻土动强度和残余应变的试验研究

冻土对温度敏感且性质易变, 而高含冰量冻土的性质更是极不稳定, 针对不同温度、 不同围压下50%的高含冰量重塑冻土进行了动三轴试验.结果表明: 动强度随着振次的增大线性减小, 和温度呈二次变化关系, 随着负温的增大而增大, 围压对动强度影响不大;残余轴应变随着振次的增大而增大, 呈幂函数的关系;随负温的增大而变小, 围压对残余应变影响也不大. 根据这些影响因素, 分别给出了高含冰量冻土的动强度和残余应变的计算公式, 这些结果可为该类土的动力特性研究提供参考.     

滑坡冲击作用下的阶地砂质粉土层液化机理

为探究阶地饱和砂质粉土在黄土滑坡冲击荷载作用下的力学机理,选取泾阳南塬典型黄土滑坡LD37为研究对象。通过基本性质测试获取了阶地砂质粉土的物理、水理、颗粒级配和矿物组分等指标。采用自制冲击设备进行了3种饱和度条件下的冲击试验,并对水分迁移和剪切强度变化等问题进行了分析,在此基础上探讨了冲击液化机理。结果表明:冲击荷载会使砂质粉土内部的总应力与孔隙水压力剧增,在应力波的作用下,出现多个峰值,且孔隙水压力在1 s内难以完全消散;80%与90%饱和度的砂质粉土受冲击会在深度方向上形成不同程度的液化,而70%饱和度的砂质粉土受冲击后沿深度方向并未发生液化;砂质粉土发生冲击液化时下部水分会向上部迁移,导致其上部土层含水率骤增,剪切强度骤减;冲击液化过程可划分为初始阶段、冲击挤压阶段和冲击回弹阶段。砂质粉土的冲击液化机理是一种由于快速冲压土体的不排水行为,导致其颗粒原始骨架结构破坏重组,从而引起其内部孔压快速积累的一种液化行为。     

干湿路径影响粉土小应变剪切模量的试验研究

天然土尤其是地表浅层土常处于非饱和状态,其小应变剪切模量是预测地基变形及土工结构物动力反应的一个重要参数。通过对非饱和压实粉土三轴样进行弯曲元试验,研究了吸力和干湿路径对其小应变剪切模量的影响。试验结果表明,非饱和压实粉土样的小应变剪切模量各向异性忽略不计;小应变剪切模量G0(vh)、G0(hh)和G0(hv)均随吸力增大而非线性增大;同一吸力下不同干湿路径上的土样,饱和度不同,其小应变剪切模量随饱和度升高而减小,主要原因是土的平均骨架应力和土中毛细水的作用。根据试验结果对非饱和土小应变剪切模量的半经验公式进行了改进,同时考虑了吸力与饱和度的作用。     

基质吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响

在自然界和工程实践中遇到的土大多数是非饱和土,研究吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的作用,对于工程实践具有重要的意义。通过压力板仪和直剪仪组合试验,探讨了击实土抗剪强度和基质吸力的关系。试验结果表明：凝聚力在饱和度为40%-60%时最大,而内摩擦角则随饱和度增加而有所减少。进一步对比土-水特征曲线与抗剪强度的关系,并整合前人研究成果,指出了非饱和土中吸力对其抗剪强度影响的规律。对于无黏性土,在边界效应区不产生假凝聚力,且内摩擦角不变;在过渡区与非饱和残余区,假凝聚力和基质吸力的关系存在峰值且变化较大,内摩擦角则随吸力增加而增加。对于黏性土,残余体积含水率所对应的最小吸力可能是影响抗剪强度的界限值,小于此吸力值,φb可近似为常数。但在非饱和残余区,凝聚力将随土状态路径的不同而变化。对于重塑土,凝聚力降低;而对于原状土,则凝聚力可能不变或增加。     

尾矿料的动力特性试验研究

通过对某铜矿的尾矿料进行动三轴和共振柱试验,研究了尾矿材料动力变形特性,提出了简单实用的孔隙水压力模型,给出了能更加准确地预测尾矿材料的动孔隙水压力的公式,并将其与Seed提出的预测公式进行了比较。在不同密度尾矿料的动三轴试验基础上,分析了相对密度对液化特性的影响,得出了相对密度小于70 %时抗液化强度随相对密度的增加而明显增加的结论。在不同围压下进行动三轴试验,结果表明：在相同的液化振次条件下,围压越高,动剪应力比越低。由共振柱试验可知,尾矿料的阻尼比随着动剪应变幅的增大而增大,而动剪模量随动剪应变幅的增大而减小,动剪模量和阻尼比与动剪应变幅的关系受围压影响不太敏感。     

Simulation of liquefaction of unsaturated soil using critical state soil model

Several researchers have reported that the mean effective stress of unsaturated soils having a relatively high degree of saturation gradually decreases under fully undrained cyclic loading conditions, and such soils can be finally liquefied like saturated soils. This paper describes a series of simulations of fully undrained cyclic loading on unsaturated soils, conducted using an elastoplastic model for unsaturated soils. This model is a critical state soil model formulated using effective stress tensor for unsaturated soils, which incorporates the following concepts: (a) the volumetric movement of the state boundary surface containing the critical state line owing to the variation in the degree of saturation; (b) the soil water characteristic curve considering the effects of specific volume and hydraulic hysteresis; and (c) the subloading surface concept for considering the effect of density. Void air is assumed to be an ideal gas obeying Boyle's law. The proposed model is validated through comparisons with past results. The simulation results show that the proposed model properly describes the fully undrained cyclic behavior of unsaturated soils, such as liquefaction, compression, and an increase in the degree of saturation. Finally, the effects of the degree of saturation, void ratio, and confining pressure on the cyclic strength of unsaturated soils are described by the simulation results. The liquefaction resistance of unsaturated soils increases as the degree of saturation and the void ratio decrease, and as the confining pressure increases. Furthermore, the degree of saturation has a greater effect on the liquefaction resistance than the confining pressure and void ratio. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shear strength and pore-water pressure characteristics of sandy soil mixed with plastic fine

Recent earthquake case histories have revealed the liquefaction of mixtures of sand and fine particles during earthquakes. Different from earlier studies which placed an emphasis on characterisation of liquefaction in terms of the induced shear stress required to cause liquefaction, this study adopted a strain approach because excess pore-water pressure generation is controlled mainly by the level of induced shear strains. The current study includes the results of a set of laboratory tests carried out on sand specimens with the same relative densities and variation in the plastic fines (kaolinite or bentonite) contents ranging from 0 to either 30 % and consolidated at mean confining pressure of 100, 200 and 300 kPa using static triaxial test apparatus, in order to study the influence of fine content and other parameters on the undrained shear strength and liquefaction potential of clayey sand specimens; also, pore-water pressures in the specimens are discussed. Results of tests show that the peak strength decreases as the fines (kaolinite or bentonite) content increases up to a threshold content of fines (FC_th) after which, increases in plastic fine content lead to improve the peak shear strength of specimens, and also the ultimate steady-state strength has been improved due to the increased in plastic fines content. Also, pore pressure build-up in clayey sands is generally slower than that observed in pure sand.     

Laboratory Investigation into the Effects of Silty Fines on Liquefaction Susceptibility of Chlef (Algeria) Sandy Soils

In a number of recent case studies, the liquefaction of silty sands has been reported. To investigate the undrained shear and deformation behaviour of Chlef sand–silt mixtures, a series of monotonic and stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on sand encountered at the site. The aim of this laboratory investigation is to study the influence of silt contents, expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio on undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense and dense sand–silt mixtures under monotonic loading and liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. After an earthquake event, the prediction of the post-liquefaction strength is becoming a challenging task in order to ensure the stability of different types of earth structures. Thus, the choice of the appropriate undrained residual shear strength of silty sandy soils that are prone to liquefaction to be used in engineering practice design should be established. To achieve this, a series of undrained triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines contents ranging from 0 to 40 %. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant at 100 kPa. From the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not characterize the actual behaviour of the soil as well. The equivalent void ratio expressing the fine particles participation in soil strength is then introduced. A linear relationship between the undrained shear residual shear strength and the equivalent void ratio has been obtained for the studied range of the fines contents. Cyclic test results confirm that the increase in the equivalent void ratio and the fines content accelerates the liquefaction phenomenon for the studied stress ratio and the liquefaction resistance decreases with the increase in either the equivalent void ratio or the loading amplitude level. These cyclic tests results confirm the obtained monotonic tests results.