郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起南段晚中生代侵入岩地球化学特征及其对岩石圈减薄的指示

本文报道了郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起南段晚中生代侵入岩的主量元素、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征。研究区侵入岩为一套铝和硅均过饱和的、准铝质向过铝质过渡的岩浆岩,具有富碱、富钾的特征,可根据侵位时间和地球化学特征将张八岭隆起南段侵入岩划分为四类:早期、中早期、中晚期和晚期。早期和中早期侵入岩富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),相对亏损重稀土元素(HREE),为一套埃达克质的钙碱性二长花岗岩,分别具有正Eu异常和无Eu异常;中晚期和晚期侵入岩富集LILE,亏损Ba、Sr,具有负的Eu异常,是一套碱性A型花岗岩。中晚期和晚期侵入岩与早期和中早期侵入岩相比,具有更低的CaO、MgO、Fe2OT3、Al2O3、REE含量、(La/Yb)N值和更高的Eu负异常和SiO2含量。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征显示,张八岭隆起南段侵入岩岩浆主要来源于华北克拉通下地壳。早期岩浆包含少量的富集地幔端元,而晚期岩浆则为更浅的地壳源区。先期的埃达克质岩代表了该处岩石圈伸展活动的开始阶段,而后期的A型花岗岩则代表了岩石圈强烈伸展的时间。研究表明,岩浆侵位过程中没有经历明显的中、上地壳混染,岩浆源区经历了不同程度的部分熔融,并经历了分离结晶作用。随岩浆侵位时间的变化,岩浆源区的残留相明显不同,由早到晚从石榴子石到斜长石再向角闪石过渡,且岩浆源区逐渐变浅。岩浆演化规律暗示岩浆活动的深部动力学过程为:华北克拉通岩石圈底部的逐渐减薄造成了软流圈顶面抬升,导致岩石圈内热流升高,化学作用逐渐加强,从而出现了不同深度的下地壳源区部分熔融。与远离断裂带的克拉通内部相比,郯庐断裂带具有更强烈的岩石圈伸展程度、侵入岩具有更浅的岩浆源区、岩浆源区具有更强烈的演化程度和更高程度的部分熔融。一系列的证据进一步均证明郯庐断裂带是岩石圈减薄中的强减薄带。     

郯庐断裂带巢湖—庐江段晚中生代火山岩地球化学特征与岩石圈减薄过程

本文报道了郯庐断裂带巢湖-庐江段上白垩纪火山岩的主量元素、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征.研究区火山岩SiO2含量为50.2%～75.2%,主要为基性岩和偏酸性岩类.样品富钾、贫钠、偏碱性(σ平均5.36),明显富集LILEs、LREEs,相对亏损HFSEs,具有弱的Eu负异常(δEu平均0.70)及富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成(Isr=0.7054～0.7090,εNd(t)=-5.2～-17.6).地球化学特征表明岩浆具有多源与源区多变的特征,早期基性岩(125Ma)的岩浆源区主要为华北克拉通地幔,兼有下地壳的贡献;流纹岩(120Ma)主要是地热异常背景下华北中、下地壳源区熔融的结果;粗面岩(100Ma)为华北下地壳和富集岩石圈地幔来源岩浆的混合结果;晚期基性岩(93Ma)的源区主要为华北岩石圈地幔,兼有软流圈和下地壳物质的贡献.这些岩浆活动是在华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄背景下、郯庐断裂带伸展活动中发生的,深部软流圈上涌使断裂带内的地温升高而造成了岩石圈的部分熔融,其具体岩浆过程指示了详细的岩石圈减薄过程.其中120Ma时期的流纹岩喷发指示断裂带内地壳出现了最高的地温与最浅的等温面,应对应减薄的峰期;而93Ma时期的基性岩喷发反映了深部开始出现了软流圈的部分熔融.一系列现象均指示,郯庐断裂带是华北克拉通东部的岩石圈强减薄带,是热流与岩浆上升的有利通道,也是发生强烈岩石圈地幔交代与置换的场所.     

滁州火山岩地球化学及其对郯庐断裂带内岩石圈减薄的指示

位于郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起北段上的滁州早白垩世火山岩,属于准铝质、硅过饱和岩石,为一套中酸性的高钾钙碱性系列火山岩,部分样品（129~125Ma）具有类似于埃达克岩的地球化学特征。该套火山岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素及高场强元素,并具有类似于EMⅠ型的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。地球化学特征显示该火山岩的岩浆源区属于华北克拉通,早期火山岩（约132Ma）是富集地幔来源岩浆和古老的华北下地壳源区混合的结果;中期和晚期火山岩（129~117Ma）是幔源底侵组分和古老的华北下地壳来源岩浆不同比例混合的产物。由早到晚,滁州火山岩中古老壳源物质比例逐渐增加,源区逐渐变浅,指示软流圈顶面不断抬升、岩石圈内等温面逐渐升高的过程。研究表明,热异常背景下强烈的壳-幔相互作用是该处断裂带内岩浆形成的主要方式,其具体过程是在岩石圈底部持续减薄、软流圈上涌背景下,幔源岩浆底侵而诱发了古老下地壳的部分熔融,从而形成了壳-幔过渡带内混源的岩浆。郯庐断裂带内较浅的岩浆源区、较高的源区熔融程度、强烈而持久的伸展及岩浆活动、强烈的壳-幔相互作用以及现今较薄的岩石圈厚度,都指示郯庐断裂带是华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄中的强减薄带,在华北克拉通破坏中起着重要的作用。     

滁州中生代火山岩LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造地质学意义

详细的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,位于郯庐断裂（郯城—庐江断裂）带上张八岭隆起东侧边界上的滁州火山岩形成于早白垩世,具体年龄为132～116Ma,岩浆具有多期喷发的特点。该岩浆活动中132Ma的喷发年龄是郯庐断裂带上同期钙碱性岩浆最早出现的时间,代表了该断裂带上岩石圈伸展运动的开始时间。尽管滁州火山岩在构造位置上属于扬子克拉通,但岩浆岩中的古老锆石指示岩浆来源于古老的华北克拉通,这一现象可以用大陆碰撞后楔入模型来解释。该火山岩形成于中国东部岩石圈减薄的动力学背景之下,为岩石圈减薄及壳幔相互作用造成的早白垩世大规模岩浆活动的同期产物。与华北克拉通内部的同期火山岩年代学资料相比,断裂带上火山活动具有相对较早的开始时间和较长的演化历史,表明断裂带内岩石圈具有较克拉通内部强烈的减薄程度和长期的减薄历史,这一特点可能与郯庐断裂带于早白垩世初的大规模左行平移有关。     

郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起南段花岗岩LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

本文利用LA-ICP MS方法,对零星分布于郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起南段肥东-巢湖地区的一些花岗岩体进行了锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究.结果表明,西徐村北岩体、尖山岩体、西花村岩体、永丰岩体和锦张村岩体的形成年龄分别为126.9 ±1.0Ma、114.8±1.3Ma、108.1 ±1.6Ma、103.0 ±0.9Ma和120.3 ±0.7Ma,这些花岗岩体均形成于早白垩世,但侵位时间有一定差异.与郯庐断裂带西侧的鲁西、徐淮、蚌埠地区同时代克拉通内部侵入岩相比,断裂带内岩浆活动持续的时间更长(～27Ma).这一结果不但指示郯庐断裂带上的岩浆活动是不均一的,各地岩浆在活动的强烈程度和时间特征上均有很大的差异,而且显示了断裂带内比克拉通内部岩浆活动结束时间较晚,暗示其下岩石圈可能有更为强烈的减薄程度和更长的减薄历史.     

鲁西早白垩世基性侵入岩的锆石Hf同位素组成变化及其成因

鲁西北部地区的淄博和临朐辉长闪长岩的锆石原位U-Pb定年分析显示,它们分别形成于128±2Ma和132±1Ma,与鲁西早白垩世大规模岩浆活动时间一致,是华北克拉通岩石圈减薄过程的岩浆活动产物。与鲁西北部同时期的济南、邹平辉长岩相比,淄博和临朐辉长闪长岩的锆石εHf(t)值(分别为-5.1～-2.4和-2.4～+3.2)明显较高,并具有相对年轻的亏损地幔Hf模式年龄TDM(分别为876～984Ma和639～867Ma),对应于相对高的全岩εNd(t)值,指示其岩浆源区有更大比例的软流圈地幔物质贡献。鲁西北部地区的早白垩世基性侵入岩的岩浆源区以华北克拉通内部的古老富集岩石圈地幔为主,从华北克拉通内部往郯庐断裂带锆石εHf(t)值显示出升高趋势,表明软流圈地幔物质的参与比例增大。郯庐断裂带是导致鲁西地区早白垩世基性岩浆活动时空不均一性的重要岩石圈薄弱带。     

华北克拉通胶莱盆地马山地区早白垩世粗面英安岩岩石成因

伸展盆地、拉张断层以及伴生火山岩是华北克拉通中生代岩石圈减薄的地质响应,前两者通常源于中上地壳伸展活动,而后者则可能来自下地壳甚至地幔部分熔融。因此火山岩能够提供来自深部地壳、地幔及壳-幔相互作用的信息。胶莱盆地马山粗面英安岩成因及其与华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的关系仍存在争议。本文对马山粗面英安岩开展岩石学、全岩地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素研究,查明其SiO₂含量为65.73%~66.08%,K₂O含量为3.13%~4.03%,全碱含量为7.56%~8.15%,属于高钾钙碱性系列。锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为119.3±1.6Ma,与胶莱盆地早白垩世伸展变形时间一致。ε_Hf（t）值为-24.6~-11.5,两阶段Hf模式年龄为2700~1200Ma,表明岩浆源区为改造的古老下地壳并混有富集地幔物质。岩石相对富集K和Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素,LREE/HREE比值较高,无明显的Eu负异常（δEu=0.94~1.02）,表明岩浆可能源于下地壳的部分熔融,因此,马山粗面英安岩可能是富集地幔与部分熔融的下地壳相互混染的产物。研究认为早白垩世高角度俯冲的古太平洋板片大规模回撤,胶莱盆地快速伸展断陷伴随青山群火山岩喷发,随后演化形成张性火山盆地。     

郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起段晚中生代岩浆岩继承锆石U-Pb年代学:源区属性及构造意义

大别与苏鲁造山带之间的郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起段,构成了华北与扬子板块之间的断裂边界。该边界带的深部结构状态长期以来存在着不同的认识。本文利用张八岭隆起带沿线出露的晚中生代岩浆岩中继承锆石U-Pb年代学信息,结合地球物理资料及Nd、Pb、Hf同位素资料,分析了其深部的岩浆源区属性及结构状态。张八岭隆起带北段晚中生代岩浆岩继承锆石年龄以1.9~2.7Ga为主,最大峰值年龄为2.5Ga;南段继承锆石年龄以2.2~2.6Ga为主,峰值年龄也为2.5Ga;郯庐断裂带庐江段则以含大量新元古代锆石为特征,在0.7Ga形成显著的分布峰值,并有早元古和少量太古代年龄信息。分析结果表明,张八岭隆起带北段的晚中生代岩浆岩源区为华北下地壳,南段的源区兼有华北和扬子陆壳的信息,而更南部庐江段则以扬子地壳源区为特征。电法剖面揭示,郯庐断裂主边界在张八岭隆起带下向南东倾斜,从而深部存在华北地壳;而南部庐江段转变为向北西陡倾,从而深部皆为扬子地壳。郯庐断裂深部产状特征支持其印支期应为斜向汇聚边界。而其中三叠纪继承锆石的缺失指示隆起带上变质岩应为原地岩石,而非来自大别造山带。     

岩石圈伸展的壳/幔拆离模型(Parallel Extension Tectonics):华北克拉通东部早白垩世岩石圈减薄与破坏机理

华北克拉通岩石圈减薄和破坏机理长期以来存在争议,基于岩石学、岩石地球的化学分析研究突出强调深部过程的重要性。前人提出了两种重要模式:包括以拆沉作用为代表的top-down tectonics模型和以热-机械侵蚀与化学侵蚀,或地幔置换、交代作用的bottom-up tectonics模型。然而,对于这两种模式而言尚存在许多无法合理解释的问题,比如在此深部过程中,区域性岩石圈伸展有多大的贡献?地壳伸展构造是作为深部过程的响应,还是同为岩石圈伸展的产物?本文基于早白垩世东亚地区(尤其是华北克拉通东部地区)伸展构造与岩浆活动的综合分析,揭示出华北克拉通东部不同地区伸展构造变形与岩浆活动之间的时、空和成因关系有一定的差异。但整体上看,岩石圈伸展起着主导作用,控制着岩浆上侵和就位,在拆离断层下盘侵入形成各种规模的花岗质为主的侵入体,或于上盘喷发形成火山-沉积岩盆地。在伸展构造发育的不同阶段,可以有伸展早期、伸展期及伸展期后的岩浆活动。岩浆活动的强度及岩浆源区特点有显著的时空变化。一方面,在同一地区不同演化阶段其源区有很大的差异。表现为主体上是早期以古老下地壳源为主,随着壳/幔伸展作用演化,逐渐向混合源或独立幔源的演化。同时,不同地区岩浆源区的变化规律也显著不同。以胶辽地区为例,胶东整体上是壳幔混合源区对于岩浆演化有重要贡献;而辽东地区具有显著的源区演化特点:从剪切早期古老下地壳源区为主,并伴有幔源物质加入,剪切期古老下地壳为主,到剪切晚期和剪切期后以新生下地壳为主。本文认为岩石圈伸展的壳/幔拆离模型(Parallel Extension Tectonics),可以合理地解释华北克拉通及邻区早白垩世构造-岩浆活动性。在该模型中,遭受伸展的华北克拉通岩石圈发生壳-幔拆离作用。在岩石圈伸展作用期间,地壳层次的拆离作用与岩石圈地幔层次上的拆离作用可以是耦合的或者是解耦的,从而导致华北克拉通岩石圈减薄过程中在地壳尺度上的拆离作用与变质核杂岩的剥露有三种不同的类型:同岩浆活动型伸展(C型:Co-magmatism mode extension)、无岩浆活动型伸展(A型:Amagmatism mode extension)和多阶段混合型(M型:Multi-mode extension)。     

张八岭地区中生代岩体中黑云母的40Ar-39Ar年龄及其地质意义

张八岭地区顺郯庐断裂带由北向南出露了管店、瓦屋刘和瓦屋薛3个岩体,岩性分别为花岗闪长岩、石英二长岩和花岗岩。对其中两个侵入岩体中黑云母进行了⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar定年研究。张八岭隆起北段瓦屋刘石英二长岩和瓦屋薛花岗岩中黑云母的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar坪年龄分别为127.84±0.77Ma和119.97±0.64Ma,表明岩浆活动主要发生在早白垩世中期。结合最近断裂带内走滑糜棱岩中角闪石143.3±1.3Ma的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年龄,暗示了早白垩世中期断裂带内出现岩浆活动时,郯庐断裂带已转变成正断层活动,而不是以往认为由断裂带走滑诱发的岩浆活动,与华北地块东部岩石圈减薄的峰期时间基本一致。     

Early Cretaceous adakitic granites in the Northern Dabie Complex, central China: Implications for partial melting and delamination of thickened lower crust

To date, few adakitic rocks have been reported in direct association with contemporary intra-continental extensional structures, which has cast doubt on genetic models involving partial melting of the lower crust. This study presents Early Cretaceous (143-129 Ma, new Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon U-Pb ages) adakitic granites, which are directly associated with a contemporary metamorphic core complex (i.e., the Northern Dabie Complex in the Dabie area). These granites exhibit relatively high Sr contents, negligible to positive Eu and Sr anomalies, high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios, but very low Yb and Y contents, similar to subducted oceanic crust-derived adakites. They are also characterized, however, by very low MgO or Mg^# and Ni values, and Nd-Sr isotope compositions (ε_Nd(t) = −14.6 to −19.4 and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7067-0.7087) similar to Triassic continent-derived eclogites subducted in the Dabie-Sulu Orogen. Additionally, late granitic dikes in the adakitic intrusions exhibit low Sr contents, clearly negative Eu and Sr anomalies, low La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios, but relatively high Yb and Y contents, similar to 118-105 Ma granites in the Northern Dabie Complex. Based on composition and geochronology data of Neoproterozoic amphibolites and orthogneisses, Triassic high- to ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks, and Early Cretaceous mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks, and the constraints provided by experimental melt data for tonalites, metabasaltic rocks and eclogites, we suggest that the adakitic granites were most probably generated by partial melting of thickened amphibole or rutile-bearing eclogitic lower crust as a consequence of Triassic-Middle Jurassic subduction and thrusting. The late dikes probably originated from plagioclase-bearing intermediate granulites. Moreover, we suggest that late Mesozoic delamination or foundering of thickened eclogitic lower crust is also a more plausible mechanism for the petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks in the Dabie area, and probably involved partial melting of a mixed source comprising eclogitic lower crust that had delaminated or foundered into upper lithospheric or asthenospheric mantle peridotite. Asthenospheric upwelling in response to post-collisional delamination of lithospheric mantle was likely to have provided the heat source for the Cretaceous magmatism.     

郯庐断裂带南段两侧花岗岩地球化学特征:对大别造山带中-下地壳流动的限定

大别造山带形成于印支期华南、华北板块陆-陆碰撞过程中。大别造山带造山后发生了山根减薄,其可能的动力学机制为岩石圈拆沉或中-下地壳的塑性流动。为了检验大别造山带是否在造山后发生过中-下地壳流动,本次工作从对比郯庐断裂带南段两侧大别造山带及洪镇、月山地区花岗岩地球化学特征入手,对同样位于郯庐断裂带南段东侧的徐桥岩体开展地球化学研究,为大别造山带造山后是否经历过中-下地壳流动提供证据。本次工作对徐桥岩体的研究表明,该岩体侵位时间为127Ma左右;具有较高的Si O_2和全碱含量;明显富集Rb、Th、U、Pb等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE);稀土元素配分图解中表现为轻稀土富集和重稀土亏损的右倾配分模式,具有较弱的Eu负异常。徐桥岩体的地球化学特征与造山带东侧的月山岩体类似,且与下扬子地区沿江地区侵入岩基本一致。但同样位于造山带东侧的洪镇岩体,其地球化学特征与月山、徐桥岩体明显不同,而与大别造山带一致的地球化学特征,说明两者可能具有相似的源区。基于以上分析,笔者推断洪镇花岗岩的物质来源可能为大别造山带加厚的地壳。而大别造山带东侧出现造山带地壳物质的现象表明造山带在造山后发生过地壳的塑形流动。由于大别造山带中-下地壳物质穿过郯庐断裂带南段,表明郯庐断裂带造山后大规模左行平移事件应发生于大别造山带地壳流动变形之前。     

Mineral chemistry and geochemical aspects of Gebel Filat granites, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

Gebel Filat granites form one of Egyptian younger granite intrusions in Wadi Allaqi region, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. They are perthitic monzogranites composed mainly of K-feldspars, plagioclase, and quartz with minor biotite. Plagioclase feldspars are Na-rich and have low anorthite content (An_2–3). Potash feldspars are mainly perthitic microcline and have chemical formula as (Or_96–96.6 Ab_3.4–4 An₀). Biotite is Mg-rich and seems to be derived from calc-alkaline magma. Chlorite is pycnochlorite with high Mg content, revealing its secondary derivation from biotite. The estimated formation temperatures of biotite and chlorite are (689–711°C) and (602–622°C), respectively. Gebel Filat monzogranites are metaluminous, high-K calc-alkaline, I-type granites. They are late orogenic granites related to subduction-related volcanic arc magmatism. They are enriched in LILE and depleted in HSFE indicating highly differentiation character. The REE patterns display an enrichment in LREE due to presence of zircon and allanite as accessories and depletion in HREE with slight negative Eu anomaly $ \left( {{\text{Eu}}/{\text{Eu}} * = 0.51 - 0.97} \right) $ . The parent magma of Gebel Filat monzogranites were emplaced at moderate depths (20–30 km) under moderate conditions of water-vapor pressure (1–5 kbar) and crystallization temperature [700–750°C]. The source magma of these granites seems to be derived from partial melting of lower crust material rather than upper mantle. The geochemical characteristics of pegmatites revealed that they are related to post orogenic within plate magmatism and not genetically related to the parent magma of Gebel Filat monzogranites. Distribution of radioactive elements (U and Th) in the studied rocks indicates normal U–Th contents for Filat monzogranites and U–Th bearing pegmatites. The positive correlations of each of Zr and Y versus U and Th are attributed to presence of zircon and allanite as accessories which incorporate U and Th in their crystal lattice.     

Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites

Geochemical and isotopic data from Mesozoic lavas from the Jianguo, Niutoushan, Wulahada, and Guancaishan volcanic fields on the northern margin of the North China Craton provide evidence for secular lithospheric evolution of the region. Jianguo lavas are alkaline basalts with LILE- and LREE-enrichment ((La/Yb)_N=12.2-13.2) and MORB-like Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i<0.704; ε_Nd=3.9-4.8; (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i≈18). Niutoushan basalts are similar but show evidence of olivine fractionation. Wulahada lavas are high-Mg andesites (Mg#∼67) with EM1 Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures. Geochemical data suggest that the basalts originated from MORB-type asthenosphere whereas the high-Mg andesites were derived an EM1 mantle source, i.e., a refractory lithospheric mantle modified by a previously subducted slab. The result, combined with the available data of the Mesozoic basalts from the southern portion of the NCC (Zhang et al., 2002), manifests a vast secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern NCC from the Paleozoic refractory continental lithosphere to this Mesozoic modified lithosphere. Compared with the cratonic margin, the lithospheric mantle beneath the center of the craton was less extensively modified, implying the secular evolution was related to the subduction processes surrounding the NCC. Therefore, we suggest that the interaction of the slab-derived silicic melt with the old refractory lithospheric mantle converted the Paleozoic cratonic lithospheric mantle into the late Mesozoic fertile mantle, which was also different from the Cenozoic counterpart. A geodynamic model is proposed to illustrate such a secular lithosphere evolution.     

Origin of LateTriassic high-Mg adakitic granitoid rocks from the Dongjiangkou area,Qinling orogen,central China: Implications for subduction of continental crust

The origin of high-Mg adakitic granitoids in collisional orogens can provide important information about the nature of the lower crust and upper mantle during the orogenic process. Late-Triassic high-Mg adakitic granite and its mafic enclaves from the Dongjiangkou area, the Qinling orogenic belt, central China, were derived by partial melting of subducted continental crust and underwent interaction with the overlying mantle wedge peridotite. Adakitic affinity of the different facies of the Dongjiangkou granite body are: high Sr, Ba, high La/Yb and Sr/Y, low Y,Yb, Yb/Lu and Dy/Yb, and no significant Eu anomalies, suggesting amphibole + garnet and plagioclase-free restite in their source region. Evolved Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions [(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.7050 to 0.7055,ε_Nd(t) = –6.6 to –3.3; (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 17.599 to 17.799, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 15.507 to 15.526, (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 37.775 to 37.795] and high K₂O, Rb, together with a large variation in zircon Hf isotopic composition (ε_Hf(t) = ?9.8 to + 5.0), suggest that the granite was derived from reworking of the ancient lower continental crust. CaO, P₂O₅, K₂O/Na₂O, Cr, Ni, Nb/Ta, Rb/Sr and Y increase, and SiO₂, Sr/Y and Eu/Eu* decrease with increasing MgO, consistent with interaction of primitive adakitic melt and overlying mantle peridotite. Zircons separated from the host granites have U-Pb concordia ages of 214 ± 2 Ma to 222 ± 2 Ma, compatible with exhumation ages of Triassic UHP metamorphic rocks in the Dabie orogenic belt. Mafic microgranular enclaves and mafic dykes associated with the granite have identical zircon U-Pb ages of 220 Ma, and are characterized by lower SiO₂, high TiO₂, Mg# and similar evolved Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic composition. Zircons from mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) and mafic dykes also show a large variation in Hf isotopic composition with ε_Hf(t) between ?11.3 and + 11.3. It is inferred that they were formed by partial melting of enriched mantle lithosphere and contaminated by the host adakitic granite magma.In combination with the regional geology, high-Mg# adakitic granitoid rocks in the Dongjiangkou area are considered to have resulted from interaction between subducted Yangtze continental crust and the overlying mantle wedge. Triassic continental collision caused detachment of the Yangtze continental lithosphere subducted beneath the North China Craton, at ca. 220 Ma causing asthenosphere upwelling and exhumation of the continental crust. Triassic clockwise rotation of the Yangtze Craton caused extension in the Dabie area which led to rapid exhumation of the subducted continental lithosphere, while compression in the Qinling area and high-P partial melting (amphibole ± garnet stability field) of the subducted continental crust produced adakitic granitic magma that reacted with peridotite to form Mg-rich hybrid magma.     

Late Mesozoic magmatism in the Jiaodong Peninsula,East China:Implications for crust-mantle interactions and lithospheric thinning of the eastern North China Craton

A section from the Linglong gold deposit on the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula,East China,containing Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks from mafic and intermediate dikes and felsic intrusions,was chosen to investigate the lithospheric evolution of the eastern North China Craton(NCC).Zircon U-Pb data showed that low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions were emplaced during the Late Jurassic(～145 Ma) and late Early Cretaceous(112-107 Ma),respectively;high-Mg adakitic diorite and mafic dikes were also emplaced during the Early Cretaceous at～139 Ma and ～118 Ma,and 125-145 Ma and 115-120 Ma,respectively.The geochemical data,including whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes,imply that the mafic dikes originated from the partial melting of a lithospheric mantle metasomatised through hydrous fluids from a subducted oceanic slab.Low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions originated from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust of the NCC,while high-Mg adakitic diorite dikes originated from the mixing of mafic and felsic melts.Late Mesozoic magmatism showed that lithosphere-derived melts showed a similar source depth and that crust-derived felsic melts originated from the continuously thickened lower crust of the Jiaodong Peninsula from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.We infer that the lower crust of the eastern NCC was thickened through compression and subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath the NCC during the Middle Jurassic.Slab rollback of the plate from ～160 Ma resulted in lithospheric thinning and accompanied Late Mesozoic magmatism.     

Petrogenesis of the ~740 Korab Kansi mafic-ultramafic intrusion,South Eastern Desert of Egypt: Evidence of Ti-rich ferropicritic magmatism

The Neoproterozoic Korab Kansi mafic-ultramafic intrusion is one of the largest (100 km²) intrusions in the Southern Eastern Desert of Egypt. The intrusion consists of Fe-Ti-bearing dunite layers, amphibole peridotites, pyroxenites, troctolites, olivine gabbros, gabbronorites, pyroxene gabbros and pyroxene-hornblende gabbros, and also hosts significant Fe-Ti deposits, mainly as titanomagnetite-ilmenite. These lithologies show rhythmic layers and intrusive contacts against the surrounding granites and ophiolitic-island arc assemblages. The wide ranges of olivine forsterite contents (Fo_67.9-85.7), clinopyroxene Mg# (0.57–0.95), amphibole Mg# (0.47–0.88), and plagioclase compositions (An_85.8-40.9) indicate the role of fractional crystallization in the evolution from ultramafic to mafic rock types. Clinopyroxene (Cpx) has high REE contents (2–30 times chondrite) with depleted LREE relative to HREE, like those crystallized from ferropicritic melts generated in an island-arc setting. Melts in equilibrium with Cpx also resemble ferropicrites crystallized from olivine-rich mantle melts. Cpx chemistry and its host rock compositions have affinities to tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma types. Compositions of mafic-ultramafic rocks are depleted in HFSE (e.g. Nb, Ta, Zr, Th and U) relative to LILE (e.g. Li, Rb, Ba, Pb and Sr) due to the addition of subduction-related hydrous fluids (rich in LILE) to the mantle source, suggesting an island-arc setting. Fine-grained olivine gabbros may represent quenched melts approximating the primary magma compositions because they are typically similar in assemblage and chemistry as well as in whole-rock chemistry to ferropicrites. We suggest that the Korab Kansi intrusion crystallized at temperatures ranging from ~700 to 1100 °C from ferropicritic magma derived from melting of metasomatized mantle at <5 Kbar. These hydrous ferropicritic melts were generated in the deep mantle and evolved by fractional crystallization under high ƒO₂ at relatively shallow depth. Fractionation formed calc-alkaline magmas during the maturation of an island arc system, reflecting the role of subduction-related fluids. The interaction of metasomatized lithosphere with upwelling asthenospheric melts produced the Fe and Ti-rich ferropicritic parental melts that are responsible for precipitating large quantities of Fe-Ti oxide layers in the Korab Kansi mafic-ultramafic intrusion. The other factors controlling these economic Fe-Ti deposits beside parental melts are high oxygen fugacity, water content and increasing degrees of mantle partial melting. The generation of Ti-rich melts and formation of Fe-Ti deposits in few layered intrusions in Egypt possibly reflect the Neoproterozoic mantle heterogeneity in the Nubian Shield. We suggest that Cryogenian-Tonian mafic intrusions in SE Egypt can be subdivided into Alaskan-type intrusions that are enriched in PGEs whereas Korab Kansi-type layered intrusions are enriched in Fe-Ti-V deposits.     

Early cretaceous igneous activities in the north flank of the North China Craton: the Shouwangfen complex example

ABSTRACT

The Early Cretaceous igneous complexes in the north flank of the North China Craton (NCC) provide a window to investigate the Mesozoic magmatism in the NCC. Here we report the precise timing of Early Cretaceous magmatism and magma petrogenesis of the different rock types in the north flank of the NCC based on petrology, mineral chemistry, geochemistry, zircon geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopes. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the Shouwangfen complex was crystallized at 130–128 Ma. The rocks display enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and LREE, and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) and HREE, with relatively high Sr/Y and La/Yb values, typical of subduction-related magmatic rocks. The mafic microgranular enclaves show typical igneous textures, acicular apatites, sieve-texture of plagioclase phenocrysts and overgrowth of amphibole around the pyroxene, corresponding to magma mixing and mingling and thermal exchange. The quartz monzonites display normal zoning of the plagioclase, low and homogeneous εNd(t) values and linear co-variations in two-component diagrams. The quartz monzodiorites are characterized by high and homogeneous εNd(t) values. Petrologic feature and geochemical data suggest that the quartz monzonites represent lower crustal magma with minor contribution of enriched melt of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), followed by fractional crystallization. The mafic microgranular enclaves were sourced from enriched SCLM, followed by mixing and mingling with the host quartz monzonitic magma. The quartz monzodiorites are mainly SCLM-derived and subsequently mixed with lower crust melts. The high water contents (≥3%) of these Early Cretaceous igneous complexes suggests a hydrous SCLM beneath the NCC. The Early Cretaceous igneous complexes formed within an extensional tectonic setting which were related to the retreat and dehydration of the paleo-Pacific slab. The hydration of the lithosphere induced extensive crust-mantle interaction and large-scale water-rich magmatism, leading to lithospheric thinning in the NCC during the Mesozoic.     

Zircon U–Pb geochronology,geochemistry and Hf isotopes of the Late Cretaceous Hongshan intrusion,western Yunnan,SW China

The Hongshan quartz monzonite porphyry is one of the Yanshanian intrusions in the southern part of the Yudun Arc. Detailed zircon U–Pb data of four samples yielded ages of 78.8–80.7 Ma, indicating that the Hongshan intrusion was emplaced during the late stage of Late Cretaceous. The Hongshan intrusion shows shoshonitic and high‐K calc‐alkaline, with A/CNK = 0.64–1.14. The rocks show an obvious fractionation between light and heavy rare‐earth elements (average [La/Yb]_N = 38.85), with negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.60–0.87), enrichment in large‐ion lithophile elements (Rb, Th, U and K) and depletion in high field‐strength elements (Nb, Ta and P). Rocks have high Sr and low Y content which are characteristics of adakitic rocks, suggesting magma derivation from thickened lower crust. In order to evaluate the nature of the source region, Hf isotope data of zircons were acquired through LA‐MC‐ICPMS. The negative and variable ε_Hf(t) values demonstrate that the Hongshan intrusion was derived from ancient crust, without mantle‐derived components and is significantly different from the Triassic intrusions in the southern part of the Yudun Arc. The three Yanshanian intrusions in Hongshan, Relin and Tongchangou are remarkably similar in terms of geochronology, geochemistry and Hf isotopes. We therefore infer that these intrusions had the same magmatic source and we correlate the tectonics with northward subduction of Tethys underneath the Asian continent. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The chemical-temporal evolution of lithospheric mantle underlying the North China Craton

Previous studies of samples of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) that underlay the North China Craton (NCC) during the Paleozoic have documented the presence of thick Archean SCLM at this time. In contrast, samples of SCLM underlying the NCC during the Cenozoic are characterized by evidence for melt depletion during the Proterozoic, and relatively recent juvenile additions to the lithosphere. These observations, coupled with geophysical evidence for relatively thin lithosphere at present, have led to the conclusion that the SCLM underlying the NCC was thinned and modified subsequent to the late Paleozoic. In order to extend the view into both the Paleozoic and modern SCLM underlying the NCC, we examine mantle xenoliths and xenocrystic chromites extracted from three Paleozoic kimberlites (Tieling, Fuxian and Mengyin), and mantle xenoliths extracted from one Cenozoic basaltic center (Kuandian). Geochemical data suggest that most of the Kuandian xenoliths are residues of small degrees of partial melting from chemically primitive mantle. Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic analyses indicate that the samples were removed from long-term depleted SCLM that had later been variably enriched in incompatible elements. Osmium isotopic compositions of the two most refractory xenoliths are depleted relative to the modern convecting upper mantle and have model melt depletion ages that indicate melt depletion during Paleoproterozoic. Other relatively depleted xenoliths have Os isotopic compositions consistent with the modern convecting upper mantle. This observation is generally consistent with earlier data for xenoliths from other Cenozoic volcanic systems in the NCC and surrounding cratons. Thus, the present SCLM underlying the NCC has a complex age structure, but does not appear to retain materials with Archean melt depletion ages. Results for what are presumed to be early Paleozoic xenoliths from Teiling are generally highly depleted in melt components, e.g. have low Al₂O₃, but have also been metasomatically altered. Enrichment in light rare earth elements, low ε_Nd values (∼−10), and relatively high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.707-0.710) are consistent with a past episode of metasomatism. Despite the metasomatic event, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios are low and consistent with a late Archean melt depletion event. Thus, like results for xenoliths from other early Paleozoic volcanic centers within the NCC, these rocks sample dominantly Archean SCLM. The mechanism for lithospheric thinning is still uncertain. The complex age structure currently underlying the NCC requires either variable melt depletion over the entire history of this SCLM, or the present lithospheric material was partly or wholly extruded under the NCC from elsewhere by the plate collisions (collision with the Yangtze Craton and/or NNW subduction of the Pacific plate) that may have caused the thinning to take place.