内蒙古狼山地区宝音图地块变质基底的锆石U Pb年龄及构造意义

内蒙古狼山地区宝音图地块是兴蒙造山带微地块之一.采用SHRIMP和LA ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术,对宝音图地块中变质侵入体和宝音图群石英岩中的锆石进行了同位素年代学研究,获得了变质侵入体SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄1672±10Ma和宝音图群石英岩的碎屑锆石U-Pb下限年龄1426Ma,限定了宝音图群的形成时代应晚于1426Ma.同时根据宝音图群碎屑锆石年龄谱构造-热事件信息与华北克拉通构造-热事件年龄谱对比的相似性,揭示了宝音图群的碎屑来源于华北克拉通,认为宝音图地块与华北克拉通更具亲缘性,可能为华北克拉通的一部分.     

赤峰东部宝音图群斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

宝音图群是华北地台北缘最古老的结晶基底之一。赤峰东部宝音图群的斜长角闪岩中锆石晶型、背散射图像及低Th/U比值、高Hf、低Nb、Ta、低Nb/Ta比值等特征说明其为变质锆石。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术,对变质锆石进行了同位素年代学研究,获得了宝音图群的变质年龄为1860.1±7.9 Ma,此年龄限定了宝音图群的形成时代应早于1860 Ma,说明宝音图群应该形成于此年龄之前的古元古代。这一变质年龄所代表的变质事件与华北地台古元古代变质事件相一致,说明宝音图群为华北地台的一部分。以斜长角闪岩主量、微量及稀土元素为依据,进行原岩恢复及构造环境判别,结果显示斜长角闪岩原岩是形成于活动陆缘岛弧环境的钙碱性玄武岩。     

内蒙古宝音图-霍各乞地区宝音图岩群的时代约束及构造属性

宝音图隆起的构造归属仍然存在争议,有学者认为是兴蒙造山带中的微陆块,也有观点认为是华北克拉通的一部分.作为宝音图隆起的重要组成部分,探究宝音图岩群的形成时代、构造归属是解决这一问题的重要途径.通过对宝音图岩群3件石英岩样品进行锆石U-Pb同位素测试,在一岩组（石英岩和石英片岩岩组）、二岩组（石英岩岩组）、三岩组（片岩岩组）中分别获得较可靠的碎屑锆石最小谐和年龄为1 284 Ma、1 319 Ma、1 395 Ma,代表各岩组的沉积上限.结合侵入宝音图岩群中的变质基性脉岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为895.5±6.8 Ma,将研究区宝音图岩群一-三岩组的沉积时代大致限定在895.5~1 284.0 Ma之间,位于中元古代晚期至新元古代早期;可以和相邻区域大致形成于同一时期的阿拉善地区阿拉善群、白云鄂博地区白云鄂博群上亚群、化德-康保地区化德群上亚群对比.斜长角闪岩地球化学特征反映其形成于大陆边缘裂谷环境,可能为Rodinia超大陆裂解在本区的响应.宝音图岩群与邻区同时代沉积建造的碎屑锆石年龄谱较为相似,其主要峰值反映的地质事件与华北克拉通所经历的主要构造-热事件可以较好对应,说明宝音图岩群的物源来自于华北克拉通,为华北克拉通边缘的沉积.宝音图隆起应当为华北的一部分.      

内蒙古商都地区白云鄂博群尖山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究:对华北克拉通西部陆块北缘前寒武纪地壳演化的制约

华北克拉通前寒武纪地壳生长过程是地质学的研究热点。本文对华北克拉通西部陆块北缘的白云鄂博群尖山组进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,并在此基础上对尖山组的沉积时限、物源及西部陆块北缘的前寒武纪地壳生长过程进行了探讨。样品TM33中碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在1872～2100Ma (n=64),并有～1960Ma的主年龄峰值和～2000Ma的次年龄峰值,Hf同位素分析结果显示锆石的εHf(t)值在-2.6～7.9之间(除1个测点为-17.6),Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围在2240～4386Ma之间。样品Z1724中碎屑锆石年龄分布于1784～2200Ma(n=44),并有～1965Ma的主年龄峰值和～2080Ma次年龄峰值。谐和线上最年轻一组锆石的加权平均年龄为1794±73Ma(n=2),εHf(t)在-5.4～3.2之间,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)变化范围在2584～3203Ma之间。基于以上数据,结合侵入白云鄂博群底部1670Ma的辉长岩以及白云鄂博群底部全岩207Pb-206Pb等时线年龄为1649Ma的沉积碳酸盐岩,尖山组的沉积时间被限定在1800～1650Ma。尖山组的物源主要来自固阳、西乌兰不浪地区新太古代基底以及大青山和卓资地区古元古代晚期孔兹岩带。综合前人对研究区及邻区中新元古代沉积地层中碎屑锆石的Hf同位素研究结果,认为华北克拉通西部陆块北缘可能存在2600～2750Ma、～2500Ma和2000～2100Ma三期主要的地壳生长事件,且最后一次规模可能小于前两次。     

北京周口店太平山南坡晚古生代碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其大地构造意义

为了探讨华北板块北缘晚古生代的隆升历史和古亚洲洋的闭合过程,利用碎屑岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素和锆石微量元素组成对北京周口店太平山南坡晚石炭世-早二叠世地层进行物源分析,并判定源区的大地构造背景.5件样品的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要分布在3个时代:显生宙（285~425 Ma）、古元古代（1 700~2 450 Ma）和新太古代（2 500~2 747 Ma）.前寒武纪的锆石年龄主要集中在2.5 Ga和1.8 Ga,与华北克拉通的前寒武纪基底岩石相似.显生宙的锆石年龄主要集中在308~297 Ma,最年轻的峰值年龄在299~291 Ma,在误差范围内与地层沉积年龄相似,因此这些最年轻的碎屑锆石属于早二叠世同沉积锆石.29颗同沉积锆石的Hf同位素结果显示,原始176Hf/177Hf比值介于0.282 021~0.282 318,ε_Hf（t）值介于-20.1~-9.6.显生宙锆石的年龄谱特征以及Hf同位素组成与内蒙古隆起同期的岩浆锆石特征十分相似,因此显生宙碎屑锆石可能来源于内蒙古隆起,并伴随有少量来自北侧兴蒙造山带南部的早古生代岛弧碎屑的输入.二叠纪同沉积锆石的微量元素特征表明锆石结晶的岩浆源区具有大陆岛弧的构造属性.上述数据表明:（1）华北板块北缘在晚石炭世-早二叠世为活动大陆边缘;（2）晚古生代古亚洲洋向华北北缘的持续俯冲消减导致了内蒙古隆起的快速隆升;（3）古亚洲洋闭合的时间应晚于早二叠世.      

恒山中元古代早期基性岩墙群的单颗粒锆石U—Pb年龄及其克拉通构造演化意义

华北克拉通中北部变质基底发育大规模的前寒武纪基性岩墙群,由于基性岩墙同位素定年技术存在问题,因此一直未获得岩墙群的确切年龄数据。本文利用单颗粒锆石U-Pb化学法,首次获得恒山地区北西向基性岩墙群的U-Pb年龄为1769.1±2.5Ma,并证明它代表基性岩墙群的侵位年龄,这一年龄数据也是华北克拉通大规模分布的未变质基性岩墙群已知的最古老年龄。综合分析同期岩浆活动的同位素年龄记录,本文提出中元古代早期华北的岩浆侵位发生于伸展构造背景下。     

鄂东南地区古家山岩体锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成:对岩浆源区的指示

对扬子陆块鄂东南地区古家山花岗闪长斑岩体进行了锆石CL显微结构分析和LA-(MC)-ICP-MS法U-Pb年龄测定及Lu-Hf同位素分析.结果表明该花岗闪长斑岩中的锆石为岩浆锆石,其晶体内部多包裹有经历变质重结晶程度不同的继承锆石.岩浆锆石206pb/238U加权平均年龄为145.4±1 Ma (MSWD=1.5),表明古家山岩体形成于晚侏罗世.岩浆锆石εHf(t)值为-4.33-17.41,Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄tDM2为1470 ～ 2294 Ma.继承锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄为1746 ～ 2959 Ma,以古元古代为主;εHf(t)值为-18.2～ 2.65,表明该地区存在太古宙-古元古代基底物质再循环.综合野外地质调查与岩石化学、锆石微区原位分析结果,古家山花岗闪长斑岩为壳源花岗岩,其源区为古元古代基底.对古家山花岗闪长斑岩体的研究表明鄂东南地区确切存在太古宙-元古代基底,为研究扬子陆块前寒武纪基底演化提供了新的信息和线索.     

内蒙古霍林郭勒地区“宝音图群”锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

对内蒙古霍林郭勒地区出露的"宝音图群"砂岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年,样品112个分析点结果显示,具有主要峰值年龄257 Ma、283 Ma、313 Ma和少数老年龄(1 700 Ma),且257 Ma的年龄表明该地层主体的沉积下限的时代为早三叠世,原定为下元古界的"宝音图群"实为早三叠世地层。该地层物源主要来自于大石寨组火山岩、苏尼特左旗—锡林浩特—西乌旗南岩浆弧和相邻地块的变质基底,并有少量华北板块北缘物源混入,说明在早三叠世初华北板块北缘与北侧地块已经开始碰撞。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延河剖面延长组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布特征及地质意义

通过鄂尔多斯盆地东部延河剖面上三叠统延长组中下部地层中碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测定显示：锆石年龄以2 271-2 567Ma和1 599-1 937 Ma最为突出,还有少量的261-285 Ma年轻岩浆锆石。研究表明,分布在2 271-2 567 Ma、以2 500 Ma为峰值的碎屑锆石年龄是华北克拉通晚太古代与地幔添加有关的玄武质岩浆活动的证据。1 599-1 937 Ma、以1 800 Ma为峰值的年龄为华北克拉通早元古代哥伦比亚超大陆陆-陆碰撞构造热事件以及中元古代构造运动的证据。出现的5颗261-285 Ma的岩浆锆石,主要为华力西期岩浆侵入活动的证据。笔者从碎屑锆石年龄的角度确定了延河剖面碎屑沉积物来自以约2 500 Ma为主的华北克拉通物源区,即来源于阴山地区的晚太古代、早元古代的深变质闪长岩、片麻岩和变粒岩。     

小秦岭-熊耳山地区岩墙锆石SHRIMP年代学研究——秦岭造山带岩石圈拆沉的证据

对小秦岭-熊耳山地区岩墙锆石开展了SHRIMP Ⅱ U-Pb法年代学研究显示,岩墙岩浆源区的锆石主要表现为华北南缘陆壳基底中的继承性锆石特征.根据地质关系确定的侵位于中生代花岗岩中的岩墙,其锆石年龄定年结果主要表现为1843±10Ma和768±15Ma左右的年龄,多数锆石表现为该区域熊耳群火山活动事件1850Ma左右的年龄,只有很少的锆石颗粒记录了中生代时期128Ma左右的侵位年龄.总体看来,岩墙中锆石较全面地记录了区域构造演化的历史.锆石测年结果反映出华北陆块阜平运动(2500～2400Ma)、华北南缘熊耳群火山喷发事件(1850Ma)、震旦纪构造活动(850～700Ma)、扬子陆块俯冲拼贴于华北南缘的造山事件(约200Ma)和燕山期(约130Ma)的岩墙岩浆侵位活动.岩墙的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素示踪揭示了岩墙岩浆源区与扬子陆块的亲缘性,从而证明新元古代-晚古生代时期扬子陆块向华北陆块南缘俯冲,以及后来秦岭造山带在造山期后华北南缘下地壳基底拆沉的地球动力学过程.岩墙中锆石测年结果多显示为老的继承性锆石的原因可能是中生代时期生长的锆石颗粒较小,而继承性锆石颗粒较大,锆石单矿物分选过程中主要挑选出继承性锆石的缘故.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.