Risk prediction of rural public security environmental carrying capacity based on the risk entropy

In order to achieve effective early warning and prediction for the risk of ecological environmental carrying capacity of rural public security, this paper put forward risk assessment indicators from the perspective of rural ecological, infrastructure, social, and population carrying capacity. And then, this paper constructs risk assessment model of rural ecological environment carrying capacity on the base of genetic projection pursuit model, information diffusion theory, and risk entropy method. First of all, the genetic projection pursuit model is introduced to perform one-dimensional projection for high-dimensional data according to optimal projection direction, and the projection value is fitted with time series together, thus, the risk of rural ecological environment carrying capacity could be divided into four risk levels according to established standard; secondly, we spread the one-dimensional projection value of each sample into four risk levels by information diffusion theory, and calculate the risk entropy of rural environmental carrying capacity by risk entropy method; at last, the empirical analysis shows that the model constructed in this paper is simple and effective, which could provide effective reference and suggestion for environmental protection and public safety department.     

基于投影寻踪回归的指标规范值的水质评价模型

传统的投影寻踪回归(PPR)的矩阵表示法用于水质评价,当指标较多时,不仅优化参数矩阵元的学习效率低,而且优化效果亦受到影响。若适当设置3类水体(地表水、地下水和富营养化水体)各指标的参照值及指标值的规范变换式,使不同指标的同级标准的规范值差异不大,从而可以认为用规范值表示的不同指标皆与某个规范指标"等效"。因此,只需构造并优化得出对各指标规范值都共同适用的2个指标变量的NV-PPR(2)和3个指标变量的NV-PPR(3)模型,对于指标变量较多的NV-PPR建模,只需将其分解为若干个NV-PPR(2)和(或)NV-PPR(3)的组合表示即可。对模型的实用性进行的效果检验表明:基于指标规范变换的3类水体的水质评价的投影寻踪回归模型具有形式简洁、计算简便和普适通用的特点。     

基于足球联赛竞争算法-投影寻踪-云模型的水资源短缺风险评价

为客观衡量水资源短缺风险评价过程中的随机性与模糊性,将正态云模型引入水资源短缺风险评价,建立足球联赛竞争算法-投影寻踪-正态云评价模型,以云南省各州市水资源短缺风险评价为例进行实例研究。从水资源等系统遴选20个指标构建水资源短缺风险评价指标体系和分级标准,采用云模型正向发生器计算水资源短缺风险分级评价指标的隶属度;在分级标准阈值间随机内插样本构造投影寻踪优化目标函数,利用足球联赛竞争算法、粒子群算法、布谷鸟搜索算法和差分进化算法优化投影寻踪目标函数并进行比较,并通过足球联赛竞争算法-投影寻踪法给出各指标权重;根据隶属度矩阵和权重矩阵计算水资源短缺风险评价的分级确定度并进行评价,评价结果与投影寻踪法、模糊综合评价法比较。结果表明:足球联赛竞争算法寻优精度高于粒子群算法等3种算法。昆明市、怒江州和迪庆州水资源风险评价为低风险;玉溪市、保山市、文山州和德宏州评价为较低风险;曲靖市、昭通市、普洱市、临沧市和红河州评价为中等风险;其余州市评价为较高风险,评价结果与投影寻踪法、模糊评价法基本一致。足球联赛竞争算法-投影寻踪-正态云评价模型兼具模糊性和随机性,既能反映水资源短缺风险评价分级的定性概念,又可反映隶属程度的不确定性,具有较好的应用价值。     

Comprehensive evaluation of ice disaster risk of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach in the upper Yellow River

The Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River, is one of the most serious reaches suffering from ice flood disaster in China. Firstly, according to its characteristics of ice condition evolution and ice disaster, the concept of ice disaster risk of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was defined, the risk factors of ice disaster were discussed, and the theory and method of “risk identification–risk estimation–risk assessment–risk management” for the ice disaster risk analysis of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was proposed. Then, the comprehensive evaluation model of ice disaster risk was established using the projection pursuit, fuzzy clustering and accelerating genetic algorithm method. Finally, the ice disaster risk grade was formulated, and the ice disaster risk of 1991–2010 for the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was evaluated in this paper. The results show that the application results were consistent with the practical characteristics of water regime, meteorological and ice condition, revealing the rationality of the risk evaluation model. This study aims at enriching and developing the theory and method for the ice disaster risk analysis and providing scientific decision basis for the ice-prevention preparedness of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River.     

软土地基上海堤变形与失稳的离心模型试验与数值分析

软土地基上海堤的沉降及稳定性是围垦海堤工程的关键问题。针对海堤工程开展离心机模型试验,分别通过变加速度法及恒加速度法模拟海堤填筑过程和竣工后稳定运行过程,得到了海堤施工期及工后沉降变化规律,并通过PIV技术观察海堤的破坏模式;在此基础上,采用GeoStudio软件分别基于总应力及有效应力分析法,分析了海堤施工期及竣工后稳定运行期海堤的整体稳定性随时间变化规律。物理和数值模拟结果表明,离心模型试验能一定程度上模拟海堤的变形及失稳情况,且与数值分析结果吻合较好。海堤施工期瞬时失稳的滑裂面贯穿软土地基,并使海堤滑体发生了超过1 m的瞬时沉降。海堤填筑完成后地基超静孔隙水压力逐渐消散、海堤稳定性安全系数随时间不断提高。海堤竖向和水平位移最大值分别位于堤轴线处及坡脚处。     

投影寻踪分类模型评定相似流域

简要介绍了基于遗传算法的投影寻踪分类模型,并将其首次用于水文计算中相似流域的选择。对一个实例的应用研究表明,此模型能给出一个综合考虑流域中多指标间复杂关系的特征指标,利用这个指标取得合理的评定结果,且新模型计算过程简单,结果直观,为水文计算中水文比拟法提供了新思路。     

Comprehensive evaluation of ice disaster risk of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach in the upper Yellow River

The Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River, is one of the most serious reaches suffering from ice flood disaster in China. Firstly, according to its characteristics of ice condition evolution and ice disaster, the concept of ice disaster risk of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was defined, the risk factors of ice disaster were discussed, and the theory and method of “risk identification–risk estimation–risk assessment–risk management” for the ice disaster risk analysis of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was proposed. Then, the comprehensive evaluation model of ice disaster risk was established using the projection pursuit, fuzzy clustering and accelerating genetic algorithm method. Finally, the ice disaster risk grade was formulated, and the ice disaster risk of 1991–2010 for the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was evaluated in this paper. The results show that the application results were consistent with the practical characteristics of water regime, meteorological and ice condition, revealing the rationality of the risk evaluation model. This study aims at enriching and developing the theory and method for the ice disaster risk analysis and providing scientific decision basis for the ice-prevention preparedness of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River.

     

基于灰色系统理论的改进SMR法初探

综合灰色系统理论与传统的边坡岩体质量分级方法(SMR法),提出改进SMR法。传统的岩体质量分级方法中定量指标取值离散性很大,造成质量分级结果阶梯变化。灰色系统理论的灰度特征对解决这类小样本、离散性的问题有很好的适用性。首先对传统质量分级方法的评价指标进行灰类划分,确定各指标所占权重,再构建评价指标的三角白化权函数,并基于最大隶属度准则对边坡岩体进行质量分级。最后结合工程边坡实例,与一般工程RMR(岩体质量分级)与SMR法比较,改进SMR法的评价结果更加吻合工程现状,且质量分级稳定性高,表明其应用于边坡岩体质量分级是科学和准确的。     

水库边坡稳定性评价的改进云模型

水库边坡的稳定性受诸多因素的影响,以致其准确评价仍存在一定的困难。为克服传统的正态云模型方法在实际应用中存在的云模型特征值取值不统一以及使用期望隶属度而非实际隶属度两个问题,提出了改进型正态云模型,并在MATLAB软件平台上开发了便于模型应用的程序。选取影响水库边坡稳定性的12个主要因素作为评价指标,应用程序生成各评价指标在各稳定性等级的综合隶属度云模型,接着使用改进的熵权层次分析法确定各评价指标的相应权重,最后将平均综合隶属度最高值所在的级别确定为边坡的稳定性等级。将该方法应用于34个水电边坡工程稳定性评价实例,并将结果与现行国家规范推荐的CSMR法及这些边坡的实际状态进行了比对。结果表明该方法的准确度比CSMR法高,具有较好的可靠性和实用性,也可供公路、铁路或建筑等其他岩质边坡在进行稳定性评价时参考。     

Application of Extension Theory Based on Improved Entropy Weight Method to Rock Slope Analysis in Cold Regions

In view of the problems existing in the evaluation process of slope stability in cold regions, the improved entropy weight method and extension theory are used to evaluate the slope stability. Nine indexes which affect the slope stability in cold regions are selected, the matter element system of slope stability evaluation is established by extension theory, and the extension correlation degree between evaluation index and evaluation grade is calculated. The improved entropy weight method is used to calculate the entropy weight of the matter element index system, and then the stability grade of the slope matter element is determined. Based on the extension theory and improved entropy weight method, the slope stability of Beizhan open pit mine is predicted. The results show that the prediction results are consistent with the actual situation of the project, and the evaluation method can be applied to the slope stability evaluation in cold regions. By using extension theory and improved entropy weight method, the evaluation index can be changed from a single determined value to an interval value, and the influence degree of the evaluation index can be analyzed more comprehensively. This method improves the evaluation accuracy and provides a new method for the slope stability evaluation in cold regions.

     

基于投影寻踪的水质评价模型

基于投影寻踪技术的基本原理和求解过程，建立了水质评价模型。大样本数据应用到模型中，使模型的精度大大提高。该模型既能根据样本本身寻求出各因子的重要程度，即客观权重．又能根据决策者对某个（些）影响因子的偏好，对样本进行分类。将遗传算法和传统优化方法相结合，以解决遗传算法求解带约束问题能力差的问题，并将其用于本文建立的模型的目标函数优化中．解决了高维数据全局寻优的难题。实例分析表明，该模型能够很好地对水质进行评价。能有效地解决多因素带来的高维复杂性，是一种处理多因素复杂评价问题的有效途径。     

基于投影寻踪模型的滑坡危险性等级评价

危险性评价是滑坡灾害预防与减灾工作首要解决的重要内容.在地理信息系统技术支持下, 以山地灾害频发区——小江流域作为研究对象, 选取坡度、土体粘聚力和内摩擦角这3个评价指标构建滑坡危险性分级评价指标体系, 将投影寻踪技术运用到滑坡危险性等级评价中, 对评价样本的各指标因素进行线性投影, 以最优投影方向所对应的投影特征值作为评价依据, 建立了滑坡危险性等级综合评价模型, 绘制了滑坡危险性等级分布图.结果表明: 研究区极高危险区、高危险区、中等危险区、低危险区和极低危险区的面积比例为14.28∶9.41∶69.12∶7.00∶0.19;根据所建立的5级评价指标体系对研究区60个土质滑坡点资料进行了验证, 在占研究区总面积23.69%的高、极高危险区的小范围内, 实际发生土质滑坡数量45个, 占总土质滑坡数量的75.00%;中等危险性级别以上区域拥有的土质滑坡数量占全部土质滑坡的96.67%;不同危险性级别的滑坡体积方量统计结果表明, 滑坡体积方量密度随危险性级别的提高而迅速增加.对比评价结果及实测结果可知, 投影寻踪分级结果符合实际情况, 证实了该方法的正确性, 为滑坡危险性评价提供了一条新思路.      

基于投影寻踪技术的矿井突水水源判别模型——以新庄孜煤矿为例

投影寻踪是一种降维处理技术,它可以将高维分析问题通过投影方向转化为低维问题分析.应用该法的关键在于寻求最佳投影方向,这可以转化为一个复杂的非线性优化问题,结合Matlab的遗传算法工具箱进行优化求解.本文以淮南新庄孜煤矿为例,建立突水水源判别投影寻踪模型,并与模糊综合评判模型、神经网络模型、灰色聚类模型进行分析比较.结果表明:投影寻踪判别模型能够有效地判别突水水源,比模糊综合评判、神经网络模型、灰色聚类模型具有更高的准确性,为矿井突水水源判别提供了一个新途径.     

Computation of sliding displacements of seawalls under earthquake conditions

To understand the serviceability aspects of seawalls, it is essential to study the permanent displacements of seawalls that occur during the earthquakes. Studies in the existing literature have concentrated on displacements of retaining walls with dry backfills; to the authors’ observation there is no specific analytical investigation devoted to the earthquake-induced displacements of retaining walls with submerged backfills. This paper focuses on sliding displacements of gravity type seawall retaining a submerged backfill under active earth pressure condition during the earthquakes. The threshold seismic acceleration coefficients required for initiation of sliding and the amount of sliding displacement due to seismic loading are calculated by adopting Newmark’s sliding block method. One of the prime features of the study is the estimation of seismic inertia forces in the submerged soil and wall applying the modified pseudo-dynamic method. The comparison of the results obtained using the proposed analytical formulation with the existing literature found to be in good agreement. A comprehensive parametric study has been conducted to understand the effects of different parameters such as seismic horizontal and vertical acceleration coefficients, soil and wall friction angles, width of the wall, wall inclination and excess pore water pressure ratio.

     

钱塘江古海塘塘基防渗加固现场试验研究

目前仍然坚守在防洪御潮第一线的钱塘江明清古海塘,由于年代久远,部分塘段的塘趾部位存在流土现象,因此,选用合理且不破坏古海塘风貌的塘基防渗加固方案来保护古海塘十分必要。以浙江海宁某明清古海塘试验段为依托,通过现场试验,对比研究了4种塘基防渗加固保护方案,通过有限元分析、现场渗透试验、加固后开挖检验、施工期对古海塘的影响监测等手段,分析总结了各加固方案的优缺点,得到了机械适当改制后的“塘趾旋喷注浆”方案为优选方案的结论,研究成果对下一步钱塘江临江古海塘保护工程的塘基防渗加固方案选取具有重要参考价值。     

水资源系统等级评价的一种非参数方法

水资源系统等级评价是目前水资源系统工程研究的热点和难点之一,常规评价方法需要根据先验知识预先设定评价函数的具体结构形式,难以适应复杂多变的实际评价系统.为此,提出了一种非参数评价新方法(NGEM).NGEM无需假定评价函数的具体表达形式,直接挖掘评价标准数据本身所隐含的评价信息,它用基于加速遗传算法的投影寻踪方法客观地确定各指标权重,用非参数回归方法建立评价函数.实例计算结果说明,NGEM直观简便、有效通用,在各种系统预测与模拟中也具有应用价值.     

基于联系熵的围岩稳定性评价研究

围岩稳定性评价涉及许多不确定因素。由于集对理论和联系熵模型能有效地处理不确定问题,故将联系熵方法应用于围岩分类,建立矿岩分类的联系熵模型,计算围岩的联系熵值,相应地进行矿岩稳定性等级评价。是对系统不确定性进行量化的一种尝试,为矿岩稳定性评价提供了一种新的方法。实例模型表明,联系熵越大,则矿岩的稳定性越差,越危险。     

基于投影寻踪与可拓学方法的泥石流危险度评价

泥石流危险度评价是地质灾害评估与治理的一项重要内容。选取金沙江流域典型泥石流影响因子指标值作为原始数据,基于投影寻踪法与可拓学相结合的方法建立危险度评价模型,根据原始数据的结构特征搜索出最符合实际情况的投影方式,从而映射出最客观的综合数据特征值。并通过可拓学理论解决泥石流体系的模糊性、不确定性与泥石流危险度评价的客观性、确定性之间的矛盾,将评价因子与评价标准之间的从属关系拓展到因子与标准之间的距离,从而定量化地描述出研究区泥石流危险度的特征。     

投影寻踪法在建立积雪深度模型上的应用

针对融雪期积雪深度变化问题的高维非线性、非正态特点,利用投影寻踪法将积雪深度变化多指标问题转化为单一投影指标问题,采用遗传算法优化投影方向得出最佳投影值,最终得到对积雪深度变化影响较大的因子,实现在低维空间上反应积雪深度变化的目的。实例分析结果表明:影响积雪深度变化的各因素贡献力依次为:土壤地表温度净辐射空气温度土壤体积含水量风速空气相对湿度降水水汽压。通过建立MLP神经网络积雪深度模型表明:利用投影寻踪法提取的积雪深度主要影响因子是可靠的,且提取的主要影响因子为简化积雪深度模型提供理论依据。     

投影寻踪评价模型在隧道围岩稳定性分级中的应用

隧道围岩稳定性分级对隧道工程设计和施工具有重要的意义。利用影响隧道围岩稳定性的多种因素,应用投影寻踪评价模型建立隧道围岩稳定性分级方法,探讨了利用不便于量化为投影指标的影响因素对投影分级结果进行修正的方法。应用实例表明,投影寻踪分级结果与其它分级方法的结果相符,证实了方法的正确性。