受振动荷载扰动裂隙性黄土单轴压缩力学行为研究

通过振动及单轴压缩试验,研究了受振动荷载扰动裂隙性黄土的单轴压缩力学行为。结果表明：裂隙性黄土的单轴压缩破坏模式表现为压裂破坏、滑移破坏、滑移-压裂复合破坏以及压剪破坏4种类型;振动扰动对单轴压缩条件下裂隙性黄土的破坏模式无显著影响,其破坏模式主要由初始裂隙的倾角控制。振动幅值和频率对裂隙性黄土应力-应变曲线的类型及特征无显著影响,不同振动参数条件下试样的应力-应变曲线均表现为应变软化型,且45°倾角试样的应力-应变曲线呈现出第二峰值强度高于第一峰值强度的“双峰”变化特征。单轴抗压强度随振动幅值和频率的增大均呈现出近似线性减小的变化规律;不同振动参数条件下试样单轴抗压强度随裂隙倾角增大近似呈现出“双V”变化特征。构建了受振动荷载扰动裂隙性黄土的二元介质本构模型,可较好预测其单轴压缩过程的应力-应变关系及单轴抗压强度。     

基于DIC的含不同角度3D打印粗糙交叉节理试样破裂机制研究

粗糙交叉节理广泛存在于实际岩体中,含不同角度粗糙交叉节理试样的力学破裂演化特性研究对岩体工程具有重要的指导意义。基于Barton节理轮廓曲线,通过3D打印技术制作不同角度粗糙交叉节理模型,浇筑成试样后进行单轴压缩试验,并采用DIC技术对试样表面的变形特征进行了处理与分析。结果表明:主节理倾角较大试样的单轴强度基本小于主节理倾角较小试样,主次节理夹角γ在45°～60°之间时对试样的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量影响最大;通过对DIC应变云图、节理尖端全程应变和应变率激增点分析可知,起裂主要发生在主节理上下端和次节理上端,起裂应力在峰值应力的90%至峰值阶段,屈服阶段裂隙扩展速度缓慢,快速扩展主要发生在峰后阶段;粗糙交叉节理试样的起裂方向与平直节理试样不同,节理尖端裂隙多以剪切形式存在,远端在最大主应力的作用下多演化为张拉裂隙;主节理下端的应力强度因子基本大于次节理上端,说明主节理对试样的破裂起主要作用,节理尖端的K_Ⅱ多大于K_Ⅰ,说明起裂扩展受剪切作用大于张拉作用。     

考虑沉积角影响的冻结砂土单轴压缩试验研究

寒区工程中的土颗粒在重力作用下沿优势方向沉积排列而形成横观各向同性冻土材料。不考虑沉积方向与荷载方向之间沉积角的影响可能会错误估计实际工程中冻土的变形特征与承载力。然而,现有文献尚未探究沉积角对冻土工程特性的影响。针对这一问题,开展了不同温度条件下沉积角对冻土单轴压缩变形与强度特性影响的试验研究。通过所研发的制样模具制备了具有4种不同沉积角δ的冻土试样（δ=0°、30°、60°和90°）,在设定的4种不同温度T条件下（T=-5、-10、-15℃和-20℃）对具有不同沉积角δ的冻土试样开展了单轴压缩试验,分析了T与δ对冻土的变形模式、破坏特征以及单轴抗压强度的显著影响。根据冻土应力-应变曲线的归一化结果及其软化段斜率的变化规律,将冻土单轴压缩变形模式在T与δ影响下分为变形模式I、II和III。根据结果可知,随着T降低以及δ趋于60°,冻土的变形模式趋于由变形模式I过渡到变形模式III,试样破坏模式由鼓胀的X形剪切带破坏趋于破坏范围较小的单剪切面破坏,而冻土单轴抗压强度随T降低而增大的同时,随δ增加表现出先减小后增大的趋势。     

裂隙性黄土单轴抗压试验研究

黄土中裂隙属黄土体结构面,影响黄土的强度特性,对工程的稳定和安全产生重要影响。以临潼地区Q2黄土为研究对象,开展了裂隙性黄土无侧限抗压强度试验,探讨了不同裂隙倾角对裂隙性黄土强度特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:单轴受压条件下,不同裂隙倾角的裂隙性黄土破坏模式主要有压裂破坏、压剪破坏和滑移-压剪复合破坏三种类型,且裂隙性黄土试样破裂面的形成受裂隙倾角的控制。裂隙倾角变化对裂隙性黄土的应力-应变曲线影响显著,裂隙倾角为0°～30°和90°时,裂隙性黄土的应力-应变曲线可分为裂隙压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、塑性屈服阶段以及残余阶段等;而裂隙倾角为40°～70°,裂隙性黄土的应力-应变曲线无明显的4个阶段,且破坏是突发性的。随裂隙倾角的增大,裂隙性黄土单轴抗压强度曲线整体表现为先降低后增大的“V”形。显著体现裂隙倾角变化对裂隙性黄土试样单轴抗压强度的影响,同时,裂隙倾角对裂隙性黄土抗剪强度也具有显著的控制效应。     

动载下3条断续裂隙岩样的裂缝贯通机制

采用含3条断续预制裂隙的类砂岩模型试样进行单轴动力加载试验,对不同裂隙空间位置条件下断续裂隙岩体中裂隙的贯通机制进行了研究。静、动荷载下的对比研究成果显示：不同空间位置的裂隙贯通方式存在较大差异,且对动载的响应不同;动载下分支裂纹扩展及贯通具有惯性效应,即动载下裂尖次生共面、次生倾斜裂纹起裂后易朝原起裂方向快速发展,动载下易在两预制裂隙内端部产生直接贯通。这与静载下岩桥处的贯通常通过分支裂纹拐折扩展、相连不同,这也是导致裂隙试样中低应变速率下强度增大（即速率效应）的主要原因。同时,试验结果也表明：含裂隙试样静、动荷载下裂隙间的多次贯通是导致其呈现出渐进破坏特征的主要原因。     

单轴压缩条件下含三叉裂隙类岩石试样力学特性的细观研究

三叉裂隙是自然界普遍存在的一种岩体缺陷形式,其对岩体的力学特性有重要影响。对含预制三叉裂隙的水泥砂浆试样进行室内单轴压缩试验,配合使用摄像机拍摄裂纹的起裂、扩展、贯通过程,通过数字图像技术处理获取试样的应变场云图,并结合PFC2D程序研究不同?、? 条件下试样的强度特征、裂纹模式和裂纹演化扩展规律。研究表明：三叉裂隙对试样单轴抗压强度有明显的削弱作用。当? 恒定为120°时,试样在? = 30°时达到最大抗压强度;当? 恒定为90°时,随?增大,试样抗压强度呈先减小后增大的趋势,且当? = 45°时达到最大抗压强度。试样产生的裂纹可分为3类,分别是张拉型裂纹(Ⅰ型裂纹)、剪切型裂纹(Ⅱ型裂纹)、混合型裂纹(Ⅲ型裂纹)。这3类裂纹通常从裂隙尖端开始产生,并且Ⅰ型裂纹沿加载方向扩展,通常未扩展至试样边界;Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型裂纹通常与加载方向呈一定角度扩展至试样边界。通过对裂纹的几何形态和组成宏观裂纹的微裂纹成分的分析,得知导致含三叉裂隙试样在单轴压缩条件下失效的是张拉破坏。数字图像技术得到的应变云图表明,当载荷达到一定阶段,裂隙尖端出现应力集中,微破裂开始发育并聚集成微破裂区,微破裂区扩大产生宏观裂纹。通过对主应变和剪应变云图分析,发现导致试样失效的是张拉破坏,剪应变在裂纹扩展过程中的影响较小。     

静动载下共面非贯通裂隙贯通机制分析

共面非贯通裂隙的贯通机制对于确定外载下岩质边坡的滑动面位置及滑动面综合抗剪强度至关重要。采用预制共面非贯通裂隙石膏模型试样单轴静动载对比试验,对不同裂隙倾角共面排列裂隙的扩展、贯通过程进行了观测,研究显示：共面非贯通裂隙不同倾角下的贯通模式存在较大差异,裂隙倾角为0o～35o时以裂隙面发生闭合变形为主;45o～65o时裂隙间较易出现剪切型破坏模式;75o～90o预制裂隙面较难产生滑动,裂隙试样主要产生劈裂形式的破坏。动载下预制裂隙试样裂尖翼裂纹及次生共面裂纹起裂后易朝原起裂方向快速发展;易在两预制裂隙内端部产生直接贯通,这与静载下岩桥处的贯通常通过分支裂纹拐折扩展、相连不同。含共面非贯通裂隙试样在裂隙倾角为35o左右时强度呈现最小值,这与贯通性裂隙试样裂隙倾角为60o左右呈现最小值相差较大,这是因为裂隙面摩擦强度没来得及发挥作用所致。因此,含非贯通节理裂隙岩体的综合抗剪强度公式应引入强度发挥系数,以充分考虑岩桥胶结强度与裂隙面摩擦强度不能同步发挥作用的破坏本质。     

L形边裂隙单圆孔砂岩单轴压缩力学特性

为加深对含交会裂隙圆孔岩石裂纹扩展和断裂机理的认识,分别对含一对水平边裂隙(A系列)和L形边裂隙(B系列)的单圆孔砂岩试样开展单轴压缩试验,建立颗粒流模型以提取加载过程中的位移云图和微裂纹数量,对比两个系列试样的变形和开裂差异,获得不同裂隙长度与倾角砂岩试样模型的接触力分布演化和颗粒位移分布情况。结果表明：1)边裂隙弯折缝改变了岩样的破坏模式,随裂隙长度增加或倾角增大,含水平边裂隙砂岩试样先后发生剪切破坏和翼型拉伸破坏,而含L形边裂隙砂岩试样先后发生共面剪切破坏和共面拉伸破坏;2)单轴压缩下砂岩试样中圆孔与裂隙的开裂相互作用,产生了剪切、共面剪切、翼型拉伸、共面拉伸和反向拉伸5种类型的裂缝,揭示了含边裂隙单圆孔砂岩试样的裂缝贯通机理;3)裂隙长度一定时,与含水平边裂隙砂岩试样相比,含L形边裂隙砂岩试样开裂晚、变形小、强度低、破坏早、稳定性差。     

三轴压缩条件下单裂隙岩石的破坏特性研究

通过在高强硅粉砂浆材料模型中预制特定倾角和特定尺寸的单裂隙,以常规三轴压缩试验为手段,研究单裂隙试样的破坏特性。试验中观察到3类典型的裂纹,即拉伸型裂纹（Ⅰ型）、滑移型裂纹（Ⅱ型）和撕开型裂纹（Ⅲ型）,其中Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型裂纹在三维试验中普遍存在,Ⅰ型裂纹仅在部分试件中观察到;三轴压缩条件下试样的破裂模式有3种,即拉剪复合破坏、“X”型的剪切破坏和沿裂隙面的剪切破坏。试验结果表明：三轴压缩条件下的单裂隙试样的裂隙扩展规律与预制裂隙关系密切,围压是试样宏观破裂模式的主要影响因素,预制裂隙长度主要影响裂隙扩展的规模,预制裂隙倾角则是新裂隙起裂的诱因。     

透明类岩石内置三维裂纹扩展变形试验研究

采用力学试验手段探究岩石受压情况下内部裂纹扩展贯通机制是了解岩石破坏失稳机制的重要手段。由于无法观察真实岩体内部裂纹扩展过程且CT扫描实时性不足等原因,自行研制了一种各项性质与岩石接近的透明类岩石材料,以观察研究其内部三维裂纹的扩展贯通机制。这一方法克服了真实岩体不透明的特点,可更方便地观察岩体内部裂纹萌生、扩展不同阶段的形状。然后制作了一批内置单裂隙和双裂隙的试件,在RMT-150B多功能全自动刚性岩石伺服试验机上进行单轴压缩试验,详细观察研究了单裂隙和双裂隙试件在不同岩桥角和裂隙间距情况下的裂纹扩展贯通模式以及裂隙数量和间距对试件抗压强度的影响,并从理论方面对翼形裂纹的扩展过程进行了解释。试验表明,在不同的岩桥角和裂隙间距下,次生裂纹将呈现不同的扩展贯通模式,试验中观察到的次生裂纹有张拉翼裂纹、与翼裂纹反向生长的反翼裂纹和拉剪作用下的花瓣状裂纹等,试件最终破坏是各种形式的裂纹汇合贯通的结果。裂隙的存在极大地降低了试件的抗压强度,且随着裂隙数目增加,试件峰值强度呈降低趋势,同时裂隙间距也对试件的峰值强度产生一定的影响。试验成果对分析真实岩体的破坏失稳机制有着重要的参考价值。     

注浆材料和预制裂纹缺陷角度对类岩石试件单轴抗压强度及破坏模式的影响

选用环氧树脂和纯水泥浆作为注浆材料,对含不同角度和不同注浆材料裂隙试样进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,注浆材料和裂纹缺陷角度对类岩石试件单轴抗压强度及破坏模式具有重要影响;环氧树脂加固效果优于纯水泥浆,环氧树脂可以有效地消除预制裂纹尖端的应力集中;在裂纹缺陷角度很小( <30°)和角度很大( =90°)的情况下无论裂隙是注环氧树脂还是纯水泥浆,注浆效果都不明显,当 =60°时两种注浆材料的加固效果都很好。提出滑动裂纹模型,对注浆裂隙进行力学分析发现,含注浆裂隙试样的抗压强度随着注浆材料和完整材料胶结面摩擦系数和黏聚力的增大而增大,不同注浆材料和完整材料胶结面的摩擦系数和黏聚力不同,解释了为什么不同的注浆材料对注浆试样强度提升作用不同。研究成果为分析工程中注浆材料和裂纹缺陷角度对岩体强度的影响提供了一定的理论基础。     

基于颗粒离散元模型的不同加载速率下花岗岩数值试验研究

不同加载速率条件下岩石的力学特性,对于其动载下破裂内在机制的研究具有积极的意义。基于颗粒流理论,通过黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model,简称BPM）虚拟实现不同加载速率0.001～0.500 m/s下花岗岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,定量分析加载速率对应力-应变、破裂形态、应变能率及声发射的影响。结果表明：单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度及其对应峰值应变随加载速率增加而非线性增长;单轴压缩作用下,随加载速率增加,试样由单一斜截面破坏向多斜截面破坏转变,且主控裂隙带宽度急剧增大,由裂纹数量及水平向高应变率区域变化规律可明显看出,试样破坏程度随着加载速率增加而逐渐加剧;巴西劈裂作用下试样从一条主控裂隙向多条主控裂隙转变,且裂纹向圆盘试样两侧边缘部分延伸,破坏程度加剧;单轴压缩和巴西劈裂作用下,声发射事件及应变能率均随加载速率增加而呈现出非线性增长趋势。     

Anchorage behaviour of reinforced specimens containing a single fissure under uniaxial loading: a particle mechanics approach

Particle flow code (PFC^2D) software was adopted to investigate the anchorage behaviour and the characteristics of crack initiation, propagation and coalescence of reinforced specimens containing a single fissure (RSCSF). The microscopic parameters of the specimens in the numerical simulation were first validated by experimental outcomes of intact specimens, while the microscopic parameters of the rock bolts were validated based on the results of the RSCSF tests. Then, the mechanical parameters as well as the failure modes in the physical experiments were compared with those derived by the numerical simulation; the results showed good agreement between the simulated macroscopic mechanical properties and failure modes and those obtained in the laboratory experiments. The peak strength, number of cracks and the failure mode varied considerably as the anchorage angle α and fissure angle β increased. Three types of stress–strain curves, types I to III, were obtained from the RSCSF. Shear cracks were observed for all three categories of curves, but the tensile cracks were dominant. The number of cracks and the rate of bond failures decreased as the curve changed from type II to type I to type III. RSCSF failure can be classified into three failure modes: (1) tip crack propagation mode, (2) midpoint crack propagation mode and (3) rock bolt crack propagation mode. These failure modes are primarily differentiated by relations between α and β, and the ratio UCS_S/UCS_I between the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS, σ _max) of the RSCSF (UCS_S) and the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact specimen (UCS_I).     

泥页岩单轴抗压破裂特征及UCS影响因素

正确认识泥页岩单轴抗压破裂特征及UCS影响因素对探究泥页岩破裂机制、钻完井设计、压裂评价、微裂缝预测、测井解释及地震响应等方面均具有重要参考价值。本文在对国内外近些年有关泥页岩单轴抗压及UCS研究系统调研及近期研究成果全面分析基础上,对泥页岩破裂特征及UCS影响因素进行了综合分析。研究结果表明,泥页岩单轴加载曲线的非弹性段变形机制受微裂缝的滑动、新微裂缝的产生、扩展及孔隙坍塌的综合影响。泥页岩单轴抗压破裂呈张性或张剪性,张性破裂易发生于刚度较高、固结程度较强的部位;而剪性破裂易发生于刚度较低、固结程度较弱的部位。S型破裂准则可以较为准确的描述泥页岩从单轴到三轴发生破裂时所对应的强度变化。从地质学角度,对影响泥页岩UCS的因素进行了归纳,分别为矿物组成、层理面角度、分选性、微组构、有机质含量及分布、孔隙度、水分、微裂缝8方面因素,详细分析了不同影响因素的影响机制。在这些影响因素中,微裂缝由于分布特征复杂,其对泥页岩单轴抗压破裂及UCS的影响机制研究尚不深入。因此建议未来应加强泥页岩微裂缝参数的定量化研究,从微观尺度研究微裂缝对泥页岩单轴抗压破裂的具体影响机制,该研究可以为页岩油气勘探、开发提供科学指导。     

考虑分层特性的尾砂胶结充填体强度折减试验研究

充填体分层现象在分段或阶段嗣后填充采空区过程中较为常见。设置65%、70%、72%和75% 4个浓度,填充次数为1、2、3和4制作不同分层胶结充填体试件,进行单轴压缩试验探究其力学强度及其破坏模式。试验结果表明：（1）相同浓度条件下,随着填充次数增多,胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度弱化效应越明显,而当浓度在65%～75%之间变化时,对应强度折减系数介于0.592～0.967;（2）充填体单轴抗压强度与填充次数之间满足二次多项式函数关系,而与料浆浓度呈对数函数分布;（3）不同分层胶结充填体的破坏模式主要表现为共轭剪切破坏和贯穿分层面的张拉破坏。低强度夹层可能是导致分层胶结充填体强度降低的原因,能够为后期填充采空区的充填体强度设计提供可靠的理论依据。     

Experimental Anelastic Strain Recovery Compliance of Three Typical Rocks

The experimental determination of anelastic strain recovery (ASR) compliances for three types of rocks (granite, marble, and sandstone) was performed in the laboratory. Preloading of specimens for uniaxial compression creep tests was at 50 % of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for each rock type. We obtained the shear mode Jas(t) and volumetric mode Jav(t) ASR compliances and calculated the ratio of Jas(t) to Jav(t). The Kelvin model for rock rheology was then applied in numerical simulations and the results were in good agreement with the measured data for Jas(t) and Jav(t). These results showed that both the magnitude and rate of increase of the ASR compliances are strongly dependent on the rock type, and the values of the Jas(t)/Jav(t) ratio for a loading of 50 % of the UCS showed a trend leading to different constants for each of the three rock types. Further experimental and numerical analyses showed approximate power-law relationships between the ASR compliances at 50 % of UCS, and both the UCS and the tangential Young’s modulus at 50 % of UCS (E _t50). These relationships may be useful for the preliminary estimation of ASR compliances.     

The effect of cubic specimen size on uniaxial compressive strength of carbonate rocks from Western Turkey

One of the most important quality and design parameters of natural rock materials is uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). UCS value of a building stone determines its application area such as cladding, roofing, facing, and coverings. In rock mechanics and engineering practice determination of UCS values of rock materials is suggested on core specimens whereas in construction and building stone sector, cubic specimens are suggested. In this experimental study, the effect of cubic specimen size on UCS values of some carbonate rocks which are being used as dimension stones are investigated. A total of 299 cubic specimens at five different edge sizes (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 cm) from limestone, marble, and travertine are prepared. Chemical, petrographic analyses and physical properties of specimens are determined and after that UCS tests are carried out. It is observed that as the specimen sizes increase from 3 to 11 cm, average UCS values decrease about 7% for the tested carbonate rocks. In the light of this finding, results of UCS tests could be interpreted considering cubic specimen sizes for the same rock types in various fields.     

Influence of Sample Height-to-Width Ratios on Failure Mode for Rectangular Prism Samples of Hard Rock Loaded In Uniaxial Compression

Surface-parallel slabbing is a failure mode often observed in highly stressed hard rocks in underground excavations. This paper presents the results of experimental studies on slabbing failure of hard rock with different sample height-to-width ratios. The main purpose of this study was to find out the condition to create slabbing failure under uniaxial compression and to determine the slabbing strength of hard rock in the laboratory. Uniaxial compression tests were carried out using five groups of granite specimens. The mechanical parameters of the sample rock, Iddefjord granite from Norway, were measured on the cylindrical and Brazilian disc specimens. The transition of the failure mode was studied using rectangular prism specimens. The initiation and the propagation of slabbing fractures in specimens were identified by examining the relationship among the applied stress, strain and the acoustic emission. The stress thresholds identified were compared to those reported by other authors for crack initiation and brittle failure. It is observed that the macro failure mode will be transformed from shear to slabbing when the height/width ratio is reduced to 0.5 in the prism specimens under uniaxial compression. Micro σ ₁-parallel fractures initiate when the lateral strain departs from its linearity. Slabbing fractures are approximately parallel to the loading direction. Labotatory tests show that the slabbing strength (σ _sl) of hard rock is about 60% of its uniaxial compression strength. It means that if the maximum tangential stress surrounding an underground excavation reaches about the slabbing threshold, slabbing fractures may take place on the boundary of the excavation. Therefore, the best way to stop or eliminate slabbing failure is to control the excavation boundary to avoid the big stress concentration, so that the maximum tangential stress could be under the slabbing threshold.