德兴金山金矿床成矿流体来源:小尺度构造和同位素地球化学证据

德兴金山金矿床位于扬子板块和华南克拉通之间的江南造山带东段赣东北深大断裂带的次级剪切带中,是一个与韧-脆性剪切带有关的超大型金矿床.金山金矿床的矿石类型包括蚀变岩型和含金石英脉型,均为与断裂(或者裂隙)充填有关的不同尺度石英脉系统.纹层状和透镜状含金石英脉结构表明金山金矿床的成矿作用是同构造的,金的矿化与递进变形作用密切相关,变形过程中产生的变质流体参与了成矿作用.石英-钠长石-铁白云石-黄铁矿蚀变带中与金共生的黄铁矿流体包裹体的3He/4He比值为0.13～0.24 Ra,40Ar/36Ar比值变化范围为575～1 090,说明成矿流体主要以地壳端员的流体为主,有很少量的地幔流体参与.铁白云石的碳、氧同位素值分别变化于-5.0‰～-4.2‰和4.4‰～8.0‰之间,与世界上大多数脉状金矿床的碳、氧同位素值基本一致.含金石英脉中石英的氧同位素变化于12.4‰～15.3‰之间,其中的流体包裹体氢同位素值变化于-62‰～-73‰.根据这些同位素地球化学数据,结合金山金矿床小尺度地质构造特征,笔者认为金山金矿的成矿流体主要为变质流体,并有少量地幔流体和大气降水的参与.金山金矿形成于地体碰撞过程中的转换压缩汇聚构造背景中.     

夹皮沟剪切带中金矿脉形成化学动力学

夹皮为剪切带中存在着两种类型金矿化：（１）片糜岩型金矿化，（２）黄铁矿石英脉型金矿化（脉）。在韧性剪切阶段，围压较大，△Ｖｒ＜０，不能产生流体压力，也不能形成金矿化；随着剪切带演化，围压降低，产生了流体压力大于围压，即面△Ｖｒ＞０，产生了流体压力裂隙，并有矿化作用形成。矿化早期形成片糜岩型金矿化主要由流体压力裂隙所控制，而黄铁矿石英脉型金矿化则是由流体压力及岩石应力性质所决定。由片糜岩型金矿化转化为黄铁矿石英脉型金矿化是一个漫长地质时期，但由流体产生的成矿裂隙时间较短，大约为４０～８０ａ。     

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿流体包裹体成分、矿床成因和成矿预测

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿区发育含矿和无矿石英脉,无矿石英、含矿石英及主要载金矿物黄铁矿所含包裹体捕获的流体成分有明显差异,分别代表了成矿前、成矿早阶段和主成矿阶段的流体特征。早阶段成矿物质沉淀的主要机制为流体不混溶作用,形成含矿石英、含钠矿物和部分黄铁矿等;主成矿阶段则以流体浓缩及流体混合为主要机制,形成大量黄铁矿等载金矿物。萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的成矿流体成分特征与世界造山型的中温热液脉状金矿类似,尤其是与乌兹别克南天山造山带的穆龙套金矿类似,表明其为较典型的穆龙套式的造山型金矿床。Ⅺ、Ⅱ矿化带流体成分特征与矿化最好的Ⅳ带类似,勘探前景较好;相反,Ⅰ矿化带与Ⅳ带差异明显,不宜作为勘探重点。     

江西金山金矿成矿时代探讨——来自石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr年龄的证据

本文测定了金山金矿含金石英脉型矿石的石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr年龄,试图弄清金山金矿的成矿时代。结果显示,含金石英脉型矿体的形成年龄为379±49Ma,所得Sr同位素初始比(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7138±0.0011。根据笔者先前所测蚀变岩型矿体含金黄铁矿的黄铁矿Rb-Sr年龄及前人的定年工作,可以推测金山金矿的成矿作用是多期次的,并且在各期内部还有可能是多次脉动式成矿。但金山金矿主要的成矿时代是在晋宁期和海西期,其中晋宁期是蚀变岩型金矿体形成的主要时期,而海西期则是含金石英脉型金矿体形成的主要时期。石英流体包裹体所得的Sr同位素初始比,明显高于玄武岩的值(0.704),而比陆源硅酸盐的值(0.720)偏低,表明成矿物质为壳源物质,并有深源物质的混染。     

北山金窝子金矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿流体演化

金窝子金矿床为于甘肃北山中成矿带。包裹体测温研究表明，从成矿初期到主成矿阶段，石英捕获了H2O—NaCl，H2O-CO2-CH4-NaCl，或H2O-CO2-NaCl体系的流体。大脉型金矿成矿初期，热液成矿流体由高温中盐度H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4四端元组份混溶的均一相热液流体；石英-黄铁矿和多金属硫化物阶段，石英捕获两成分和温度都不相同的热液组份：低盐度、富水溶液、较冷的热液和高盐度、富挥发份CO2、CH4和水蒸气、较热的热液。主成矿阶段石英捕获的两类型包裹体的完全均一温度相差近100℃，而且富挥发份流体盐度相对于贫挥发份流体盐度高，上述特征表明主成矿期3号脉大规模金成矿并非流体沸腾作用结果。网脉型金矿（210号脉）黄铁矿-石英成矿阶段、石英．黄铁矿和多金属硫化物成矿阶段石英捕获的地质流体的温度-成分特征无明显差异，均捕获了两种组份不同、成矿温度一 致的地质流体（高盐度富水溶液流体和富堤盐度CO2＋CH4流体），与许多金矿的流体不混溶金成矿机制矛盾。     

小秦岭大湖矿区钼、金矿体地质、地球化学特征与差异性分析

本文针对小秦岭金矿田大湖钼金矿矿床地质、地球化学特征进行了系统的分析。矿区浅部为石英脉型金矿体,向深部延伸出现石英脉型钼矿体,F5断层是大湖矿区内金、钼矿主要的含矿构造,钼矿体与金矿体共生或独立存在。钼矿体顶板围岩主要发育钾长石化,而金矿体顶底板围岩则发育硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化,其中绢云母化和中细粒黄铁矿化与金矿体关系最为密切。含金石英脉流体包裹体气相组分以CO2、H2O为主,含有少量CH4、C2H2等还原性气体,液相组分主要为Na+、Ca2+、Cl-、F-等离子。钼矿体与金矿体的H、O同位素数据显示钼矿脉与金矿脉的成矿流体主要都是来自岩浆水,但是两种矿体的H、O同位素组成又表现出一定的差异。辉钼矿化石英脉与金矿体中钾长石化和黄铁矿化石英脉中的稀土组成具有明显的不同,辉钼矿化石英脉具有较高的的∑REE和轻重稀土分馏,指示金矿体与钼矿体成矿流体来源不同,金、钼可能形成于不同的成矿期。     

河南西峡石板沟金矿成矿流体地球化学及矿床成因讨论

石板沟金矿是近年在豫西南发现的一个剪切带容矿的脉状金矿。根据流体包裹体地球化学研究,分析了矿床成矿流体地球化学特征,讨论了金的沉淀机制和矿床成因。构造蚀变岩型金矿的形成主要与热液蚀变作用有关,石英脉型金矿的形成,则可能主要与岩浆热液与变质热液的混合作用有关。矿质主要源自晋宁期岩浆岩,成矿流体和热能主要来自海西期花岗岩。矿床为剪切带容矿的中低温热液金矿床。     

胶东中生代构造体制转折过程中流体演化和金的大规模成矿

胶东是我国最大的金矿产出集中区,依据矿床和矿点的密集程度,可分为招远-莱州-平度、蓬莱-栖霞、牟平-乳山三个成矿带,区域内金矿类型可主要分为石英脉型和蚀变岩型。高精度的单矿物 Ar-Ar、Rb-Sr 同位素及热液锆石离子探针测年研究业已证买,金成矿的时代为120±10Ma,金矿床载金矿物-黄铁矿、矿石-黄铁矿石英脉、控矿围岩-花岗岩和变质岩等及伴生脉岩的 Sr-Nd 放射性同位素研究也证明,金成矿物质具有多源性,既来自于控矿围岩-花岗岩和变质岩,又来自于幔源的岩浆岩,流体包裹体研究表明,各类金矿具有一致的成矿流体介质条件,为低盐度 H_2O-CO_2-NaCl±CH_4流体,金成矿温度、压力条件近似,主成矿温度为170～335℃,成矿压力为70～250MPa。氢氧等稳定同位素结果表明,成矿流体可能来源于与金矿床伴生的基性幔源岩浆脱水形成的岩浆水,但在地壳浅部遭受到大气降水的混合。因此,胶东各类型金矿是在同一成矿背景下形成的矿床,与区域内中生代构造体制转折作用有关,也是中生代构造体制转折的表现形式之一。     

豫陕小秦岭脉状金矿床三期流体运移成矿作用

位于豫陕交界处的小秦岭脉状金矿是我国第二大黄金产出集中地。流体包裹体研究表明，脉状金矿床石英及碳酸盐矿物中流体包裹体主要有富CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O包裹体和H2O溶液包裹体等三种类型，各热液阶段形成的脉体内有不同的流体包裹体组合。脉状金矿体的形成经历了三期流体成矿作用，第一期形成乳白色石英大脉，它构成了矿脉的主体，流体的性质为富H2O热液，但无金的成矿；第二期(成矿期)流体为中低盐度CO2-H2O-NaCl热液，它叠加在了石英大脉之上，形成(块状)黄铁矿-浅色石英矿体和(网脉状)多金属硫化物-烟灰色石英矿体，成矿期内热液的温度、压力及流体组成的变化是金沉淀成矿的原因；第三期热液又转成低盐度的富水流体，形成石英-碳酸盐脉体，金矿化微弱。     

阳山金矿带金的赋存状态及其对成矿过程的指示意义

阳山金矿带是西秦岭金矿带已探明金储量最大的独立金矿区,其矿化样式主要为微细浸染状矿化,其次为石英脉型矿化,可见金与“不可见金”均有发育,该金矿带是研究造山型金矿金赋存状态的理想地区,其研究成果对理解金成矿作用和过程以及指导选矿工艺具有重要意义。论文在翔实的野外地质调查和显微观察基础上,将成矿期划分为早阶段(黄铁矿石英)、主阶段(黄铁矿毒砂绢云母石英)和晚阶段(辉锑矿石英方解石),综合应用电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱、电感耦合等离子质谱仪、高分辨率透射电镜、X射线粉晶衍射等技术,剖析阳山金矿带不同成矿阶段金的赋存状态,进而探讨其对成矿过程的指示意义。研究表明：成矿早、主阶段以微细浸染状硫化物矿化为主,金主要以晶格金的形式赋存于黄铁矿和毒砂中;而成矿晚阶段以脉状矿化为主,金主要以自然金的形式存在。金的赋存状态的变化,指示从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿温度、压力逐渐降低,成矿流体成分由富As流体演化为相对贫As且富Sb的流体。     

阿拉善碱泉子金矿矿床地质和流体包裹体特征及其与小秦岭文峪金矿床的对比

论文通过对碱泉子金矿床和文峪金矿床成矿地质背景的认识,得出了两矿床的矿床地质特征都显示了明显的造山型热液金矿床的矿床地质特点。在此基础上对比研究了两矿床的流体包裹体特征及氢氧同位素组成特征。研究结果表明,两矿床的成矿流体均以中温、低盐度、高CO2含量为特征,这些特征也吻合了典型的造山型热液金矿床成矿流体的基本特征;两矿床氢氧同位素组成的数据投影点主要落在变质水与岩浆水的混合区附近、并有向大气降水漂移的趋势。基于以上分析结果,推断出两矿床在成矿机制方面也有很大的相似性,并由此探讨了碱泉子金矿床的成矿机制特点。     

Gold Mineralization at the Kyaukpahto Mine Area, Northern Myanmar

Abstract. Gold mineralization at Kyaukpahto occurs as a stockworks/dissemination style with localized breccia zones in silicified sandstones of the Male Formation (Eocene). The mineralization appears to be closely associated with NNE-SSW trending extensional faults probably related directly to the dextral movement of the Sagaing Fault system. Intense silicifica-tion associated with sericitization, argillic alteration and decalcification is recognized in the Kyaukpahto gold deposit. The important ore minerals associated with the gold mineralization are pyrite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite with minor amounts of other sulfides. Gold occurs as free particles or locked with pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite. Silver, copper, arsenic and antimony particularly appear to be good pathfinders and the best geochemical indicators of gold mineralization at Kyaukpahto. Electron microprobe analysis indicates that the fineness for the native gold ranges from 844 to 866. Present geological, mineralogical and geochemical investigations demonstrate that the Kyaukpahto gold deposit has been formed as a result of hydrothermal processes in a shallow level epithermal environment.     

The Evolution of Wall Control Programs at Kidston Gold Mines

Concerns with crest losses have seen changes to a number of design and operating parameters to retain the integrity of the wall and the berms of the Kidston Gold Mines' Eldridge Pit. Until trials began in 1999 most final wall designs utilised large diameter blastholes up to the presplit row to achieve the wall angle. The berm crests were being lost, wall support requirements were increasing and affecting mining schedules and several fault areas were putting pit access at risk. Standard designs had been determined during the early mining years and while periodic modifications had been made there was a need for major blast pattern revision. This paper traces the development of wall control blasting programs over the years, relating designs to the geology and the evidence in the walls with the theories of the day and includes the recent trials that were conducted in what is a most unforgiving geology. Trials and improvements to ensure the walls were safe were conducted even as the mine neared its economic life. Instrumented monitoring of trials blasts has greatly increased the understanding of the damage criteria and enabled rapid revision of designs. Recent changes included reduction in presplit energy, charge redistribution and use of smaller blastholes for the trim patterns. Determination of a minimum proximity-to-final wall limit for production blastholes, establishment of the correct standoff to berm crests and walls and selective use of presplitting techniques for protecting crests have resulted in cost effectiveness, improved bench crest retention and an overall reduction in visible wall damage.     

Gold and copper mineralization at the El Indio deposit, Chile

A Middle Tertiary volcanic belt in the High Andes of north-central Chile hosts numerous precious- and base-metal epithermal deposits over its 150 km north-south trend. The El Indio district, believed to be associated with a hydrothermal system in the late stages of development of a volcanic caldera, consists of a series of separate vein systems located in an area of 30 km² which has undergone intense argillic-sericitic-solfataric alteration. The majority of the known gold-copper-silver mineralization occurs within a structural block only 150 by 500 m in surface area, with a recognized vertical extent exceeding 300 m. This block is bounded by two high-angle northeast-trending faults oriented subparallel to the mineralized veins.Hypogene mineralization at El Indio is grouped into two main ore-forming stages: Copper and Gold. The Copper stage is composed chiefly of enargite and pyrite forming massive veins up to 20 m wide, and is accompanied by alteration of the wall rocks to alunite, kaolinite, sericite, pyrite and quartz. The Gold stage consists of vein-filling quartz, pyrite, native gold, tennantite and subordinate amounts of a wide variety of telluride minerals. Associated with this stage is pervasive alteration of the wall rocks to sericite, kaolinite, quartz and minor pyrophyllite. The transition from copper to gold mineralization is marked by the alteration of enargite to tennantite and by minor deposition of sphalerite, galena, huebnerite, chalcopyrite and gold. Mineral stability relations indicate that there was a general decrease in the activity of S₂ accompanied by variations in the activity of Te₂ during the Gold stage.Fluid-inclusion data show homogenization temperatures ranging from about 220 to 280°C, with salinities on the order of 3–4 eq. wt. % NaCl for the Copper stage. The Gold-stage inclusions indicate a similar range in homogenization temperatures, but significantly lower salinities (0.1–1.4 eq. wt. % NaCl). Fluid inclusions of transition minerals show a weak inverse relationship between homogenization temperatures (190–250°C) and salinities (3.4–1.4 eq. wt. % NaCl), which may represent mixing of hotter Gold-stage fluids with cooler late-Copper-stage fluids. No evidence of boiling was found in fluid inclusions, but CO₂ vapor-rich inclusions were identified in wall-rock quartz phenocrysts which pre-date copper and gold mineralization.Mineral stability calculations indicate that given a fairly restricted range of solution compositions, the Copper-, Transition- and Gold-stage minerals at El Indio could have been deposited from a single solution, with constant total dissolved sulfur which underwent reduction through time. Limited sulfur-isotope data indicates that pyrite from the Copper stage was not in isotopic equilibrium with Copper-stage alunite or Transition-stage sphalerite. The sulfur-isotope and fluid-inclusion data indicate that two fluids with comparable temperatures but different compositions flowed through the El Indio system. The earlier fluid deposited copper attended by sericite-alunite-kaolinite alteration, and later epithermal fluids deposited gold with quartz-sericite-kaolinite-pyrite alteration.     

First Find of Trace Metal Minerals at the Albaza Gold Deposit

Doklady Earth Sciences - The results of mineralogical–geochemical study of the Albaza gold deposit (Khabarovsk Krai) are presented here. The ore mineral assemblage, in addition to already...     

甘肃北山柳园金矿化集中区金矿床类型及典型金矿床简介

大多数学者建立在岩浆、热液、沉积等成因基础上的金矿分类对金矿所在地质环境、构造环境、地球化学环境等方面有明显的不足,R．w．Boyle的分类能够更好地说明这些情况。本文根据其分类方式对柳园金矿化集中区金矿进行分类尝试,并尽可能地提供了典型金矿床的岩石类型、构造环境、找矿标志等方面的详细资料。     

Gold Mineralization at the Agawa Prospect in Yamaguchi Prefecture,Southwestern Japan

Agawa gold prospect, located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, southwestern Japan, is a small prospect, where placer gold has been explored and mined since the 17th century. We investigated the prospect to clarify the genesis of the deposit based on the geology, hydrothermal alteration, geochronology, and ore mineralogy. The main mineralized zone of the prospect has a horizontal and vertical extensions of 500 m and 100 m, respectively, and a width of less than 100 m. Gold mineralization in the prospect occurs as dissemination and stockwork veinlets in the intensely sericitized rocks at the apical part of the Agawa dioritic porphyry intrusion at 86.5–88.5 Ma. Mineralization is typified by at least three stages – an early stage characterized by the occurrence of pyrrhotite and native gold; a middle stage by chalcopyrite; and a late stage by pyrite–bornite. Mineral assemblage and fluid inclusion microthermometry estimation suggest a trend of decreasing temperatures from 400°C to 160°C at a constant sulfur fugacity. The mineralizing fluids formed by the mixing of a hypogene fluid of possibly magmatic origin with an external lower‐temperature and lower‐salinity fluid. The mixing process decreased the temperature and salinity of the fluid, resulting in the precipitation of sulfides, native gold and Bi–Te alloys and sulfosalts. The magnetite‐series signature of the Agawa porphyry and related molybdenite‐bearing mineralization indicate that the plutonism of the San‐in granitoids belt extends to the westernmost end of the Honshu Island. The compiled geochronology and distribution of the metallic deposits in the southwestern Japan arc show that transition from ilmenite‐series to magnetite‐series plutonism started earlier in the west, and shifted eastwards with time during the period from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene.     

Hydrothermal Gold Mineralization at the Rodnikovoe Deposit in South Kamchatka, Russia

Abstract. The Rodnikovoe gold deposit situated in a presently active hydrothermal system located north of the Mutnovsko-Asachinskaya geothermal area in southern Kamchatka, Far Eastern Russia, consists of typical low-sulfidation quartz-adularia veins in a host rock of diorite. The age of the mineralization was dated by the K-Ar method as 0.9 to 1.1 Ma based on adular-ia collected from the veins. Representative ore minerals in the deposit are electrum, argentite, aguilarite, polybasite, pearceite and lenaite. Dominant alteration minerals are adularia, α-cristobalite, chlorite, illite and kaolinite. Hydrothermal solutions of neutral pH were responsible for the mineralization, which is divided into six stages defined by tectonic boundaries. Gold mineralization occurred in stages I and III. Hydrothermal brecciation occurred during stages III, IV and VI. Stages II, IV, V and VI were barren. The estimated ore formation temperature based on a fluid inclusion study is 150 to 250 °C at a depth of approximately 170 m below the paleo-water table. Boiling of hydrothermal fluids is hypothesized as the cause of the intermittent deposition of gold ore. The sulfur and oxygen fugacities during the deposition of anhydrite prior to the hydrothermal brecciation were higher than those during the gold mineralization stages. The occurrence in the hydrothermal breccia of fragments of high grade Au-Ag and polymetallic ores suggests that higher grade mineralization of these metal ores might have occurred in a deeper portion of the deposit.     

泥堡金矿与水银洞金矿地质特征初步对比

泥堡金矿及水银洞金矿是大型金矿床，两矿床赋矿地层、容矿岩石、矿体产出特征、金的赋存状态等诸多特征相似；并处于富金的峨眉山玄武岩东侧，其矿床成因与该玄武岩有密切关系。应加强从泥堡-戈塘-紫木凼-水银洞一线地层中P3l 的研究，指导金矿找矿及勘查工作。     

Complexation of Gold(III)-Chloride at the Surface of Hematite

The acid/base properties of the hematite/water interface and surfacecomplexation with gold has been studied by potentiometric titrations in thefour component system H⁺ – FeOH –AuCl ₄ ^- – Cl^-. Equilibrium measurementswere performed in NaCl media at 298.2 K. In the evaluation of equilibriummodel from experimental data the constant capacitance model was applied. Theacid/base properties were investigated in 0.1 M NaCl in the range 2.6 pH 7.4. The resulting intrinsic constants for protonation anddeprotonation of hydroxyl groups at the surface were log _1,1,0,0(int) ^s = 7.10 ± 0.06 andlog _{-1,1,0,0(int)} ^s = - 7.80 ±0.06. The density of proton active surface sites was 2.85nm^-2 and the specific capacitance 2.5 C V^-1 m^-2. In the investigation of surface complexation of gold, thepotentiometric titrations were performed in the range 2.0 pH 10.2.Titration data was supplemented with analysis of Au in the aqueous phase byatomic absorbance spectrometry. The equilibrium model proposed consists ofthe following monodentate surface complexes: FeOHAuCl₃(log _0,1,1,-1 ^s = 1.45 ± 0.03),FeOHAuCl₂OH (log _-1,1,1,-2 ^s = -3.89 ± 0.02), FeOHAu(OH)₃ (log _-3,1,1,-4 ^s = -21.94 ± 0.05). Aslightly better fit could be obtained by assuming formation of a bidentatecomplex with the composition(FeO)₂Au(OH)H₂O. However, based onstructural arguments this complex was rejected.