恬矿库周围土壤中重金属存在形态特征研究

通过对大冶铜绿山铜铁矿尾矿库周围土壤中重金属形态分析实验,研究了重金属各种形态在土壤中的分布特征。由对比实验可知,尾矿库周围土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ等重金属含量都显著地高于对照样品,书经受到重金属的严重污染。土壤中重金属形态分布征为：ｗ（Ｃｒ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ）;可变换态〈碳酸盐态〈有机态〈铁锰氧化态〈残渣态;ｗ（Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ）：可变换态〈碳酸盐态〈有机态〈残渣态〈铁锰氧化态;ｗ（Ｃｄ）：残渣态,有机     

英国两古金属矿区中Cd,Cu,Pb和Zn的迁移及其后果

本文报道了对两个古Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ矿中重金属元素迁移的监测，即金属元素通过大气尘降和河流运移向古矿周围的土壤、河流沉积物及其植被中迁移的情况。结果表明，古矿关闭后的８０￣１００年中相当大量的Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｕ（只在一个矿区）进行了土壤和水系中。在尾矿堆周围３００ｍ范围内，大气尘降的重金属元素每年有多达３．３ｋｇ的Ｃｄ、７１Ｋｇ的Ｃｕ、３７３ｋｇ的Ｐｂ和１０４ｋｇ的Ｚｎ迁入了土壤和植被中。研究还发现，     

Gomati河近期沉淀物的重金属污染与人类活动的影响

在对Ｇｏｍａｔｉ河中近期沉淀的表层沉淀物的多种金属进行了浓度测定（Ｇｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｏ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ）,发现一些金属浓度（ｍｇ／ｋｇ）显著增加,其中Ｃｄ：０．２６￣３．６２、Ｃｕ：３３￣１４７、Ｎｒ：４５￣８６、Ｐｂ：２５￣７７和Ｚｎ：９０￣３８９。贯穿勒克瑙市区河流中,金属剖面图显示了沿顺流方向浓度增加,这是由于该区４个主要的排水网络排放废水所致。金属污染程度与地区背景值和全球     

硫化物吸附金属离子的实验研究──Ⅰ类型

合成ＰｂＳ、ＺｎＳ对金属离子Ａｇ＋、Ｃｕ（２＋）、Ｃｄ（２＋）、Ｚｎ（２＋）、Ｆｅ（２＋）、Ｍｎ（２＋）、Ｍｇ（２＋）、Ｓｂ（３＋）和Ｂｉ（３＋）的吸附等温线（５０℃）研究表明，其可分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三类：Ａ类，线性型，即吸附量随吸附离子浓度增加而呈线性上升，并表现出百分之百吸附，属于此类的吸附有ＰｂＳ对Ａｇ＋、Ｃｕ（２＋）离子吸附和ＺｎＳ对Ａｇ＋、Ｃｕ（２＋）、Ｃｄ（２＋）离子的吸附；Ｂ类，朗谬尔型，即随吸附离子的浓度增加，吸附量逐趋向一饱和值，属于此类的有ＰｂＳ对Ｆｅ（２＋）、Ｓｂ（３＋）、Ｂｉ（３＋）等离子及ＺｎＳ对Ｆｅ（２＋）、Ｍｎ（２＋）、Ｍｇ（２＋）等离子的吸附；Ｃ类，反朗谬尔型，即吸附量随吸附离子浓度增加而呈非线性增加。属此类吸附的有ＰｂＳ对Ｚｎ（２＋）、Ｃｄ（２＋）等离子的吸附。合成ＰｂＳ、ＺｎＳ对金属离子的吸附量与天然方铅矿和闪锌矿中微量元素含量可类比，这意味着吸附作用可能在硫化物矿物微量元素形成过程中起着重要的作用。     

陕西凤县八方山多金属矿床成矿成晕模式

方山多金属矿床产于中泥盆统星红铺组，古道岭组。指示元素有Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ａｇ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ、Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ａｕ、Ｂａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂ等，原生异常的轴向分带序列（从上到下）：Ｚｎ－Ｈｇ－Ｐｂ－Ａｇ－Ｃｕ１－Ｂａ－Ｓｒ－Ｓｂ－Ａｓ－Ｃｕ２、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ａｕ，具有明显多建造晕的特点。八方山多金属矿床是由海底喷流（汽）同生沉积－叠加、再造作用形成的。     

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱硫化物矿床矿石化学特征与分带型式

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱式硫化物矿床分布于琉球弧后扩张盆地、产于尹是名洼陷盆地（深１４００ｍ），其特征与日本黑矿类似。硫化物矿石及烟囱主要有３种化学类型：Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ型、Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ型和Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ型，三者分别代表温度不断升高的热液体系的早、中、晚３个成矿阶段产物，其中，Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石及烟囱形成于高ｆｏ２环境和高流速、低温、富Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｂａ热液体系，Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石及烟囱形成于低流速、高温、富Ｃｕ热液体系，Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ矿石则介于其间。硫化物烟囱显示明显的矿物－化学分带。在Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石（烟囱），Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ集中于烟囱中央，Ｂａ、Ｆｅ、Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ａｇ、Ｐｂ集中于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ则富集于烟囱中外部。在Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石，Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｆｅ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ仍富集于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ则在烟囱中央富集。依此元素化学分带型式，建立了古代黑矿硫化物矿体分带与硫化物堆积模式。     

蒙脱石等粘土矿物对重金属离子吸附选择性的实验研究

矿物质与重金属离子间的相互作用已是当今环境科学、矿物学,土壤化学等学科领域研究的热点。通过蒙脱石,伊利石和高龄石在一定的介质条件下对Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｃｒ＾３＋五种重金属离子的竞争吸附实验研究,阐明了三种粘土矿物对五种重金属离子的吸附选择性。     

重金属离子与石英表面反应的实验研究

石英对Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｐｂ６２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋,Ｃｄ＾２＋,和Ｎｉ６２＋等二价重金属离子的吸附等温线研究表明,石英对重金属离子的吸附反应可用Ｆｒｅｕｄｌｉｃｈ方程很好地进行描述,拟合曲线相关系数〉０．９６,吸附反应以形成金属离子单配位形态为主,只是Ｃｕ＾２＋,Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｎｉ＾２＋等三种离子有一部分双配位形态生成。同时,利用表面配位理论模式对实验结果进行拟合,其结果为表观表面配位常数ｌｇＫＭ＝２．２－３     

硫化物吸附金属离子的实验研究：——Ⅱ类型

合成ＰｂＳ、ＺｎＳ对金属离子Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｓｂ＾２＋和Ｂｉ＾３＋的吸附等温线（５０℃）研究表明，其可分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三类：Ａ类，线性型，即吸附量随吸附离子浓度增加而呈线性上升，并表现出百分之百吸附，属于此类的吸附有ＰｂＳ对Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋离子吸附和ＺｎＳ对Ａｇ＾＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋离子的吸附；Ｂ类，朗谬尔型，即随吸附离子的     

溶液介质条件对重金属离子与石英表面反应的影响

实验研究表明,随着溶液ＰＨ值的升高石芟夺Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｐｂ＾２＿、Ｃｄ＾２＋等重金属离子的吸附量和表面吸附覆盖率逐渐增大,而表面反应产物的结合开矿相应地出现由单核化合物、多核化合物〖ＳＯＣｕ４（ＯＨ）３＾４＋〗,直至表面沉淀（ＳＯＨ…Ｃｕ（ＯＨ）２（ｓ）〗。随着温度升高,石英对Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋等重金属离子的吸附量逐渐减是随着溶液离子强度的增大,石英对Ｃｕ＾２＋离子的吸附量和表面离了     

Heavy metal pollution and assessment of the tidal flat sediments near the coastal sewage outfalls of shanghai,China

Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb concentrations of the sediment collected from three tidal flat sites of Yangtze estuary were investigated in October 2003. Results showed that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments were two to three times to the environment background values of Yangtze estuary tidal flat sediment. The heavy metal concentrations in the sediments near the Bailonggang (BLG) and Laogang (LG) sewage outfalls were obviously higher than those of Chaoyang (CY) tidal flat where there are no sewage outfalls near the coast. And the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments of LG tidal flat decreased with the increasing of the distance to the sewage outfalls. The heavy metal concentration profile in the sediment core changed with the depth, and generally reached maximum values at the depth of plant roots. The assessment results showed that the sediments of LG, BLG and CY tidal flat had been polluted by heavy metals in different level. The pollution degree of heavy metals in the sediments was as follows: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr. The potential ecological risks of the four heavy metals in three tidal flat sites sediment were all at a middle level, and Cu and Pb made the main contributions. The adverse ecological effects caused by the four heavy metals did not occur frequently.     

Environmental assessment of heavy metal contamination in bottom sediments of Al-Kharrar lagoon,Rabigh, Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

In order to assess the pollution levels of selected heavy metals, 45 bottom sediment samples were collected from Al-Kharrar lagoon in central western Saudi Arabia. The concentrations of the heavy metals were recorded using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that the concentrations of Pb and Cd exceeded the environmental background values. However, the heavy metal contents were less than the threshold effect level (TEL) limit. The concentrations of heavy metals in lagoon bottom sediments varied spatially, but their variations showed similar trends. Elevated levels of metals were observed in the northern and southern parts of the lagoon. Evaluation of contamination levels by the sediment quality guidelines (SQG) of the US-EPA revealed that sediments were non-polluted-moderately to heavily polluted with Pb; non-polluted to moderately polluted with Cu; and non-polluted with Mn, Zn, Cd, and Cr. The geoaccumulation index showed that lagoon sediments were unpolluted with Cd, Mn, Fe, Hg, Mo, and Se; unpolluted to moderately polluted with Zn and Co; and moderately polluted with Pb, Cr, Cu, and As. The high enrichment factor values for Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Co, and Zn (>2) indicate their anthropogenic sources, whereas the remaining elements were of natural origins consistent with their low enrichment levels. The values of CF indicate that the bottom sediments of Al-Kharrar lagoon are moderately contaminated with Mn and Pb.     

Heavy metal distribution and accumulation in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> from the Andong tidal flat,Hangzhou Bay,China

In order to study the heavy metal accumulation and distribution in the roots, stems, and leaves of Spartina alterniflora, we collected S. alterniflora samples and the associated sediments along three transects at the Andong tidal flat, Hangzhou Bay. Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were mainly accumulated in the aerial parts (stems and leaves) of the plants, and their distributions depended on their mobility and their roles during the metabolism processes of S. alterniflora. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb were significantly enhanced with the increasing of heavy metal concentrations in the sediments, while those of Co and Ni remained relatively constant. Bioaccumulation factors results showed that the serious heavy metal contamination in the sediments from the transect A may overwhelm the accumulation capability of the plants. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the sediments and the pore water therein also play a role in the heavy metal concentrations and accumulations in the plants, because they can influence the behaviors and bioavailabilities of heavy metals during nutrition and bioaccumulation processes of the plants. The sediments with vegetation did not show significantly decreased heavy metal concentration with respect to the unvegetated sediments, although the plants did absorb heavy metals from the sediments. Principal component analysis and correlation analyses indicated that Co–Ni, Cu–Cd–Hg behaved coherently during accumulation, which may be ascribed to their similar accumulation mechanisms. This work provided essential information on the heavy metal accumulation by plants in a tidal flat, which will be useful for the environmental control through phytoremediation at estuaries.     

潮滩沉积物重金属累积特征研究进展

在分析总结国内外潮滩重金属研究现状和成果的基础上，指出潮滩重金属来源的定量分析尚很不完整；沉积物的物质组成、粒径、水动力作用、潮滩生物、河流输入量、人类活动等都对重金属在潮滩的分布有着重要影响。在垂岸方向，重金属从高潮滩到低潮滩含量逐渐降低，反应了水动力以及粒径对潮滩重金属的分布的控制；沿岸方向，淤涨岸段，重金属含量低，排污口严重影响着重金属的沿程分布，重金属含量随离排污口的距离增大而呈指数减少；垂向方向，在许多地方重金属分布与人类活动、经济发展状况相吻合。生物活动使潮滩重金属的累计特征变得复杂，改变了潮滩局部的微环境。与国内外河口重金属研究相比，潮滩重金属的研究远远不足。沉积物中重金属常用研究方法，如Tes sier地球化学相连续提取法、Meso cosm模型，以及数值和现场模拟的方法的应用，对潮滩重金属的研究将有很大帮助。在潮滩重金属的污染评价中，生物标准较其它标准更为适合。     

城市路面径流重金属固液分配系数及其影响因素

以上海市中心城区为例,探讨路面径流重金属在颗粒物-水相间的分配特征及其影响因素.研究表明,路面径流Cr的25%分位数浓度值,以及Zn、Pb、Cd的90%分位数浓度值超出地表Ⅴ类水标准,Cu和Ni污染程度较轻.径流重金属Pb、Zn、Cu及Cd总量浓度与悬浮颗粒物(TSS)含量呈现较明显的正相关关系,Ni与TSS浓度相关性不显著.径流冲刷过程中Cu和Ni溶解态含量比例平均值为35%;Zn和Cr平均值为19%~22%;Cd和Pb溶解态比例最低,平均值为4%~8%.应用扣除残渣态后的颗粒物重金属含量计算固液分配系数依次为Pb>Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr.径流中悬浮颗粒物浓度与固液分配系数存在显著负相关关系,呈现明显的"颗粒物浓度效应",径流pH值在6.4~7.2区间时对固液分配系数影响相对较小.     

Distribution and enrichment of heavy metals in a sediment core from the Pearl River Estuary

A sediment core collected from coastal zone near the Qiao Island in the Pearl River Estuary was analyzed for total metal concentrations, chemical partitioning, and physico-chemical properties. Three vertical distribution patterns of the heavy metals in the sediment core were identified, respectively. The dominant binding phases for Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn were the residual and Fe/Mn oxides fractions. Cd in all sediments was mainly associated with exchangeable fraction. Influences of total organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity on the total concentrations and fractions of almost all the metals were not evident, whereas sand content might play an important role in the distributions of residual phases of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. In addition, sediment pH had also an important influence on the Fe/Mn oxides, organic/sulfide and residual fractions of Cr, Cu, and Zn. Contamination assessment on the heavy metals in the sediment core adopting Index of Geoaccumulation showed that Cr, V, Be, Se, Sn, and Tl were unpolluted, while Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co were polluted in different degrees throughout the core. It was remarkable that the various pollution levels of the metals from moderate (for Cu, Pb, and Zn) to strong (for Cd) were observed in the top 45 cm of the profiles. The relative decrease of the residual fraction in the upper 45 cm of the core is striking, especially for Zn and Cu, and, also for Pb, and Cr. The change in fraction distribution in the upper 45 cm, which is very much contrasting to the one at larger depths, confirms that the residual fraction is related to the natural origin of these metals, whereas in the upper part, the non-residual fractions (mainly the Fe/Mn oxides fraction) are increased due to pollution in the last decade. The possible sources for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd contaminations were attributed to the increasing municipal and industrial wastewater discharges, agricultural runoff, atmospheric inputs, and runoff from upstream mining or smelting activities, which may be associated with an accelerating growth of economy in the Pearl River Delta region in the past decade.     

长江口海域表层沉积物重金属元素赋存形态特征

通过长江河口地区水下表层沉积物样品多种化学元素的赋存形态分析测试数据,综合分析重金属元素的赋存形态特征。研究结果显示：镉、汞、铅残渣态所占比例均小于50%,锌、砷、铬、铜、镍残渣态占比均大于50%;8个元素的残渣态与全量呈显著正相关关系。沉积环境和沉积物粒径对重金属元素赋存形态具有重要影响。沉积物的物质来源、矿物组成特征、水动力作用与沉积物粒度和物理化学条件等是长江口地区表层沉积物重金属元素赋存形态的主要控制因素。     

Spatio-temporal trends of heavy metals and source apportionment in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong

This study provided a picture of the spatial and temporal distributions of Cr, Co, Ni Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in bottom sediments of Tolo Harbour. The concentrations of the eight heavy metals differed significantly between sites due to the poor tidal flushing in Tolo Harbour. The levels of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were generally enriched in sediments from inner Tolo Harbour, while sediments from outer Tolo Harbour (Tolo Channel) had higher levels of Cr, Co and Ni. The redox sensitive element arsenic showed no distinct spatial pattern in Tolo Harbour. The decreasing levels of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in sediments with increasing distance from land demonstrated a typical diffusion pattern from land to the direction of sea. Two hot spots of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in sediments were located near Tai Po and Sha Tin new town, indicating that Cu, Zn, Pb and Zn were from land-derived sources. The sites with relatively high levels of Cr, Co and Ni in sediments were located in areas close to waste spoil in sea floor. The natural and anthropogenic inputs from Sha Tin and Tai Po to Tolo Harbour were mostly responsible for Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb enrichment in sediments from inner Tolo Harbour. The waste spoil in sea floor was believed to contribute to the Cr, Co and Ni in outer Tolo Harbour. The results of correlation coefficient between the eight heavy metals showed that Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were strongly positively correlated, and Cr, Co and Ni were also significantly correlated with each other. The best explanation of strong correlation was their similar source. As, however, is not well correlated with the other seven heavy metals. The average concentrations of Cu and Zn displayed general increasing trends from 1978 to 2006 in Tolo Harbour, while the mean levels of Cr and Pb displayed a substantial decrease from 1978 to 1987, then a slight increase after 1987. No distinct temporal trends of the concentrations of Ni and As were observed from 1978 due to the inconsecutive data. On the other hand, the increasing trends of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were observed since 1996.     

Test of experimental set-ups for electrodialytic removal of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd from different contaminated harbour sediments

Electrodialytic removal of heavy metals from different harbour sediments was investigated. Electrodialytic remediation experiments in laboratory scale were made with calcareous and non-calcareous harbour sediments. Two different experimental set-ups were used for the study, one with stirring of the sediment slurry, the other without stirring. The removal of heavy metals was highest in the non-calcareous sediment, where 94% Cd, 91% Zn and 73% Cu were removed after 24 days. The highest removal obtained for the calcareous sediment was 81% Cd, 76% Zn, 75% Pb and 53% Cu after 21 days, with stirred sediment slurry. Electrodialytic experiments without stirring of calcareous sediment gave high removals (84% Zn, 58% Pb and 48% Cu), but there were problems with precipitations in the sediment, which limited the removal. The stirred experiments gave the highest removals of heavy metals and the voltage was the most stable in these experiments, and thus, the stirred set-up is the best choice for experimental set-up. The order in which the heavy metals were removed from the harbour sediments was Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu.     

Concentrations and solubility of heavy metals in muck sediments from the St. Lucie Estuary,U.S.A.

To evaluate muck sediments as a potential soil amendment, total and Mehlich III-extractable concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co in 59 muck sediment samples from the St. Lucie Estuary were analyzed. A seven-step chemical fractionation procedure was used to assess the potential mobility of heavy metals. Except for Cd, the average total concentrations of the metals are lower than the reported average concentrations of these elements in municipal composts in the U.S.A. The concentrations were also below critical levels for the safe use of wastes and byproducts in agriculture, as established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and Co in the sediments were predominantly associated with silicate minerals in the residual form. Most metals in the muck sediments occur predominantly in weakly mobile or nonbioavailable forms. Use of mucks in neutral pH upland soils should not pose any significant hazards or risk to the environment. However, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co, especially Zn, Cu, and Pb, could be more readily released from the muck sediments under acidic soil conditions.