静动载下共面非贯通裂隙贯通机制分析

共面非贯通裂隙的贯通机制对于确定外载下岩质边坡的滑动面位置及滑动面综合抗剪强度至关重要。采用预制共面非贯通裂隙石膏模型试样单轴静动载对比试验,对不同裂隙倾角共面排列裂隙的扩展、贯通过程进行了观测,研究显示：共面非贯通裂隙不同倾角下的贯通模式存在较大差异,裂隙倾角为0o～35o时以裂隙面发生闭合变形为主;45o～65o时裂隙间较易出现剪切型破坏模式;75o～90o预制裂隙面较难产生滑动,裂隙试样主要产生劈裂形式的破坏。动载下预制裂隙试样裂尖翼裂纹及次生共面裂纹起裂后易朝原起裂方向快速发展;易在两预制裂隙内端部产生直接贯通,这与静载下岩桥处的贯通常通过分支裂纹拐折扩展、相连不同。含共面非贯通裂隙试样在裂隙倾角为35o左右时强度呈现最小值,这与贯通性裂隙试样裂隙倾角为60o左右呈现最小值相差较大,这是因为裂隙面摩擦强度没来得及发挥作用所致。因此,含非贯通节理裂隙岩体的综合抗剪强度公式应引入强度发挥系数,以充分考虑岩桥胶结强度与裂隙面摩擦强度不能同步发挥作用的破坏本质。     

含双裂隙岩石裂纹演化机理的离散元数值分析

采用离散单元法探讨了预制双裂隙岩石的裂纹演化机理。用近期从试验资料提取的无胶结厚度含抗转动能力的岩石微观力学模型和相应的离散单元法商业软件,模拟了含不同预制倾角的双裂隙岩石试样在单轴压缩作用下裂纹的扩展与贯通规律,揭示了裂纹演化的宏微观机理。同时,将离散元法DEM岩石试样的裂纹的扩展和贯通规律以及强度特性与室内试验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,预制裂隙之间以及端点处的拉应力集中是导致裂隙岩石破坏的主要原因,且DEM数值试验得到裂纹的演化规律与室内试验结果较为一致。含30°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最容易起裂,含75°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最困难起裂,造成此种现象的原因可能是裂纹在垂直于主应力方向上的长度不同导致试样受拉区域大小不同。     

爆炸应力波作用下分支裂纹动态力学特性试验

应用爆炸加载的透射式动焦散线测试系统,分析了平板中预制贯通裂纹在爆炸应力波作用下端部衍生分支裂纹及爆炸主裂纹的扩展规律。预制贯通裂纹面在压缩应力波及反射拉伸波作用下表现出明显的张开和闭合交替变化,预制贯通裂纹减弱了爆炸主裂纹的动态扩展行为,爆炸主裂纹难以穿过预制贯通裂纹继续扩展。分支裂纹是爆炸应力波在预制贯通裂纹端部衍射效应形成应力集中而衍生、起裂、扩展,其开裂角与预制贯通裂纹、爆炸应力波入射角密切相关,分支裂纹尖端沿着最大能量释放率方向起裂,逐渐平行于最大主应力的方向稳定扩展,中后期扩展多表现为复合型断裂。爆炸分支裂纹的动态应力强度因子、扩展速度低于爆炸主裂纹,获得了分支裂纹起裂韧度为0.50～0.65 MN/m3/2、止裂韧度为0.25～0.35 MN/m3/2。     

含2条断续裂隙试件直接拉伸下的颗粒流模拟

采用颗粒流程序PFC构建了试件直接拉伸模型,模拟了含2条断续裂隙试件的直接拉伸试验,通过完整试件的模拟结果与室内试验结果的对比,验证了细观参数的准确性和可靠性,同时分析了裂隙倾角和岩桥倾角对抗拉强度和裂纹扩展的影响。研究表明:在直接拉伸情况下,含2条断续裂隙试件以萌生次生倾斜反翼裂纹为主,少量次生共面裂纹和翼裂纹;岩桥倾角和裂隙倾角均较小时,次生共面裂纹与原始裂隙之间发生搭接、贯通,随着岩桥倾角和裂隙倾角的加大,次生倾斜反翼裂纹扩展使试件断裂;裂纹扩展的方向与最大拉应力的方向基本保持垂直;岩桥倾角对于试件的抗拉强度和起裂应力影响不大;裂隙倾角对于试件抗拉强度和起裂应力影响明显,裂隙倾角越大,试件抗拉强度和起裂应力越大。     

岩石倾斜裂隙与水平裂隙扩展贯通试验及数值模拟研究

采用最新配置的水泥砂浆材料,通过在试件中布置倾斜裂隙和水平裂隙,开展了单轴和双轴条件下的压缩试验,详细分析了不同加载条件下试件裂隙的扩展和贯通规律。试验结果表明:无裂隙内水压时,在单轴压缩条件下倾斜裂隙在扩展贯通水平裂隙后裂纹的扩展路径和方向发生明显改变,试样最终发生劈裂破坏。侧压的增大抑制了倾斜裂隙端部翼裂纹和次生裂纹的萌生,高侧压下翼裂纹没有贯穿水平裂隙,试样破坏模式变成了剪切破坏。水力耦合作用下,单轴压缩时倾斜裂隙翼裂纹尖端的最大主应力分布范围随着内水压的增大逐渐变小,翼裂纹的起裂应力、起裂角和峰值强度逐渐降低,试样发生劈裂破坏。通过数值模拟得到的裂纹扩展贯通规律与试验结果具有良好的一致性,开展了不同内水压时倾斜裂隙扩展贯通无水压的水平裂隙的数值分析,随着内水压的增加倾斜裂隙首先萌生共面裂纹随后产生翼裂纹,翼裂纹扩展贯通水平裂隙时扩展路径同样会发生改变。水力耦合作用下侧压也会抑制翼裂纹的萌生,随着内水压的增大减弱了侧压对倾斜裂隙翼裂纹的抑制作用。     

双轴循环荷载条件下含预制裂纹类玄武岩岩桥贯通模式

揭示双轴循环荷载条件下类玄武岩内裂纹起裂、扩展及岩桥贯通模式。配制类玄武岩相似材料,预制裂纹倾角=30、裂纹长度2a=20mm、裂纹厚度l=0.3mm的双裂纹,设计不同岩桥长度L、岩桥倾角试样,采用双轴压缩、双轴循环加卸载方式,研究裂纹扩展及岩桥贯通模式。试验结果表明:(1)双轴循环加卸载条件下,裂纹扩展-岩桥贯通过程可分为翼裂纹起裂、翼裂纹扩展和次生裂纹起裂及扩展、岩桥贯通3个阶段;(2)岩桥贯通类型可分为剪性贯通、张剪复合贯通和张性贯通3类。双轴压缩条件下,岩桥贯通模式可进一步划分为9种模式,双轴循环加卸载条件下,岩桥贯通模式可分为8种模式;(3)双轴循环加卸载试验比双轴压缩试验更易发生剪性贯通,且在部分试样岩桥处出现局部压碎隆起现象;(4)岩桥倾角和岩桥长度L对岩桥贯通模式影响显著,随着岩桥倾角的增大,岩桥贯通模式逐渐转变为剪性或张剪性贯通。双轴压缩条件下,岩桥长度增加,贯通模式由张剪复合贯通过渡为剪性贯通,而双轴循环加卸载试验则恰恰相反。     

高渗压条件下压剪岩石裂纹断裂损伤演化机制研究

探讨了高渗透压作用下压剪岩石裂纹的起裂规律及分支裂纹尖端应力强度因子的演变规律,建立了高渗压下裂隙岩体发生拉剪破坏的临界水压力值和初裂强度判据,分析了不同渗压作用下裂纹的扩展情况表明,渗透压的存在加剧了分支裂纹的扩展,高渗透压作用下分支裂纹扩展由稳定扩展变成不稳定扩展,并导致分支裂纹尖端岩桥剪切破坏,同时考虑分支裂纹的相互作用,建立了高渗透压作用下压剪岩石裂纹体岩桥剪切贯通的断裂破坏力学模型,最后依据裂隙岩体的损伤力学效应研究了岩体的初始损伤及损伤演化柔度张量,提出了高渗压下压剪岩石裂纹渐进破坏的损伤演化方程。该理论为定量研究高渗压下裂隙岩体的失稳破坏提供了理论依据。     

裂隙岩石单轴压缩损伤扩展细观机理CT分析初探

完成了单一裂纹的裂隙砂岩单轴压缩条件下细观损伤破坏机理CT实时试验,得到了裂纹萌生、发展、宏观裂纹形成、破坏等各阶段的CT图像、CT数和CT数方差。结果表明,与无预制裂隙的岩石试样相比,已有预制裂纹对新的裂纹的起裂位置及贯通性宏观破坏裂纹的形成具有重要影响,预制裂纹的存在导致裂隙砂岩试样的扩容量大于完整试样破坏时的扩容量。     

三轴压缩条件下单裂隙岩石的破坏特性研究

通过在高强硅粉砂浆材料模型中预制特定倾角和特定尺寸的单裂隙,以常规三轴压缩试验为手段,研究单裂隙试样的破坏特性。试验中观察到3类典型的裂纹,即拉伸型裂纹（Ⅰ型）、滑移型裂纹（Ⅱ型）和撕开型裂纹（Ⅲ型）,其中Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型裂纹在三维试验中普遍存在,Ⅰ型裂纹仅在部分试件中观察到;三轴压缩条件下试样的破裂模式有3种,即拉剪复合破坏、“X”型的剪切破坏和沿裂隙面的剪切破坏。试验结果表明：三轴压缩条件下的单裂隙试样的裂隙扩展规律与预制裂隙关系密切,围压是试样宏观破裂模式的主要影响因素,预制裂隙长度主要影响裂隙扩展的规模,预制裂隙倾角则是新裂隙起裂的诱因。     

一种测量岩石压缩裂纹扩展过程声波波速的连续测量方法

中低围压或单轴压缩荷载条件下,可以将脆性岩石材料的裂纹扩展过程划分为原生裂纹压密、新生裂纹起裂并稳定扩展、不稳定裂纹扩展和交互贯通以及峰后5个主要发展阶段。含预制裂纹试样的直接观测法、应变监测、声发射（AE）监测、声波波速测试、CT（computerized tomography）扫描、微电镜观察等间接监测方法被用来研究裂纹起裂和扩展过程。本文基于在中、低围压以及单轴压缩荷载条件下,脆性岩石材料首先产生张拉裂纹,并优先沿加载方向发育的规律,提出采用声波波速连续测量方法进行岩石加载过程波速的连续观测,有助于分析裂纹扩展过程中声波波速的变化,为研究裂纹扩展过程提供一种间接测量手段。     

单轴压缩条件下锚杆对含三维表面裂隙试样的锚固效应试验研究

在岩石相似材料试件中设置三维表面裂隙,制作不同锚固方式的试件,对其进行单轴压缩试验,研究锚杆对试件强度以及预置裂隙扩展模式的影响。试验结果表明,与无锚试件相比,4种加锚试件的抗压强度和压缩弹性模量均有不同程度的提高,而且锚杆对压缩弹性模量的增强效果比对抗压强度的增强效果更显著。4种加锚试件的残余强度大体相等,比无锚试件的残余强度提高了2.0～2.5倍。加锚试件的破坏过程大致分4个阶段:孔隙裂隙压密阶段、弹性变形至微弹性裂隙发展阶段、非稳定破坏阶段和破裂后阶段,试件表面宏观裂纹均出现在破裂后阶段。由于锚杆的加固止裂作用,预置裂隙的扩展模式发生变化,加锚试件内部出现了弧形破裂面和剪切薄弱面。试验中共出现3种裂纹:张拉裂纹、剪切裂纹和拉剪复合裂纹。     

Coalescence of Fractures Under Uni-axial Compression and Fatigue Loading

In this paper, white Portland cement was used as an experimental material. Prismatic specimens with pre-existing flaws at different angles of inclination (α) varying through 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° to 90° and cylindrical specimens with different numbers of pre-existing flaws (n) varying through 0, 1, 2 to 3 were tested under uni-axial compression tests. Crack initiation, propagation, coalescence, and failure were observed. The corresponding analytical expression for the stress intensity factor under uni-axial compression was derived, the coefficient of friction and the stress intensity factor of the specimens on the surfaces of the crack were analysed, and the corrective coefficient for the stress intensity factor was introduced. Fatigue tests with a loading frequency of f = 100 Hz were carried out on cylindrical specimens with constant amplitude of the cyclic load which is a proportion of the compressive load at failure (F _f) obtained from the uni-axial compression tests. The fatigue property of the specimens was analysed and the relationship (S _max − lg N _f) between the maximum stress and the number of loading cycles at failure for specimens with pre-existing flaws was proposed. The effect of pre-existing flaws on the fatigue life (N _f) and dynamic load (S _D) which can be applied was investigated.     

Crack Initiation, Propagation and Coalescence in Rock-Like Material Containing Two Flaws: a Numerical Study Based on Bonded-Particle Model Approach

Cracking and coalescence behavior in a rectangular rock-like specimen containing two parallel (stepped and coplanar) pre-existing open flaws under uniaxial compression load has been numerically studied by a parallel bonded-particle model, which is a type of bonded-particle model. Crack initiation and propagation from two flaws replicate most of the phenomena observed in prior physical experiments, such as the type (tensile/shear) and the initiation stress of the first crack, as well as the coalescence pattern. Eight crack coalescence categories representing different crack types and trajectories are identified. New coalescence categories namely “New 1” and “New 2”, which are first observed in the present simulation, are incorporated into categories 3 and 4, and category 5 previously proposed by the MIT Rock Mechanics Research Group, respectively. The flaw inclination angle (β), the ligament length (L) (spacing between two flaws) and the bridging angle (α) (inclination of a line linking up the inner flaw tips, between two flaws) have different effects on the coalescence patterns, coalescence stresses (before, at or post the peak stress) as well as peak strength of specimens. Some insights on the coalescence processes, such as the initiation of cracks in the intact part of specimens at a distance away from the flaw tips, and coalescence due to the development and linkage of a number of steeply inclined to vertical macro-tensile cracks are revealed by the present numerical study.     

基于连续-非连续方法的裂隙破坏与相互作用研究

岩体内裂隙等非连续结构面对岩体的强度及变形等力学特性有着显著的影响,研究岩体裂隙起裂、扩展、相互作用和贯通机制,对工程岩体力学行为的表征和工程性能的评价十分重要。本文基于连续介质力学模型的离散元方法,通过考虑裂隙分布、模型加载条件及其与裂隙产状的关系,建立了一系列裂隙力学计算模型,研究了不同模型裂隙扩展演化特征和岩体破裂机制,分析了岩体裂隙扩展规律及其对岩体破坏路径和强度的影响,研究结果表明:（1）裂隙岩体模型加载条件下的破坏起裂点、最终贯通破坏特征及损伤分布受控于裂隙的产状及其与最大主压应力取向角度大小及围压大小。（2）裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向斜交时,裂隙弱面在加载条件下其端部裂隙扩展、贯通破坏表现比较明显,反之,当裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向一致时,裂隙弱面被动影响裂隙模型内新生裂隙的萌生、扩展和贯通模式,自身未出现新的扩展破坏。（3）裂隙数目的增多和围压的增大会显著增加模型内部剪切裂缝的数量和模型破坏后的破碎程度,模型内部的损伤区域主要围绕破裂面呈滑移线型交叉分布,非破裂面区域损伤呈条带状X型分布。（4）裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向斜交时,裂隙对岩体模型强度的弱化程度高于裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向一致的情况,而裂隙模型破坏后的残余强度则正好相反。     

一种用于水压致裂试验的水压供给装置研制及应用

为研究水压致裂过程中水力裂缝的起裂、扩展规律及机制,研制了一种新型水压供给控制装置。该装置由水泵、增压泵、空气压缩机和导水钢垫板等组成。该装置的主要特点是易于与目前广泛存在的压力伺服机相配合,共同完成水压致裂试验,具有操作简便、效率高、成本低、组装方便等优点,使水压致裂试验更易大面积推广。利用该试验装置对类岩石试块进行了水压致裂试验,研究了不同围压下含预置裂隙试件的水力裂缝扩展规律,并与无预置裂隙试件水力裂缝扩展规律进行了对比。试验结果表明,对于含预置裂隙试块,当水平应力差较小时,预置裂隙裂尖对水力裂缝扩展影响较大,水力裂缝起裂后向预置裂隙裂尖方向扩展;随着水平应力差的增大,水力裂缝向最大水平应力方向偏转。试验证明该装置可靠性高,试验过程稳定。该研究对水压致裂试验具有促进意义。     

DEM investigation on fracture mechanism of the CCNSCB specimen under intermediate dynamic loading

The cracked chevron notched semi-circular bending (CCNSCB) method falls into a significant testing category of chevron notched specimens for measuring the mode I fracture toughness, of which the progressive fracture mechanism deserves to be further assessed under intermediate dynamic loading rate (IDLR). In this study, the discrete element method (DEM) is adopted to depict the three-dimensional fracture processes of the CCNSCB specimens subjected to different IDLRs considering different supporting spans. The results demonstrate that the crack front of the CCNSCB specimen with any loading condition is prominently curved, which violates the straight-through crack propagation assumption and may induce some errors in the fracture toughness measurements. For each IDLR, the peak force of the CCNSCB specimen evidently increases with decreased supporting span, and the effect of loading rate on this parameter is more prominent for a smaller supporting span. For a relatively large span, the crack grows restrictively in the notched ligament, which conforms to the ideal assumption of the fracture process and contributes to an accurate measurement of the mode I fracture toughness. Thus, a large supporting span is suggested for the semi-circular bend tests. Additionally, the critical crack length and peak force are found dependent on the loading rate, and they are larger for the higher loading rate. Thus, the critical crack length determined under quasi-static conditions is not strictly suitable for the specimens under different IDLRs, especially for the much higher IDLR. This study calls for more attention on how to accurately determine the fracture toughness via chevron notched samples.     

An Experimental Study of Crack Coalescence Behaviour in Rock-Like Materials Containing Multiple Flaws Under Uniaxial Compression

Experiments on man-made flawed rock-like materials are applied extensively to study the mechanical behaviour of rock masses as well as crack initiation modes and crack coalescence types. A large number of experiments on specimens containing two or three pre-existing flaws were previously conducted. In the present work, experiments on rock-like materials (formed from a mixture of sand, plaster, limestone and water at mass ratio of 126:9:9:16) containing multiple flaws subjected to uniaxial compression were conducted to further research the effects of the layout of pre-existing flaws on mechanical properties, crack initiation modes and crack coalescence types. Compared with previous experiments in which only three types of cracks were found, the present experiments on specimens containing multiple flaws under uniaxial compression revealed five types of cracks, including wing cracks, quasi-coplanar secondary cracks, oblique secondary cracks, out-of-plane tensile cracks and out-of-plane shear cracks. Ten types of crack coalescence occurred through linkage among wing cracks, quasi-coplanar secondary cracks, oblique secondary cracks, out-of-plane shear cracks and out-of-plane tensile cracks. Moreover, the effects of the non-overlapping length and flaw angle on the complete stress–strain curves, the stress of crack initiation, the peak strength, the peak strain and the elastic modulus were also investigated in detail.     

Mechanical behaviors of conjugate-flawed rocks subjected to coupled static–dynamic compression

Conjugate flaws widely exist in rock masses and play a significant role in their deformation and strength properties. Understanding the mechanical behaviors of rock masses containing conjugate flaws is conducive to rock engineering stability assessment and the related supporting design. This study experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of conjugate-flawed sandstone specimens under coupled static–dynamic compression, thereby providing insight into how conjugate fractures interact to produce tracing tensional joints. Results indicate that the coupled compressive strength and the dynamic elastic modulus of conjugate-flawed rock specimens show remarkable loading rate dependence. For a fixed strain rate, the specimen with a static pre-stress equal to 60% of its uniaxial compressive strength has the highest coupled strength. Besides, both higher static pre-stress and strain rate can induce smaller mean fragment size and greater fractal dimension of the specimen, corresponding to a more uniform distribution of the broken fragments with smaller sizes. When the static pre-stress is lower than 80%UCS, the flawed specimen under a higher strain rate is characterized by higher absorbed energy. However, when the pre-stress equals 80%UCS, the value of the energy absorbed by the specimen in the dynamic loading process is negative due to the release of the preexisting considerable elastic strain energy input from the static pre-loading. As for the failure modes, cracks always penetrate the preexisting ipsilateral flaw tips to form anti-wing cracks. Under dynamic loading, the conjugate-flawed specimen generally shows tensile failure at a low strain rate, while the shear failure dominates at a high strain rate. In addition, based on progressive failure processes of the conjugate-flawed rock specimens, the evolution of tracing tensional joints in the field is discussed.