硝基苯在含水层中迁移转化影响因素的定量研究

通过室内模拟实验,确定了影响硝基苯在含水层中迁移转化的主要因素,并采用解析解方法计算出各因素的影响水平。研究表明,硝基苯在淤泥介质中的吸附能力大于砂砾介质,其在淤泥介质中的阻滞系数为2.22,在砂砾介质中的阻滞系数为1.74。根据一级动力学方程计算得出,硝基苯在淤泥介质中的自然衰减总速率常数为0.063 5/h,在砂砾介质中的自然衰减总速率常数为0.0059/h。而且,不论是在淤泥介质还是在砂砾介质中,生物降解作用均是硝基苯迁移转化过程的主要影响因素,其影响水平占硝基苯自然衰减能力的50%左右。     

硝基苯在含水层中的迁移规律及其转化机理研究

本文通过室内模拟实验，探讨在河流入渗补给地下水的条件下．硝基苯在含水层中的迁移规律及其转化机理。迁移规律实验结果表明，从进水口至出水口的各取样点依次出现硝基苯浓度峰值．并且随着硝基苯迁移路径的延长其浓度峰值相应变小。硝基苯的浓度峰值在含水介质中的持续时间并不很长，但由于硝基苯解吸附作用的存在。在此后相当长的一段时间里都存在较为明显的拖尾现象。转化机理实验结果表明，吸附与生物降解作用是影响硝基苯在含水层中迁移转化的主要因素。淤泥介质对硝基苯的吸附能力要明显大于砂砾介质，淤泥介质中的微生物对硝基苯的吸附影响较大．而砂砾介质中的微生物对硝基苯的吸附影响较小。     

注入时间和静水压力对孔隙热储层中Cl-运移影响

迄今为止,注入时间和静水压力对溶质在深层承压地热水中的运移规律影响研究少有报道。通过模拟35℃的低温地热环境,开展了注入时间1,2,3,4,5 h以及静水压力0,6,9 MPa条件下Cl^-的运移柱模拟试验。采用CXTFIT 2.1软件进行数值模拟,探讨了孔隙型热储砂土中Cl^-的运移规律和影响因素。结果表明：在模拟的低温孔隙型热储层中,不同注入时间和静水压力下,Cl^-的运移曲线均呈正态对称分布,一维对流弥散(CDE)模型也可较好地表征其穿透曲线,因此溶质扩散过程符合菲克定律。注入时间的不同,会引起Cl^-的穿透曲线、运移参数发生变化,这与不同注入时间条件下溶质注入总量、柱内溶质浓度差以及分子扩散能力不同有关。在不同静水压力条件下,弥散系数从0 MPa的25.22 cm²/h增加到9MPa的36.13 cm²/h,分子扩散系数、机械弥散系数以及弥散度也随之增大,因此溶质的弥散作用随静水压力的增大而增强。研究结果对于丰富地下水的溶质运移理论具有重要意义。     

地下水系统中镍污染和天然胶体共迁移特征

为了对地下水系统中天然胶体与Ni²⁺的共迁移特征进行研究,通过静态吸附实验和石英砂模拟含水层介质柱实验研究了土壤胶体对Ni²⁺在地下水中运移的影响,以及pH、离子强度（IS）、有机质等对土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的影响。结果表明：随着pH值升高,土壤胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附量增加;离子强度的增加会显著地降低土壤胶体吸附Ni²⁺的能力;腐殖酸（HA）的存在会增强胶体对Ni²⁺的吸附能力;在有胶体的情况下,Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间会缩短,吸附能力增强,吸附量增加,但当离子强度增加时,虽然Ni²⁺穿透砂柱的时间也被缩短,但是吸附量却降低。     

非均质包气带三氮累积转化模拟砂箱试验

为研究包气带非均质结构对氮素迁移转化的影响,采用室内砂箱实验模拟了1.72 mm/h降雨强度下NH₄-N污染非均质包气带的过程。通过观测出水及土壤溶液中NH₄-N、NO₂-N和NO₃-N质量浓度变化,分析探讨了NH₄-N在含有两个亚粘土透镜体的非均质包气带介质中的迁移转化和累积时空分布特征。结果表明：经过89 d物理吸附和微生物作用,出水NH₄-N首先迅速增加然后逐渐减小,而出水NO₃-N含量持续增加,其间NO₂-N出现累积峰,系统最终达到平衡稳定状态;土壤溶液中NH₄-N在两亚粘土透镜体上表面累积较多,NO₃-N和NO₂-N在上透镜体中的累积含量大于下透镜体;而砂槽上部土壤中出现明显的NO₃-N累积,NH₄-N和NO₂-N则在下部土壤和亚粘土透镜体中累积较多。包气带介质质地、粗 细交互结构及降雨淋溶、水分运移对“三氮”的迁移转化和富集有重要影响。     

疏勒河上游多年冻土区植物生长季主要温室气体排放观测

选取青藏高原东北部疏勒河上游多年冻土区的高寒草甸样地为研究对象, 对2011年植物生长季(6-10月)主要温室气体(CO₂、 CH₄CH₄和CO₂)的排放进行了观测. 结果显示: 疏勒河上游多年冻土区高寒草甸地表CO₂、 CH₄和N₂O排放速率范围分别为7.58~418.60 mg·m^-2·h^-1, -0.20~0.14 mg·m^-2·h^-1和-27.22~39.98 μg·m^-2·h^-1. 0~10 cm土壤温度、 含水量和盐分与CO₂和CH₄排放速率显著相关, 但与N₂O排放速率无显著相关. 日均排放速率显示, CO₂和N₂O在整个观测期均表现为排放; CH₄在植物返青期和生长旺盛期表现为排放, 在枯黄期伴随表层土壤发生日冻融循环时为吸收. 从9月30日12:00-10月6日14:40, 表层0~10 cm土壤经历了3次日冻融循环, CO₂和N₂O日均排放速率分别由冻融前的60.73 mg·m^-2·h^-1和9.91 μg·m^-2·h^-1提高到122.33 mg·m^-2·h^-1和11.70 μg·m^-2·h^-1. 土壤温度、 含水量和盐分是影响CO₂和CH₄排放的重要因子, 表层土壤冻融交替作用可提高地表CO₂和N₂O的排放速率.     

不同环境条件对固定化细菌吸附低浓度Cd2+规律的影响

采用固定化技术将吸附重金属能力较强的优势细菌固定,然后将其对Cd²⁺进行吸附规律研究。结果表明：固定化细菌对Cd²⁺吸附是动态过程,120 min达到吸附平衡;随着重金属Cd²⁺浓度的增加,固定化细菌对其吸附量呈线性增加,而随着离子强度的增加,固定化细菌对其吸附量呈线性降低;当吸附体系pH=6时吸附量最大;环境温度对固定化细菌吸附影响不显著;共存Pb²⁺降低了固定化细菌对Cd²⁺的吸附量。     

不同Eh条件下弱透水层中硝酸盐截留能力

为了研究硝酸盐在不同Eh条件下通过弱透水层的迁移机理及转化形式,用天然黏土作为渗透介质弱透水层,在高渗透压条件下进行室内实验,模拟地下水中硝酸盐通过弱透水层的迁移转化过程。结果表明：单位质量黏土截污容量为1.45 mg/g,阻截率R=92%,不同Eh条件下（Eh分别为0、-100、-200 mV）弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力都很强;低氧化还原电位有利于弱透水层吸附硝酸盐。弱透水层中硝酸盐的转化途径表明,弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力很强,是微孔隙截留作用、机械过滤、离子吸附、协同吸附以及较弱的微生物共同作用的结果。     

磷酸盐对纳米二氧化钛吸附水体中重金属离子行为的影响和机理分析

纳米二氧化钛(nTiO₂)被广泛应用于去除水体中的重金属。磷酸盐作为水体中普遍存在的无机阴离子,能够对重金属离子在nTiO₂上的吸附特征产生影响。本文聚焦磷酸盐存在条件下nTiO₂胶体颗粒对典型重金属离子(Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺)的吸附行为,以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定吸附平衡后水相中重金属离子的浓度。通过批量吸附实验考察不同水化学条件下(离子强度和共存阴离子),磷酸盐对nTiO₂胶体颗粒吸附水体中Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺特征的影响规律。采用经典吸附等温线模型对实验数据进行拟合,并结合纳米颗粒的Zeta电位和粒径变化等表征手段揭示了相关吸附机制。研究发现：(1)磷酸盐的存在能有效地增强重金属在nTiO₂上的吸附,Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的最大吸附量分别由121.1mg/g和84.7mg/g增加至588.3mg/g和434.8mg/g,增加了3...     

塔里木盆地哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏原油特征和倾斜油-水界面成因初探

塔里木盆地哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏内部存在着由北向南原油密度等物性呈现规律变化的特征.西北部的"重质油"（密度>0.34 g/cm³）与中-南部的"轻质油"（密度<0.34g/cm³）来源于同一套烃源岩,但原油族组成、原油成份等方面的特征存在着较大的差别.东河砂岩油藏的原油可能不是直接来自于烃源岩,而是来源于古油藏,原油物性的差异是晚喜马拉雅运动导致晚海西期形成的古油藏发生调整并在运移过程中造成的成份分异等原因所致.哈得逊鼻隆构造高点至今仍在迁移,东河砂岩油藏正处于充注、调整之中,导致了其油-气-水界面的大幅度倾斜.     

The effects of aquifer heterogeneity on the 3D numerical simulation of soil and groundwater contamination at a chlor-alkali site in China

The simulation of groundwater flow and solute transport at contaminated sites often neglects the important influence that aquifer heterogeneity can have on the sub-surface distribution of contaminants. In this paper, the method of transition probability for geological statistics (T-PROGS) included in the Groundwater Model System (GMS) was applied to a chlor-alkali-contaminated site that was sampled with 68 soil borings and 15 groundwater monitoring wells. A 3-D groundwater numerical model and solute transport model was developed that was constrained by soil and groundwater data from the site. The spatial distribution of chloroethylene concentrations was simulated for a number of times using the levels measured in the field as a baseline. The results of these simulations showed that shapes and distribution of contaminant plumes are irregular both vertically and horizontally. The solute-transport simulations indicated that much of the contamination will preferentially move in groundwater through silt and fine-sands whereas flow is largely blocked in clays. Consequently, fine sand and silts become the most seriously polluted zones at the site, whereas, areas underlain by clays are largely uncontaminated. Heterogeneous lithologies beneath a site increase the complexity of coupling simulations of soil and groundwater.     

典型石油烃组分在地下水中的自然衰减规律

为了解石油烃类污染物在地下水中的自然衰减规律,以苯、萘、菲作为目标污染物,采用实验场地4种天然砂土作为含水层介质进行了室内模拟实验。结果表明：在单组分和混合组分溶液中,苯、萘和菲在地下含水层介质中的自然衰减均符合一级动力学方程;在不同含水层介质中,苯和萘的衰减速率大小顺序为粉砂>中砂≈粗砂>砾砂,而菲的自然衰减速率大小顺序为粉砂≈中砂≈粗砂>砾砂;微生物降解在苯和萘的自然衰减中起重要作用,而固相吸附在菲的自然衰减中起重要作用。3种物质共存时,苯和萘的自然衰减加快,菲的自然衰减减慢。     

Adsorption studies of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene onto shallow aquifer media at the Luhuagang landfill site in Kaifeng,China

The Luhuagang landfill site (LLS) in Kaifeng, China, lacks liner and leachate collection systems. Thus, leachate generated from the waste dump has contaminated the surrounding subsoil and shallow aquifer with various chemicals, including 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB). This paper is a part of a series of studies on adsorption, transport and biodegradation and fate of 1,2,4-TCB in the shallow aquifer beneath LLS. Here, adsorption of 1,2,4-TCB onto silt, fine sand and medium sand aquifer deposits collected at LLS was conducted by performing batch experiments involving four common adsorption kinetic models. The results of the analyses showed that the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model provided the best fit for the equilibrium data with a coefficient of determination (R ²) greater than 0.99. Least squares analysis of Henry, Freundlich and Langmuir linearly transformed isotherm models was used to establish the best isotherm for 1,2,4-TCB adsorption onto the three aquifer materials. The Freundlich isotherm provided the best fit for experimental data with R ² > 0.99. The results further suggested that the highest adsorption rate of 1,2,4-TCB (27.55 μg/g) was onto silt deposit, followed by fine sand (21.65 μg/g) and medium sand (14.88 μg/g). This showed that silt layer beneath the LLS was critical for retarding the downward percolation and migration of 1,2,4-TCB into the shallow aquifer systems under the landfill. The findings of the study were adopted as basis for designing the slated transport and biodegradation study of 1,2,4-TCB in aquifer system at LLS.     

煤储层等温吸附实验过程中参数敏感性分析

容量法等温吸附实验是测定煤储层吸附性和含气性的常用手段。实验装置中的参考缸体积V₁、装有样品时的自由空间体积V₂和压力表对等温吸附实验有着直接的影响,但是这三者对实验影响的程度目前还没有系统的认识。为了理清实验过程中各参数的影响和提高等温吸附实验的测试精度,基于波义尔定律建立了煤储层容量法等温吸附实验稳定性和精确性分析的数学模型,利用Matlab软件对吸附实验过程进行了数值模拟。研究表明,吸附实验的稳定性和准确性受压力表、参考缸的体积V₁和样品缸装有样品时的自由空间体积V₂的控制,压力表测量精度越高,等温吸附实验的稳定性和精确性就越好;压力表精度一定时,V₁和V₂的体积较小且匹配组合满足一定的条件,吸附实验才能达到较好的稳定性和精确性。利用优化方法得到的结果对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘韩城地区中煤阶煤储层开展等温吸附对比实验,结果表明,经过优化组合的吸附实验测试结果稳定和精度都有所提高,吸附量的最大差值为1.45 cm3/g,远低于未经过优化的实验所测吸附量的差值5.27 cm3/g。      

Experimental study on height simulation of capillary fringe

In this paper, the plexiglass experimental column was used to analyze the capillary fringe thickness of three kinds of lithologies-silty sand, silt and silty clay-providing a basis for defining the interface in the study of hydrodynamics at the water table between vandose water and groundwater. The capillary fringe generally refers to the subsurface layer in which the groundwater seeps up to the air-entry suction value due to capillary action, and is nearly saturated with water. The thickness of the capillary fringe varies with different lithologies. In this experiment, self-made stable water supply devices were used to study the height of capillary rise, capillary water volume and capillary fringe thickness of the three lithologies through capillary experiment and numerical simulation. Experimental results show as follows:(1) Rising height of capillary water is related to time, particle radius, volume, etc., and the relationship between height and time is in line with the Hill model.(2) The smaller the particle radius, the more water the pores contain, and the ratio of the unsaturated portion of capillary water to the total water content gradually rises. Experimental results obtained by numerical simulation, segmentation and actual measurement are consistent.(3) The thickness of the capillary zone is related to the lithology. The larger the particle size, the smaller the thickness of the capillary fringe, and vice versa. In silty sand, the thickness measures about 13 cm. The figure rises to 16 cm in silt, and 37 cm in silty clay. This work studies the law of soil water transport at saturated-unsaturated interface. Experimental results are of great significance to the study of soil water and salt transport and soil salinization control in unsaturated zone.     

Prediction of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene natural attenuation in groundwater at a landfill in Kaifeng,China

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) is one of the most common pollutants in landfill leachate that impacts shallow drinking groundwater quality; accordingly, the transport mechanism and capacity for remediation of this compound are important to the management of local water resource. In this study, a series of indoor experiments and analytical predictions revealed that the transportation of 1,2,4-TCB in groundwater is similar in medium sand and fine sand. Specifically, the peak time increases with distance between monitoring points and the source point, but the peak relative concentrations decrease with distance, indicating that the concentration of 1,2,4-TCB in groundwater is controlled by adsorption and biodegradation. In addition, transportation of water in a fine sand column was lower than that in a medium sand column; therefore, the adsorption and biodegradation of 1,2,4-TCB in groundwater was lower in the medium sand column. These findings demonstrate that 1,2,4-TCB in groundwater could be removed by natural degradation after about 5 years, but that other methods (permeable reactive barriers, air sparging or biosparging) should be applied in the field to shorten the remediation period and enhance water supply safety around landfill.     

北京房山应急水源地地下水数值模拟及河流渗漏量预测

以北京房山岩溶水应急水源地为例,采用等效连续介质体概化地下水流系统,建立地下水流数值模型,评价地下水源汇项,分析地下水系统特征。运用MODFLOW中的河流（渠）子程序包,刻画地表河流和泉水与地下水的交换关系。经参数识别和验证,计算结果与实测数据拟合较好,能够比较准确的模拟水源地岩溶水系统。模拟和预测结果表明,水源地地区地下水与地表水联系密切,应急开采后,地下水系统由向河流排泄转变为河流渗漏补给地下水,可为应急水源地合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

石油类污染场地的自然衰减作用

在野外石油类污染场地地质、水文地质调查的基础上,对场地地下水中总石油烃的吸附、生物降解等自然衰减作用进行研究。开展了砂质粉土、粉砂、细砂等场地包气带、含水层介质对总石油烃的吸附动力学实验、等温吸附实验、不同矿化度吸附实验、生物降解实验和挥发实验等。实验结果显示,砂质粉土、粉砂、细砂的吸附平衡时间分别为4、7和10 h;通过计算确定了每种介质对总石油烃的等温吸附模型。矿化度对介质吸附总石油烃能力的影响表现为,矿化度越高吸附量越高。生物降解实验结果表明,在场地水土条件下,降解能力最强,且降解符合一级衰减动力学方程。研究表明,地下水受到污染后,吸附、降解、挥发等自然衰减作用对地下水石油类污染物的去除具有非常重要的作用。     

阿特拉津在地下水中迁移转化的实验研究

阿特拉津是研究区内广泛使用的旱田除草剂。为治理其污染的地下水 ,采用静态和动态实验的方法研究其在含水介质砂层中的吸附特性和在地下水中的迁移转化规律。实验结果表明 :砂层对阿特拉津的吸附量小 ,不同固液比 (1.0、0 .5、0 .2 )时的分配系数分别为 0 .10 ,0 .15 ,0 .19cm3 /g ;含水层的弥散度为 0 .0 336m ,阻滞因子为 1.2 9,自然净化系数为 0 .0 0 2 8/d。由此确定所建立的数学模型和参数 ,为研究区阿特拉津污染地下水的治理提供可靠的依据