湿地沉积物-水界面营养盐交换的定量估算

为有效控制湖泊内源营养盐的释放,探讨了不同物理改良措施(覆沙、底质疏松)对沉积物-水界面营养盐的释放通量控制效果。利用原位孔隙水采样技术(Peeper)来获得沉积物孔隙水剖面,对改良后湿地沉积物孔隙水营养盐的垂向分布及其扩散通量进行了研究。结果发现,改良后沉积含水率、孔隙率分别提高了91%和54%。水土界面附近,随剖面深度增加,孔隙水中PO₄3-、NH₄+、NO₃-及NO₂-浓度分布符合指数关系,PO₄3-、NH₄+在8 cm左右达到最大值。种植芦苇后沉积物孔隙水中PO₄3-、NH₄+均有不同程度的下降,改良措施能有效降低表层弱结合态磷在总磷中比例但增加铁磷的比例,种植芦苇可强化这一效应。运用Fick第一定律对剖面孔隙水营养盐的扩散通量进行估算,发现沉积物经疏松后,NH₄+、PO₄3-的扩散通量由57.47~72.19μg/(m2·d)和2.55~3.21μg/(m2·d)变为-95.54~-130.94μg/(m2·d)和1.50~2.05μg/(m2·d),可考虑疏松沉积物-水界面附近沉积物来作为控制湖泊内源污染的有效手段之一。     

长江口及其邻近海域孔隙水地球化学特征

对长江口沉积物有机碳、总氮、总磷、Fe、Mn、AI及孔隙水和上覆水体中营养盐、Fe、Mn的含量进行了测试,结合早期成岩模型及地球化学热力学分析,探讨了在河口环境中影响孔隙水营养盐和Fe、Mn分布的主要因素,并对沉积物-水界面营养盐扩散通量进行了估算。结果表明,孔隙水中NH4^＋、NO3^-、PO3^4、H4SiO4和Fe、Mn的含量显著高于上覆水体。早期成岩过程是控制长江口沉积物孔隙水营养盐和Fe、Mn分布的主要因素。NH^4＋剖面暗示长江口近岸和远岸海域存在两类不同的生物地球化学过程。孔隙水Fe、Mn剖面暗示在河口环境中其是有机质降解的重要电子受体。在近岸海域MnO2可能是底部NH4^＋ -N移除的重要机制。长江口孔隙水中低磷酸盐与铁及沉积物中磷的形态有关。通量计算结果显示NH4^＋、NO3^-、PO4^3-、地SiO4、Fe和Mn向上覆水体扩散的通量分别为356—3074μmol／（m2·d）、-45．3～62．6μmol／（m2·d）、-0．3～1．7μmol／（m^2·d）、323—3172μmol／（m^2·d）、3．0～10．5μmol／（m^2·d）和35．7～439．5μmol／（m^2·d）。N、P、Si界面通量对上覆水体浮游生物所需营养盐的贡献分别为0．19％～1．65％、0．13％～0．14％和1．2％～12．2％,因此在考虑长江口区域浮游生物所需营养的来源时,沉积物-水界面营养盐扩散通量可以忽略。     

密云水库沉积物-水界面磷的地球化学作用

以密云水库为例，研究了水库沉积物中有机质的含量与有机磷的关系，表明表层沉积物中的总有机碳和有机磷的含量都明显高于底层，是由于一些以磷为营养素的富营养化指示藻类在水体中逐年增加，它们死亡后的残骸经分解-矿化后在底积物中累积的结果。沉积物和孔隙水中磷的剖面特征研究表明，表层沉积物和孔隙水中的磷都有明显上升的趋势，是由于沉积物的表层微生物和活性有机碎屑层比较丰富，有机质降解和含磷的有机化合物分解，使溶解性磷酸盐进入孔隙水。对沉积物磷形态、总有机碳及孔隙水中总磷对磷释放的影响进行了线性相关分析，结果表明上覆水中的磷主要来自沉积物的铁结合态磷、铝结合态磷、溶解态磷三种形态，孔隙水中总磷以及总有机碳含量对上覆水中总溶解磷浓度存在较大的影响，这些为研究水库沉积物作为水库内污染源对水质的影响提供了基础资料。     

长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制与微生物调控分析

为探析长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制,本文分析了2019年夏季长江口4个站位上覆水和间隙水中总As浓度及形态的剖面变化特征,耦合氧化还原敏感元素(Fe、Mn和S)的剖面变化剖析了沉积物-水界面砷循环的Fe-Mn-S控制机制,同时结合砷相关功能基因探讨了沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的微生物调控过程,估算了沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量。结果表明,除A7-4站位外,长江口其他3个站位间隙水总As以As³⁺为主要存在形态,且总As浓度均在上覆水中为最低值(0.748~1.57 μg·L^-1),而在间隙水中随着深度增加而逐渐增加并在6~9 cm深度达到峰值(7.14~26.9 μg·L^-1)。间隙水总As及As³⁺浓度的剖面变化趋势与溶解态Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺相似,其均在中间层出现高值,说明沉积物Fe/Mn还原带砷的释放可能是随固相Fe(Ⅲ)或Mn(Ⅳ)的还原而转移到间隙水中的。氧化层和Fe/Mn还原带过渡区间隙水砷浓度与砷异化还原菌功能基因arrA和arsC丰度存在对应关系(除A1-3站外),说明砷异化还原菌将溶解As⁵⁺或固相As⁵⁺还原为溶解As³⁺可能是该过渡层砷迁移转化的另一重要过程。硫酸盐还原带的间隙水总As和As³⁺浓度降低,但由于间隙水的低S^2-浓度不利于砷硫化物生成,因此深层间隙水砷可能与铁硫矿物结合而被移除。底层环境氧化还原条件是影响沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的重要因素,随底层水DO浓度的降低,砷迁移转化更倾向于微生物还原控制。长江口沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量为1.18×10^-7~2.07×10^-7 μmol·cm^-2·s^-1,均表现为沉积物间隙水中总As向上覆水释放,即沉积物是研究区域水体总As的来源之一。     

长江口氧化还原敏感元素的早期成岩过程

通过测试长江口沉积物及间隙水中Fe、Mn、U及Mo的含量,结合早期成岩模型及地球化学热力学分析,探讨了在河口环境中影响间隙水氧化还原敏感元素(Fe、Mn、U及Mo)分布的主要因素.根据Fick第一定律,估算了Fe、Mn、U及Mo在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量.结果表明,间隙水Fe、Mn、U及Mo的含量分别介于0.8~106μmol/L、14.8~258μmol/L、1.9~14.4nmol/L及60~546nmol/L之间.在垂直剖面上,间隙水Fe、Mn峰值分别出现在约5cm或10cm的深度.早期成岩过程是影响长江口沉积物间隙水Fe、Mn分布的主要因素.吸附系数对间隙水Fe、Mn的分布也有重要的影响.吸附系数越高,间隙水Fe、Mn浓度越低.影响间隙水U分布的主要因素为Fe,而Mo与Fe、Mn之间不存在相关性.通量计算结果显示Fe、Mn、U及Mo的扩散通量分别介于3.0~10.5μmol·(m2·d)-1、35.7~439.5μmol·(m2·d)-1、-2.3~0.2nmol·(m2·d)-1及-36.0~94.6nmol·(m2·d)-1之间.沉积物中自生铀组分约占总铀的6%~67%.      

北京官厅水库沉积物-水界面磷的分布和迁移特征

研究官厅水库一个沉积物柱及上覆水体磷的含量和形态特征,指出水体中的磷以颗粒态为主,界面上覆水中磷以无机磷酸盐为主,孔隙水中以有机磷占优势;界面附近湖水中总溶解磷、总无机磷、正磷酸盐和有机磷酸盐从远离界面到界面逐渐升高,孔隙水中总溶解磷、总无机磷、正磷酸盐在界面下10 cm左右达到最大值,有机磷含量由界面向下有增加趋势;计算了沉积物-水界面磷的沉降和扩散通量,分别为1967.5μg/a@cm2和0.5μg/a@cm2,结合沉积物中矿物组成、磷与Fe、Mn、SO2-4的关系,探讨影响磷分布和迁移的影响因素.     

河口沉积物孔隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量

通过2010年夏季在李村河口潮滩区3个站位的采样分析,研究了孔隙水营养盐的分布特征,并利用Fick第一定律估算了沉积物-水界面间营养盐的扩散通量。结果表明,孔隙水营养盐在不同站位间质量浓度不同,呈现出自河口上游向下游逐渐降低的分布趋势。NH₄⁺-N质量浓度为26.21~53.10 mg/L,是孔隙水中营养盐的主要组分。沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在还原状态下进行,营养盐质量浓度在垂向上的变化受有机质含量及沉积物氧化还原环境改变的综合影响。除NO₃^--N外其他营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水体扩散,沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源。     

长江口潮滩植物对沉积物铁的地球化学循环及磁性特征的影响

通过长江河口高潮滩芦苇带沉积物柱状样CYLWA 1活性铁、有机质、粒度分析及磁性测量,探讨潮滩植物对沉积物铁的地球化学循环及磁性特征变化的影响。结果显示,沉积物柱状样总体上以Fe2 + 占优势,且含量随深度逐渐增加。但在亚表层 (10～ 2 0cm),由于根系的释氧作用,存在着以Fe3 + 占优势的氧化层。在 10～ 2 0cm这一氧化层,指示细颗粒磁性矿物的参数 (χ_fd、χ_ARM)明显减小,而反映磁性矿物类型的参数 (B_CR、SIRM/ χ)显著增大,指示了亚铁磁性矿物颗粒变粗,不完整反铁磁性矿物明显富集,这一现象反映了氧化层不完整反铁磁性矿物的相对富集     

海底沉积物孔隙水钡循环对天然气渗漏的指示

冷泉流体的渗漏活动强烈地影响着海底沉积物孔隙水钡循环。冷泉流体中的Ba2+ 向上扩散与孔隙水硫酸盐反应,在硫酸盐—碳氢化合物转化带（SHT）之上沉淀重晶石。随着沉积物的埋藏,先前沉淀的重晶石被埋藏于SHT之下的硫酸盐亏损带,将发生溶解,溶解的钡向上扩散,在SHT之上再次沉淀重晶石。当体系中向上扩散的Ba2+超过埋藏的重晶石中的钡时,在剖面上形成“钡锋”。向上渗漏的碳氢化合物（甲烷为主）通量控制了SHT的深度,二者之间存在很好的地球化学耦合关系,从而,可以用“钡锋”来评价天然气渗漏活动的特征。在总结和分析国际海底冷泉渗漏活动区沉积物孔隙水的甲烷和钡循环的研究进展基础上,综述了海底沉积物孔隙水钡循环对现在和过去天然气渗漏的指示,总结了渗漏成因重晶石的地质和地球化学特征。     

水库现代沉积过程沉积磷的早期成岩作用模型研究

在沉积磷形态分析、孔隙水化学、核素计年以及吸附解吸实验等的基础上,运用一维“反应-平流-扩散”模型,研究了红枫湖现代沉积过程中磷的沉积改造。结果表明:红枫湖现代沉积过程中,有机态磷的矿化分解和铁结合态磷的络合/溶解,是控制沉积物磷迁移转化动力学的主要机制。沉积物-水界面附近有机磷的快速降解,可能克服沉积界面上铁氧化物对溶解磷的吸附缓冲,而形成向水体的磷酸盐迁移通量;自生磷灰石的沉积改造相对不明显,沉积磷向稳定形态含磷矿物(钙氟磷灰石)的转化过程同样不能影响红枫湖现代沉积过程中磷转化的质量平衡。     

长江口崇明东滩沉积物地球化学记录及其环境意义

利用2002年在崇明东滩采得的CDS、CDM和CDN三个典型区域沉积物剖面样品,测定了其中的有机碳、活性铁、总磷以及粒度等特征参数,分析了地球化学元素的分布变化特征并对其沉积环境的变化进行了探讨。结果表明崇明东滩沉积物中有机碳的含量较大(0．3％～1．07％),垂向分布上,表层／亚表层含量高且变化复杂,中下层有机碳含量逐渐变小。Fe3 在整个研究区域均是从表层向下逐渐递减的,Fe2 含量逐渐增加。从实验结果判断,所研究区域沉积环境上层以氧化环境为主,呈弱氧化型,中下层以还原环境为主。总磷含量呈现自上而下减少的变化,CDS表现为波浪形变化。分析发现潮滩沉积物各地球化学元素之间不仅相互作用,并且受到沉积物颗粒大小和水动力、物源输入、物理扰动等因素的影响。崇明东滩沉积物氧化还原界面与中、高潮滩划分界大致相当。     

Iron Reduction Along an Inundation Gradient in a Tidal Sedge (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyperus malaccensis</Emphasis>) Marsh: the Rates,Pathways, and Contributions to Anaerobic Organic Matter Mineralization

Incubation experiments were adopted to characterize the rates and pathways of iron reduction and the contributions to anaerobic organic matter mineralization in the upper 0–5 cm of sediments along a landscape-scale inundation gradient in tidal marsh sediments in the Min River Estuary, Southeast China. Similar sediment characteristics, single-species vegetation, varied biomass and bioturbation, distinct porewater pH, redox potential, and electrical conductivity values have resulted in a unique ecogeochemical zonation along the inundation gradient. Decreases in solid-phase Fe(III) and increases in nonsulfidic Fe(II) and iron sulfide were observed in a seaward direction. Porewater Fe²⁺ was only detected in the upland area. High rates of iron reduction were observed in incubation jars, with significant accumulations of nonsulfidic Fe(II), moderate accumulations of iron sulfides, and negligible accumulations of porewater Fe²⁺. Most of the iron reduction was microbially mediated rather than coupled to reduced sulfides. Microbial iron reduction accounted for 20–89 % of the anaerobic organic matter mineralization along the inundation gradient. The rate and dominance of microbial iron reduction generally decreased in a seaward direction. The contributions of microbial iron reduction to anaerobic organic matter mineralization depended on the concentrations of bioavailable Fe(III), the spatial distribution of which was significantly related to tidal inundation. Our results clearly showed that microbial iron reduction in the upper sediments along the gradient is highly dependent on spatial scales controlled primarily by tidal inundation.     

广西海岸带近百年来人类活动影响下环境演变的沉积记录

基于2007年在广西海岸带采集的6根短柱状样（64~97 cm）,在210Pb 年代框架构建的基础上对沉积物中的生源要素（C、N、P）、常量元素以及重金属（Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As）等指标进行了综合分析,并依此重建了广西海岸带近百年来人类活动影响下沉积环境的演变历程。研究发现,近二十年来重金属和总磷的表层富集和埋藏通量有明显的上升趋势,但整体污染程度依然较轻;总氮的年埋藏通量虽保持相对稳定,但总体高于引起最低级别生态风险效应的下限;而有机质年埋藏通量的逐年减少应与潮间带红树林生态系统的衰退有关。据此可将近百年来广西海岸带的环境演变大致分为两个阶段:即20世纪80年代初以前、80年代初至现在,分别经历了未污染期和轻度污染期。     

Geochemical behavior of arsenic in reducing sulfidic sediments of reservoir contaminated by acid mine drainage

The sediment from an acid mine drainage affected reservoir of Guizhou province of China has the iron and arsenic concentration of about 400 and 2.6 g/kg, respectively. Sediment cores were collected, and were used to study the arsenic behavior in the seriously acidified reservoir from the viewpoint of chemical thermodynamics. The limestone neutralization and ferric iron hydrolysis regulated the porewater pH from about 2.9–5.8. The reductive dissolution of As–Fe-rich (hydr)oxides under the mild acidic conditions was the main mechanism for the release of absorbed arsenic into porewater. The maximum concentrations of iron, sulfate and arsenic reached to about 2,800, 9,000 and 1 mg/l, respectively. Arsenic speciation transformation and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) crystallization enhanced the arsenic mobility in sediment. In addition, the iron sulfide minerals diagenesis could play a role in removing the dissolved arsenic from porewater. The actual distribution of arsenic concentration in porewater was well simulated using the model of surface complexation of arsenic to HFO. Although arsenic concentration in porewater could be above 100 times higher than that of reservoir water, it was not easy to release into the reservoir water through diffusion, because the shallow sediment had relatively strong arsenic adsorption capacity, and new HFO could be generated continuously at the sediment water interface.     

上海滨岸带潮滩表层沉积物中重金属的空间分布与环境质量评价

１９９８年３月、７月、１０月,在对上海潮滩进行连续采样和观测的基础上,用原子吸收法测试了７０个沉积物中的Ｃｕ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｄ．Ｃｒ的含量。结果表明：（１）上海潮滩重金属含量有如下顺序：Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｒ〉Ｐｂ〉〉Ｃｄ。（２）从高潮滩到中低潮滩,重金属的含量递减。（３）不同的采样位置对重金属的含量有显著影响。（４）由于季节的变化,重金属元素的含量变化的幅度也很大,就现有三个季度数据对东海农场进行统计     

Impact of Oyster Farming on Diagenetic Processes and the Phosphorus Cycle in Two Estuaries (Brittany,France)

This study aims to compare the impact of oyster cultures on diagenetic processes and the phosphorus cycle in the sediments of the Aber Benoît and the Rivière d’Auray, estuary of Brittany, France. Our results showed clear evidence of the seasonal impact of oyster cultures on sediment characteristics (grain size and organic matter parameters) and the phosphorus cycle, especially in the Aber Benoît. At this site, seasonal variations in sulfide and Fe concentrations in pore waters, as well as Fe–P concentrations in the solid phase, highlighted a shift from a system governed by iron reduction (Reference) to a system governed by sulfate reduction (beneath oyster). This could be partly explained by the increase in labile organic matter (i.e., biodeposits) beneath oysters, whose mineralization by sulfate led to high sulfide concentrations in pore waters (up to 4,475 µmol l^?1). In turn, sulfide caused an enhanced release of phosphate in the summer, as adsorption sites for phosphate decreased through the formation of iron–sulfide compounds (FeS and FeS₂). In the Aber Benoît, dissolved Fe/PO₄ ratios could be used as an indicator of phosphate release into oxic water. Low Fe/PO₄ ratios in the summer indicated higher effluxes of phosphate toward the water column (up to 47 µmol m^?2 h^?1). At other periods, Fe/PO₄ ratios higher than 2 mol/mol indicated very low phosphate fluxes. In contrast, in the Rivière d’Auray, the occurrence of macroalgae, stranding regularly all over the site, clearly masked the impact of oyster cultures on sediment properties and the phosphorus cycle and made the use of Fe/PO₄ ratios more difficult in terms of indicators of phosphate release.     

Distribution of phosphorus along the Delaware,an urbanized coastal plain estuary

The Delaware Estuary is heavily urbanized with elevated concentrations of phosphorus from industrial and municipal inputs. For 24 research cruises during 1986–1988, total phosphorus (TP) concentration was highest near maximum inputs in the tidal river and at low salinity where turbidity was maximal. In these contiguous regions, average TP concentration over the study period was 5.3–6.1 μM. Downstream of the TP peak in the high turbidity zone of the estuary, TP decreased to minimum concentrations (1.3–1.5 μM) near the mouth of Delaware Bay. Distributions of dissolved reactive (DRP), dissolved organic (DOP), and particulate (PP) phosphorus along the estuary reflected spatial and temporal patterns in phosphorus inputs, turbidity, river flow, and biological production. In the river, DRP was 2–4 μM (51–65% of TP) and inversely related to river flow. PP, although enriched in the river (1–3 μM), was highest (>4 μM) in the turbidity maximum at low salinity. In the bay, distributions of DRP, PP, and DOP were all linked, in different ways, to biological production. The dependence of DOP on production was, however, complex and affected by DRP concentrations. During the past 30 yr, there has been a fourfold decrease in TP concentrations in the tidal river of the Delaware Estuary. This dramatic decrease in TP, however, is contrasted by an apparent increase in DRP concentration over the past 12 yr. This apparent increase in DRP may be linked to improved water quality (e.g., higher pH) in the river over the past decade.     

华南红树林海岸生物地貌过程研究

红树林生物地貌过程是全球变化海岸带陆海相互作用研究重点内容之一。本文以海南东寨港林市村,广东廉江高桥镇凤地村和车板镇那腮村以及广东深圳福田和锦绣中华3个半定位试验区有关红树林群落结构、潮汐动力、沉积特征和地貌特征的调查资料为基础,探讨红树林生物地貌过程的生物学基础,沉积地貌表现,红树林生态系对人类活动和海平面上升的响应。     

Cycling of trace metals (Mn, Fe, Mo, U, V, Cr) in deep pore waters of intertidal flat sediments

Trace metals (Mn, Fe, Mo, U, Cr, V) were studied in pore waters of an intertidal flat located in the German Wadden Sea. The study system is an example of a permeable tidal flat system where pore water exchange is affected by tidal driven pressure gradients besides diffusion. Permanently installed in situ samplers were used to extract pore waters down to 5 m depth throughout one year. The samplers were either located close to the tidal flat margin or in central parts of the tidal flat. Despite dynamic sedimentological and hydrological conditions, the general trends with depth in deep tidal flat pore waters are remarkably similar to those observed in deep sea environments. Rates of trace metal cycling must be comparably large in order to maintain the observed pore water profiles. Trace metals further show similar general trends with depth close to the margin and in central parts of the tidal flat. Seasonal sampling revealed that V and Cr vary concurrent with seasonal changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. This effect is most notable close to the tidal flat margin where sulphate, DOC, and nutrients vary with season down to some metres depth. Seasonal variations of Mn, Fe, Mo, and U are by contrast limited to the upper decimetres of the sediment. Their seasonal patterns depend on organic matter supply, redox stratification, and particulate matter deposited on sediment surfaces. Pore water sampling within one tidal cycle provides evidence for pore water advection in margin sediments. During low tide pore water flow towards the creekbank is generated by a hydraulic gradient suggesting that deep pore waters may be seeping out of creekbank sediments. Owing to the enrichment of specific elements like Mn in pore water compared to sea water, seeping pore waters may have an impact on the chemistry of the open water column. Mass balance calculations reveal that the impact of deep pore waters on the Mn budget in the open water column is below 4%. Mn deep pore water discharge of the whole Wadden Sea is estimated to be about 9% of the total dissolved riverine Mn input into the Southern North Sea.