且干布拉克蛭石的矿物学研究

本文对产于新疆且干布拉克的我国最大蛭石矿的组成、结构和谱学特征做了系统的阐述。研究表明:且干布拉克蛭石是由金云母风化而成。由于风化的不完全,该蛭石保留了许多金云母的特征。该蛭石不是个严格矿物学意义上的蛭石,它是由金云母、严格矿物学意义上的蛭石、以及两者组成的多种混层矿物的混合物。金云母风化过程中可能有杂质铁相生成。蛭石的颜色和多色性,可能起因于其中的O~(2-)→Fe~(2+23+)和Fe~(2+)→Fe~(3+)     

金云母—蛭石间层矿物分晶层晶体化学式的计算及意义

金云母－蛭石间层矿物由金云母晶层与蛭石晶层交叠排列而成，采用一般计算方法得出的晶体化学式不能充分揭示结构中金云母晶层与蛭石晶层各自的晶体化学特征。本文以化学成分分析与阳离子容量为基础，假定可交换性阳离子均为蛭石晶层层间阳离子，非交换性阳离子为金云母晶层层间阳离子，金云母晶层与蛭石晶层具有相同的八面体层等，计算出了结构中两种晶层的分晶层晶体化学式，确定了结构中两种晶层的比例和蛭石晶层的电荷数。并在此基础上讨论了新疆尉犁蛭石矿金云母－蛭石间层矿物的晶体化学特征。结果表明该方法设计合理，符合晶体化学原理，所计算的数据可靠。利用该方法计算出的两种晶层的比例为金云母－蛭石1：1规则间层矿物的确定提供了必要的依据。也为其它类似间层矿物的研究提供了一种计算分晶层晶体化学式的可行方法。     

Al3+交换蛭石层间铝的赋存状态研究

利用阳离子交换实验方法,将天然蛭石转化为羟基Al3+型蛭石,通过X射线衍射、差热分析,研究铝离子在蛭石层间域中的赋存状态.结果显示,Al3+交换蛭石中的层间铝不能用KCl溶液将其提取出来,但可用柠檬酸钠溶液可以将其提取出来,是一种非交换性的聚合羟基铝.Al3+的离子电势虽然很高,但Al3+交换蛭石的脱水温度却低于蛭石原矿.表明Al3+进入蛭石层间域后发生水解反应,生成Al(OH)2+和Al(OH)2+从而降低了Al3+的有效离子电势,使其脱水温度降低.Al3+进入蛭石层间域后发生水解反应,其可能的水解反应式为[Al(OH2)6]3+〈=〉[Al(OH)x(OH2)6-x]3-x+xH+,其中x＜3.     

海外书讯

《矿物学导论》(IntroductiontoMineralo gy) ,NesseWD ,2 0 0 0 ,牛津大学出版社 ,44 2页 ,2 7.5 0美元 (精装本 ) ;IS BN0 195 10 6 911。本书是牛津大学的一本矿物学的新教科书 ,旨在向地质学专业的大学生作关于矿物的化学、结构和性质的综合介绍。本书分三部分。第一部分为结晶学与晶体化学 ,包括三章 :基础结晶学、晶体化学、晶体结构与晶体生长。其中晶体化学一章介绍了热力学的基本概念。第二部分为矿物的性质、研究和鉴定 ,包括物理性质、光学矿物学、基础X光结晶学和矿物的化学分析等章 ,其中最后一章简述了矿物的鉴定步骤。第…     

尉犁蛭石矿的工业蛭石对铵和重金属离子的吸附

对采自新疆尉犁蛭石矿的工业蛭石样品进行了矿物学、铵饱和吸附和吸附重金属离子Cu2 、Pb2 和Zn2 的试验研究。在工业蛭石样品矿物学特征研究基础上,研究了样品铵饱和吸附量和影响工业蛭石样品对Cu2 、Pb2 和Zn2 吸附的因素。结果表明,样品对铵的饱和吸附量可达56.02~98.42mmol/100g;对重金属离子的吸附,在30~60min内吸附达到平衡,溶液的pH值和浓度对样品的吸附量也具有重要的影响。工业蛭石对不同重金属离子的吸附能力在低浓度溶液中几乎是相同的,但在高浓度溶液中的吸附能力顺序大小为:Zn2 >Cu2 >Pb2 。研究结果对于工业蛭石用于处理…     

广西凭祥英安岩的化学风化作用研究

利用薄片观察、X射线粉晶衍射分析和化学分析方法研究了广西凭祥英安岩风化剖面的形成作用。风化作用初期，母岩中微量黄铁矿的氧化分解导致方解石与绿泥石的迅速分解；风化中期形成了大量的高岭石、伊利石、蒙脱石和蛭石；风化作用高级阶段以高岭石、石英和氧化铁矿物的富集为特征，但仍然存在少量蒙脱石、伊利石和蛭石。风化剖面的部分层段显示出与剖面其他部分明显不同的地球化学特征，即Na的富集和K的亏损。在Al2O3—(CaO^* Na2O)—K2O三角图上，风化中期这些层段明显偏离了正常的风化趋势。矿物学和微形貌的研究表明，造成偏离的原因是古地下水引起的正长石的钠长石化作用。     

2003～2013年新铀矿物特征

本文搜集了2003年1月至2013年12月间经国际矿物学协会新矿物、矿物命名及分类委员会批准的31个新的铀矿物资料,梳理出这些铀矿物新种的重要矿物学特征,试对其晶体化学分类,并对这些新铀矿物的汉译名提出建议。在此基础上,对这些新矿物的发现与研究特点进行了初步分析,对我国铀矿物研究提出了建议。本文将对我国铀矿地质研究人员具有一定的借鉴意义。     

信阳上天梯膨润土矿工艺矿物学特征研究

为了使信阳上天梯膨润土矿得到高效合理的开发应用,从应用性基础研究出发,首先开展了上天膨润土矿工艺矿物学特征研究。分析了矿石的矿物组成、结构构造及理化工艺性能,研究了蒙脱石的成分组成、晶体化学特点、层间电荷及其对开发应用的影响。在此基础上,对该矿石进行了高纯钠基膨润土的制备、柱撑蒙脱石试验和高效活性白土的制取。     

层间水含量对蛭石有机改性影响的研究

本文以溴代十六烷基吡啶、磷酸三丁酯对膨胀蛭石和未膨胀蛭石进行了改性处理，并用IR、XRD方法研究了蛭石在不同层间水含量情况下，这两种有机分子分别进入蛭石层间的难易情况，结果表明：（1）层间水含量能够对有机分子进入蛭石层间产生影响，但对具有较强离子交换能力的有机分子进入层间的影响不大；（2）磷酸三丁酯分子易于与含层间水少的膨胀蛭石结合，说明层间水对磷酸三丁酯分子的作用遵循异极性排斥的原则。     

HDTMA改性蛭石的结构特征研究

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (HDTMA·Br)对蛭石矿物进行改性 ,制成有机蛭石。应用X射线衍射分析、差热分析等对有机蛭石结构进行研究。结果显示 ,HDTMA能较容易地进入蛭石矿物的层间域 ,以倾斜立式在层间排列 ,倾角约为 5 7°。蛭石与HDTMA之间的反应 ,在HDTMA加入量较少时以离子交换为主 ;在HDTMA加入量较多时 ,分子吸附也变得重要。当HDTMA加入量小于蛭石的阳离子交换容量时 ,HDTMA将尽量以紧密排列方式进入部分蛭石层间 ,进入蛭石层间的HDTMA具有较好的稳定性 ,不易解吸。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.