辽东半岛小黑山岩体成因及其地质意义:锆石U-Pb年龄和铪同位素证据

小黑山岩体位于辽东半岛南部,由变形的闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、花岗岩组成。锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学研究表明,上述三类岩石的侵位时代分别为170~174 Ma、174±1 Ma和177±2 Ma;后期花岗质伟晶岩脉的侵位时代为175±1 Ma。这些年龄在误差范围内基本相同,反映了小黑山岩体是一个侏罗纪侵位的杂岩体。岩石地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石铪同位素组成研究表明,小黑山岩体主要来源于高压下古老下地壳物质的部分熔融,幔源岩浆不仅为地壳物质的部分熔融作用提供了热量,而且直接参与了花岗岩的成岩作用。结合区域地质资料表明,小黑山岩体乃至华北东部侏罗纪花岗质岩浆作用是古太平洋板块向西俯冲、地壳增厚,进而引发下地壳物质部分熔融的结果。     

大兴安岭北部塔河花岗杂岩体的地球化学特征及成因

塔河杂岩体位于塔源-喜桂图缝合带北侧的额尔古纳地块东部,是早古生代侵入的花岗杂岩体。该杂岩体的主要岩石类型为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩,少量碱长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,辉长岩以包体存在于花岗岩中。岩石成因类型为典型的Ⅰ型后造山侵入体。岩体在野外地质特征、矿物组合、显微结构、化学成分及锆石Hf同位素特征等方面都表现出岩浆混合成因。在早古生代额尔古纳地块与兴安地块拼合后的后造山伸展拉张背景下,地壳和地幔都发生部分熔融,直接起源于亏损地幔的玄武质岩浆侵入到下地壳熔融的花岗质岩浆房,经结晶分异作用,形成了塔河杂岩体不同的岩石类型。花岗岩的εHf(t)为-0.8~+5.6之间,Hf模式年龄在0.9~1.5Ga之间,反映塔河花岗岩的源岩应该是在中-新元古代时期由亏损地幔起源的新生地壳物质。结合额尔古纳地块早古生代和中生代花岗岩锆石Hf同位素资料,我们认为额尔古纳地块在中-新元古代时曾发生过一次重要的地壳增生事件。     

甘蒙北山地区小红山一带变质侵入岩体的时代厘定及其地质意义

在塔里木板块北缘甘蒙北山地区小红山一带赋存一套变质侵入岩体,测定锆石U-Pb年龄值2 656±146 M a,时代厘定为新太古代晚期-早元古代早期,岩浆成因类型属Ⅰ型,物质来源于下地幔和地壳经局部熔融而成,是吕梁期前造山基底发育阶段的产物。该套变质侵入岩体的时代厘定,对于塔里木板块结晶基底的深入研究及甘蒙北山早期构造岩浆演化具有重要意义。     

西准噶尔夏尔莆岩体岩浆混合的锆石U-Pb年代学证据

尽管岩相学标志是识别岩浆混合的最直接、最重要的证据,但其寄主岩石、幔源包体及基性岩墙群的精确同位素定年则是对岩浆混合证据的重要补充。夏尔莆岩体由寄主岩石、微细粒镁铁质包体和中基性岩墙群组成,高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明三者的年龄分别为297.6±2.5Ma、298.2±8.0Ma、298.9±5.0Ma,在误差范围内一致,说明三者是同一岩浆事件的产物,为夏尔莆岩体岩浆混合成因提供了年代学证据。夏尔莆岩体的岩浆混合成因的确立证实了早二叠世西准噶尔地壳深部发生过强烈的壳幔岩浆混合作用,并导致了该地区一次重要的地壳垂向生长事件,而岩体中大量的微细粒镁铁质包体和中基性墙群正是这次生长事件的物质记录者。     

豫西火神庙岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素组成

火神庙岩体位于华北陆块南缘栾川矿集区西部,为一杂岩体,该岩体与火神庙钼矿床密切相关.目前,人们对火神庙岩体的研究程度较低,严重制约了对火神庙钼矿床成因的认识.系统开展了年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素组成研究.结果表明,石英闪长岩、二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩的形成年龄分别为150.3±0.6Ma、146.0±0.6Ma和145.1±0.5Ma,为栾川矿集区晚侏罗世第2次大规模岩浆活动的产物.火神庙杂岩体属于I型花岗岩,是不同源区部分熔融形成的岩浆上升就位的结果.石英闪长岩是富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物;二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩是富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成的镁铁质岩浆与太华群TTG岩系部分熔融形成的长英质岩浆混合后上升就位的结果.      

内蒙古布敦花岩浆杂岩体成岩成矿特征初析

布敦花杂岩体位于大兴安岭铜多金属成矿带中段，东临嫩江深大断裂。布敦花铜矿床的形成与杂岩体多次侵入活动密切相关，岩体具多期次侵入作用特点，成矿作用是在岩浆不同侵入期次过程中充填、交代围岩的过程中发生的，矿床成因类型属与杂岩体关系密切的斑岩型铜矿床。     

鲁西地区石门山—凤仙山岩体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及形成时代

鲁西地区石门山岩体主要岩性为片麻状花岗闪长岩,原划为新太古代早期侵入岩。根据新测锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄为（2530±8）Ma,其形成时代确定为新太古代晚期。凤仙山岩体为中粒二长花岗岩,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为（2513±12）Ma,并侵入片麻状花岗闪长岩。石门山岩体属峄山岩套,为TTG质花岗岩,是地幔岩浆侵入混入地壳物质形成的。凤仙山岩体属傲徕山岩套二长花岗岩,为上地壳物质重熔（深熔）作用形成的。峄山岩套TTG类岩石是2560~2530 Ma壳幔岩浆活动的产物,岩体普遍具有片麻状构造,表明经历变质变形作用。未受区域变质作用的傲徕山岩套大规模壳源花岗岩是2530~2500 Ma地壳物质部分熔融形成的,与华北克拉通新太古代末超大陆拼合有关,2530 Ma是鲁西地区重要的构造热事件发生时期。     

湖南雪花顶加里东期花岗岩特征及成因

雪花顶岩体形成于志留纪，为由5个侵入次组成的复式岩体，侵入于寒武纪地层，与泥盆纪地层呈沉积接触，主要岩性由花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩组成，主要矿物成分为钾长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母，少量角闪石。早侵入次单元岩体内暗色微粒包体发育。综合研究表明：雪花顶花岗岩主要为壳幔岩浆混合成因，岩浆主要来源于地壳部分熔融，其中亦有地幔物质的混染．     

内蒙古大青山地区沙德盖岩体特征及成因

通过对野外地质特征、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学和同位素年代学的研究,对沙德盖岩体形成时代和形成构造环境进行了探讨。锆石U-Pb分析结果表明, ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U表面年龄统计权重平均值为198.5 Ma,代表沙德盖岩体侵位时代。岩体位于印支期逆冲推覆构造的前缘挤压区,矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究结果表明,该岩体为高钾钙碱性系列,属于造山后A型花岗岩。岩浆可能起源于由逆冲推覆构造加厚的地壳下部岩石的熔融,岩浆活动是印支运动的重要表现形式。     

内蒙古浩尧尔忽洞金矿区岩体地球化学特征及成矿意义

内蒙古浩尧尔忽洞金矿位于华北地台北缘西段中元古代白云鄂博台缘凹陷带西部,矿区内有大面积花岗质岩体和岩脉出露,其岩性主要包括石英二长闪长岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩。通过岩相学特征和岩石地球化学特征分析,结合区域上同类型岩体的侵入时代,认为浩尧尔忽洞岩体形成于华北板块与西伯利亚板块同碰撞-后碰撞环境。其中二长花岗岩形成于同碰撞环境,该环境下由于板片持续俯冲,引起俯冲板片及地幔楔发生熔融,其上侵带来的热量致使下地壳物质部分熔融而形成该类型岩石的母岩浆;石英二长闪长岩形成于碰撞后隆起环境,是加厚下地壳熔融的产物;碱长花岗岩属于晚造山期A型花岗岩系列,该阶段地幔玄武质岩浆底侵,导致下地壳物质熔融,部分与其发生混染。结合浩尧尔忽洞金矿的成矿年龄、成矿流体特征及赋矿岩石有机地球化学特征,认为岩体的侵位提供了矿床形成必不可少的热量及部分成矿流体来源。     

南秦岭地体东江口花岗岩及其基性包体的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成

东江口花岗岩体位于商丹与勉略缝合带之间的南秦岭中部,其中存在大量基性暗色微粒包体.锆石的LA-MCICPMS联机U-Pb年代学分析表明,东江口岩体的形成年龄为223Ma,其包体锆石的结晶年龄为222Ma,与寄主岩体大致同时形成,指示秦岭造山带印支晚期岩石圈构造体制属性从挤压.伸展转变发生在220Ma左右.锆石的Lu-Hf同位素原位分析结果表明,南秦岭晚三叠纪花岗岩是壳幔混合作用的产物,亏损的幔源岩浆与南秦岭(或扬子)的基底地壳物质可能为南秦岭地区晚三叠纪花岗岩的源区物质,它们的形成起因于秦岭造山带在主造山期后发生的岩石圈拆沉作用.大约220Ma开始,南秦岭岩石圈构造应力性质从挤压向伸展构造体制转变,岩石圈发生拆沉作用,地幔软流圈物质上涌并底侵于下地壳,诱发下地壳物质的部分熔融,当岩浆沿构造薄弱带上升过程中,幔源岩浆与寄主岩浆发生成份的交换,两种岩浆混合过程中不完全混溶,最终形成寄主岩体和暗色基性微粒包体.     

Mechanisms and duration of non-tectonically assisted magma emplacement in the upper crust: The Black Mesa pluton, Henry Mountains, Utah

A new study of Black Mesa pluton (Henry Mountains, Colorado Plateau, Utah, USA) indicates that it is a classic example of a small upper-crustal pluton assembled over a few years by incremental amalgamation of discrete magma pulses. The results of our petrostructural study of the pluton interior allow us to constrain the geometry, kinematics and timing of the processes. The symmetric internal fabric is interpreted as an evidence for a feeding by below and not laterally. The observed rotation of the lineation, from WNW–ESE on the very top to NNE–SSW below, lead us to propose that the fabric at the base of the pluton is a record of magma infilling process, and the fabric at the very top is a record of the strain due to the relative movement between magma and wallrocks. A consequence is that except at the contact between pluton and wallrocks (top and margins), the stretching direction, recorded by the lineation, is not parallel to the flow direction of the magma i.e. displacement. The Black Mesa pluton is a sheeted laccolith on its western edge and a bysmalith on its eastern edge. This E–W asymmetry in pluton geometry/construction and the symmetrical internal fabric indicates that the apparently different west and east growth histories could have occurred simultaneously. Our field data indicate pluton growth through an asymmetric vertical stacking of sill-like horizontal magma sheets.One-dimensional thermal models of the pluton provide maximum limits on the duration of its growth. We have constrained the number, the thickness, and the frequency of magma pulses with our structural observations, including: (1) the emplacement of the pluton by under-accretion of successive magma pulses, (2) the absence of solid-state deformation textures at internal contacts, and (3) the apparent absence of significant recrystallization in the wallrocks. Our results suggest that the emplacement of the Black Mesa pluton was an extremely rapid event, with a maximum duration on the order of 100 years, which requires a minimum vertical displacement rate of the wallrocks immediately above the pluton greater than 2 m/yr. Finally, our data show that the rates of plutonic and volcanic processes could be similar, a significant result for interpretation of magma transfer in arc systems.     

The influences of incremental pluton growth on magma crystallinity and aureole rheology: numerical modeling of growth of the Papoose Flat pluton,California

The Papoose Flat pluton in the White-Inyo Range, California, is one of the best examples of forcefully emplaced plutons within an arc crust, having internal fabrics and a contact aureole that deformed in a ductile manner. A 2-D numerical model for the thermo-rheological evolution of the pluton–wall rock system is proposed. We explore how the frequency of magma input, from instantaneous, episodic to continuous, affects magma chamber crystallinity and rheology of both the pluton and its contact aureole. We model pluton growth in the depth range of 10–13 km, which is at the brittle–ductile transition of the crust, and in the 7–4 km depth range, where the host rocks are initially brittle. For incremental growth (episodic and continuous), the pluton begins as a sill. With subsequent injections to the bottom, the pluton grows into a laccolith. Results of mid-crustal models show that the ductile region above the Papoose Flat pluton is related to thermal weakening. The ductile region during incremental growth is 100–150 m thick, matching the observed thickness. It is ten times thinner than in the instantaneous growth model. In episodic and continuous models, the upper part of the pluton is fully or quasi-crystalline throughout growth. During continuous growth, it is likely to remain ductile with potential for the development of solid-state fabrics. During episodic growth, strain rates within the pluton during each injection may become sufficiently high to cause embrittlement of magma. In no case a ductile aureole develops above the pluton at the upper-crustal level, but may develop below the pluton, which serves as thermal insulator. Thus, the pluton’s floor may sag. During incremental growth, most of the pluton is below the solidus and brittle. The results suggest that large volcanic eruptions are unlikely to occur by slow pressurization of magma chambers; instead they require rapid injections of large melt volumes.     

晶粥储存、侵入体累积组装与花岗岩成因

花岗质岩浆在地壳内的储存、迁移和分异,是导致大陆地壳生长演化的基本过程.有关地壳岩浆冷储存的新发现,挑战了数十年来深部存在以熔融体为主要组成的大岩浆房的观点.对活火山区的地球物理探测、岩石矿物学研究以及热历史模拟都一致证明,岩浆储库中的物质以晶粥为主,它们长时间处于固相线下的温度条件,属于冷储存状态.今天出露地表的大型侵入岩体,是古岩浆储库的代表,它们大都是在数百万年甚至更长的时间跨度内,多幕式的岩浆输运、累积侵位和多次添加组装而成的.侵入体的累积组装,可以通过岩石单元间接触关系的观察、岩石和矿物成分的不均一性研究以及侵入体内大的结晶时间跨度来证明.地壳浅部大型侵入体的形成,大体积的火山喷发,都要求存在穿地壳的岩浆通道系统,该系统中岩浆主要以岩墙形式将不同深度的岩浆储库串联起来,并通过无数岩床的堆垛而形成巨大的岩株或岩基等侵入体.高分异花岗岩和高硅流纹岩的存在,尤其是火山的超级喷发现象,要求岩浆储库的晶粥体发生活化和分异,而晶粥的解体往往是由于从下部侵入的新岩浆注入了额外的热和流体.保留在岩石中的晶体种群蕴含了侵入体累积组装、晶粥活化和岩浆分异的线索.尤其是再循环晶可以提供岩浆通道系统结构和演变的新信息.未来,在花岗岩成因研究中,重点要从晶粥活化与岩浆分异演化过程、岩浆上升和组装机制、火山岩与侵入岩的成因联系等方面入手,开展岩浆通道系统的跨学科研究,构建花岗岩岩浆过程研究的新范式,深入认识大陆地壳的生长和演化机理.      

Post-orogenic shoshonitic magmas of the Yzerfontein pluton,South Africa: the ‘smoking gun’ of mantle melting and crustal growth during Cape granite genesis?

The post-orogenic Yzerfontein pluton, in the Saldania Belt of South Africa was constructed through numerous injections of shoshonitic magmas. Most magma compositions are adequately modelled as products of fractionation, but the monzogranites and syenogranites may have a separate origin. A separate high-Mg mafic series has a less radiogenic mantle source. Fine-grained magmatic enclaves in the intermediate shoshonitic rocks are autoliths. The pluton was emplaced between 533 ± 3 and 537 ± 3 Ma (LA-SF-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon), essentially synchronously with many granitic magmas of the Cape Granite Suite (CGS). Yzerfontein may represent a high-level expression of the mantle heat source that initiated partial melting of the local crust and produced the CGS granitic magmas, late in the Saldanian Orogeny. However, magma mixing is not evident at emplacement level and there are no magmatic kinships with the I-type granitic rocks of the CGS. The mantle wedge is inferred to have been enriched during subduction along the active continental margin. In the late- to post-orogenic phase, the enriched mantle partially melted to produce heterogeneous magma batches, exemplified by those that formed the Yzerfontein pluton, which was further hybridised through minor assimilation of crustal materials. Like Yzerfontein, the small volumes of mafic rocks associated with many batholiths, worldwide, are probably also low-volume, high-level expressions of crustal growth through the emplacement of major amounts of mafic magma into the deep crust.     

Fault-controlled pluton emplacement in the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt of southwest Montana,USA

Problems associated with syncompressional pluton emplacement center on the need to make room for magma in environments where crustal shortening, not extension, occurs on a regional scale. New structural data from the Pioneer and Boulder batholiths of southwest Montana, USA, suggest emplacement at the top of frontal thrust ramps as composite tabular bodies at crustal depths between 1 and 10 km. Frontal thrust facilitated pluton emplacement was accommodated by: (1) a magma feeder zone created along the ramp interface; (2) providing ‘releasing steps’ at ramp tops that serve as initial points of emplacement and subsequent pluton growth; and (3) localizing antithetic back-thrusts that assist in pluton ascent. A model of magma emplacement is proposed that involves these elements. This model for syntectonic ramp-top emplacement of plutons helps explain how space is made for plutons within fold-and-thrust belts.     

Contrasting stratified plutons exposed in tilt blocks, Eldorado Mountains, Colorado River Rift, NV, USA

Roof-to-floor exposures of mid-Miocene plutons in tilt blocks south of Las Vegas, NV, reveal distinct but strongly contrasting magma chamber statigraphy. The Searchlight and Aztec Wash plutons are well-exposed, stratified intrusions that show a similar broad range in composition from 45–75 wt.% SiO₂. Homogeneous granites that comprise about one-third of each intrusion are virtually identical in texture and elemental and isotopic chemistry. Mafic rocks that are present in both plutons document basaltic input into felsic magma chambers. Isotopic compositions suggest that mafic magmas were derived from enriched lithospheric mantle with minor crustal contamination, whereas more felsic rocks are hybrids that are either juvenile basaltic magma+crustal melt mixtures or products of anatexis of ancient crust+young (Mesozoic or Miocene?) mafic intraplate.

Despite general similarities, the two plutons differ markedly in dimensions and lithologic stratigraphy. The Searchlight pluton is much thicker (10 vs. 3 km) and has thick quartz monzonite zones at its roof and floor that are absent in the Aztec Wash pluton. Isotopic and elemental data from Searchlight pluton suggest that the upper and lower zones are cogenetic with the granite; we interpret the finer grained, slightly more felsic upper zone to represent a downward migrating solidification front and the lower zone to be cumulate. In contrast, the upper part of the Aztec Wash pluton is granite, and a heterogeneous, mafic-rich injection zone with distinct isotopic chemistry forms the lower two-thirds of the intrusion. Similar mafic rocks are relatively sparse in Searchlight pluton and do not appear to have played a central role in construction of the pluton. Large felsic and composite dikes that attest to repeated recharging and intrachamber magma transfer are common in the Aztec Wash pluton but absent in the Searchlight pluton. Thus, although both intrusions were filled by similar magmas and both developed internal stratification, the two intrusions evolved very differently. The distinctions may be attributable to scale and resulting longevity and/or to subtle differences in tectonic setting.     

北京西山房山岩体西北部强变形带的成因新解

北京西山房山岩体西北缘不对称发育一条弧形塑性强变形带,前人根据岩体东南部组构缓倾和岩体内部强应变分布特征提出岩浆斜向底辟侵位模式(王人镜等,1990;张吉顺和李志中,1990)。本文在前人研究的基础上,对房山岩体的组构进行系统观测,研究了西北缘固态塑性强变形带地质特征,着重探讨了岩体侵位时围岩热结构状态。文章认为岩浆同侵位固态塑性强变形带的形成需要早期岩浆进入准固态-固态和后期岩浆膨胀动力这两个必要条件。房山岩体西北部的强变形带是由于岩体侵位时西部围岩的温度较低,岩浆较早进入准固态-固态,后期岩浆侵位时膨胀动力双重因素造成的,提出了围岩热结构状态是房山岩体不对称的固态塑性强变形带的控制因素,而不是岩浆斜向底辟侵位的结果。这一研究成果不仅较合理地解释了房山岩体强变形带不对称发育特征,而且对研究同类花岗质岩体的定位机制有一定启示意义。     

Regional thermo-rheological field related to granite emplacement in the upper crust: implications for the Larderello area (Tuscany,Italy)

We modelled thermo-rheological perturbations, related to the emplacement of a magmatic body in the upper crust. This approach was considered relevant for the areas characterized by elevated surface heat flow and chiefly for the geothermal fields. The numerical conductive thermal model applied to the Larderello geothermal area in Tuscany, allowed to constrain size, depth and timing of emplacement of the pluton. We inferred that the emplacement of a magmatic body, at a minimum depth of 3 km, having a horizontal extension of 14 km and a maximum thickness of 8 km, can reasonably reproduce the observed regional surface heat flow anomaly of the Larderello area, when 300 (± 100) kyr are elapsed from the magma emplacement. Even assuming an incremental growth, the first magma injection should not be older than 1 ± 0.3 Ma.

Results of the thermal model were used to set up a rheological model and to simulate the drifting of the brittle-ductile transition during the cooling of the pluton. A comparison with the K-horizon profile, a prominent seismic reflector in the Larderello area, was then performed. It was found that the K-horizon approximately corresponds with the pluton roof and with the current location of the brittle-ductile transition.     

Crystallization history of granophyric intrusives from the Peruvian Coastal Batholith

In the Huaura centred complex, a component of the Coastal Batholith of Peru, water undersaturated granitic magma of the San Jeronimo suite rose from an environment of 4–7 kb pressure to be emplaced at pressures of ca. 0.5 kb. Within the suite, different magma compositions originated from the partial melting of contrasting quartz-rich and quartz-poor source rocks. Initially marginal crystallization resulted in granitic textures with early precipitation of plagioclase, quartz, magnetite, biotite and hornblende under relatively reducing conditions. Subsequent residual concentration of water and oxygen in the centre of the pluton gave rise to more oxidizing conditions and ultimately water saturation resulted in rupture of the pluton roof. The consequent quenching resulted in extensive development of granophyric textures in the residual magma. Distribution of Rb, Sr and major elements can be explained largely by fractionation of ca. 18 % of the observed phenocryst assemblage. Ba depletion and Rb enrichment with evolution of the magma suggest an important role for diffusive transfer during the late episode of granophyre crystallization.