周口店岩体热动力构造及定位机制研究

周口店岩体是一个具有两次侵入活动的复式岩株。根据与侵入体协调一致的围岩构造、岩体的流动构造、捕虏体应变测量、岩体西北缘强变形带特征及小型韧性剪切带研究,表明周口店岩体是一个典型的斜向底辟侵入、类热气球膨胀模式的岩体。岩体西北缘强变形区的“片麻状构造”是岩桨脉动形成的挤压片理(S),不是原生流动构造;岩体西北部小型韧性剪切带的剪切片理(C)晚于挤压片理(S)。它们都是岩桨脉动底辟侵入的产物。这一结论由韧性剪切带中石英组构分析得到验证。     

用接触变质作用标志初步判别北京房山岩体的岩浆侵位机制

近同心状房山岩体接触变质晕中变斑晶-基质关系与变质作用P-T轨迹样式的结合可以区分岩浆底劈式侵位与气球膨胀式侵位机制.例如,该房山岩体南侧接触变质晕中的下马岭组泥质变质岩的变斑晶-基质关系显示强烈的面状压扁应变变形,其变质作用P-T轨迹具等压加热趋势,综合前人成果估算该岩体4个依次侵位的岩石单元的最终就位岩浆结晶深度彼此近于一致,倾向于认为该岩体的岩浆侵位机制为气球膨胀式.      

北京西山房山岩体岩浆底辟构造及其地质意义

运用底辟构造的理论和模型, 通过对北京西山房山岩体边缘围岩构造、变形和应变的研究, 厘定出岩体边缘的高温剪切带、周缘向斜、呈穹状分布陡倾的线理和面理, 并结合对西山区域构造事件分析后提出房山岩体为典型的岩浆底辟构造(HotStokesDiapir).这项研究成果不仅在世界上首次证实了岩浆底辟的存在, 而且对理清北京西山地区的地质构造格架和演化序列具有十分重要的意义.研究认为房山地区可能不存在变质核杂岩; 房山岩体边缘的关坻太古宙杂岩是基底岩石随岩体底辟流动上升带到地壳上部的; 原先确定的一些印支期“剥离断层”是房山岩体岩浆底辟的刺穿构造或围岩高温剪切作用造成的地层缺失; 太平山和凤凰山等向斜是岩体底辟过程中在围岩拖曳下形成的周缘向斜.      

崔召花岗岩岩体的磁组构特征及其构造侵位意义

侵入岩体的磁组构形成于岩浆运移侵位、固化的过程中,必然保留了岩体的构造侵位过程的信息.以玲珑复式花岗岩岩基南部的崔召岩体为例,对岩体磁组构的详细研究,可以揭示岩浆运移,就位和变形等一系列特征.崔召岩体的磁线理不发育,反映岩体侵位速度慢,岩体边部磁面理比内部发育,并且岩体边缘磁各向异性度P值明显大于岩体内部,磁线理倾角小,反映岩体侵位过程中侧向挤压作用比较强烈,具有类似于气球膨胀作用的侵位机制.并且此磁组构特征再没有受到后期构造热事件的影响.     

凤凰山花岗岩体构造系统分析及侵位机制

本文从宏观上对凤凰山岩体的区域构造位置、岩体侵位前后的构造演化过程及岩浆侵位时的动力学条件进行了论述;对岩体内部及接触带的面理、线理进行了磁组构测量、显微构造观察、包体应变测量及X光组构分析等系统研究,最终获得如下结论:该岩体侵位除有膨胀作用外,在岩体侵位后期还有过旋转运动,而且岩体侵位受到NNE向左旋剪切作用控制。      

医巫闾山中—晚侏罗世构造变形与同构造花岗岩的耦合关系

晚中生代期间医巫闾山地区经历了早期的高温韧性变形和晚期的低温脆韧性变形,并最终形成了变质核杂岩。该变质核杂岩中发育多个中-晚侏罗世花岗岩体,通过分析花岗岩体的岩浆组构及围岩中变形组构的特点,确定该期次的岩浆活动与高温韧性变形同时发生,且这些岩体就位于中部地壳的高温韧性剪切带内。岩浆就位的过程包括三个阶段：部分熔融与垂向运移阶段(D1)、水平运移阶段(D2)和固态变形阶段(D3)。尖砬子岩体的主量、微量元素分析结果显示岩浆为埃达克质岩浆,并具有过铝质和由钙碱性向高钾钙碱性过渡的特点。岩石的Th/U比值和碱性组分含量较高,Mg、Cr、Fe2OT3含量较低,岩浆锆石εHf(t)值=-29.5～-23.3、TDM2=2.51～2.18 Ga。这些特点指示岩浆来源于古老的华北陆块下地壳的部分熔融,表明岩浆具有从地壳深部向地壳浅部运移的过程。中-晚侏罗世岩体的产出形态、岩浆组构及磁组构的优选方位,表明岩浆在就位于中部地壳的过程中受到围岩剪切作用的控制,发生强定向的水平流动,形成了NE-SW向延伸最长、垂向最短的扁纺锤状岩浆房。对比中-晚侏罗世和早白垩世两期同构造岩浆就位机制,发现岩浆就位机制与围岩构造环境关系密切。同为下地壳部分熔融并向浅部运移的两期岩浆活动,岩浆就位机制差异很大：中-晚侏罗世岩浆就位于中部地壳的强剪切部位,就位过程中岩浆以侧向流动为主、气球膨胀作用为辅;早白垩世岩浆就位于浅部地壳的弱剪切部位,岩浆以气球膨胀作用和底辟作用为主。岩浆就位过程中不但受到围岩剪切作用的控制,岩浆房的扩张也会挤压围岩,使围岩叶理的产状发生变化,进而影响对构造性质的判断。     

地球内部物质、能量交换与资源和灾害

通过对凤凰山岩体接触带的变质与变形特征、显微构造及变形缩短量的计算 ,分析了凤凰山岩体侵位与接触带变形及区域变形的关系。通过接触带变质矿物变形特征的研究 ,揭示了热变质作用与侵位变形的同时性 ;接触带构造变形研究表明 ,岩体周围发育的流变褶皱、韧性剪切带、压溶缝合线等与岩体左旋上升与汽球膨胀侵位有关 ;围岩缩短量的计算结果表明 ,岩体侵位过程造成强烈的围岩缩短是一种强力侵位机制。研究表明 ,凤凰山岩体侵位是在区域NNE向水平左旋剪切应力场作用下完成的。岩体接触带变形是NNE向水平左旋剪切应力与横向推挤的侵位应力联合作用下形成的。     

再考查深成岩体侵位作用

以前有关深成岩体的侵位研究都试图解释岩体侵位空间如何形成。事实上，幔源岩浆侵位期间在地壳中“制造空间”的途径不外乎；（１）莫霍面降低；（２）地球表面外移。其它的“岩体侵位机制”均是不增加地壳体积的物质迁移作用（ＭＴＰｓ）。得到广泛引用的“同心带状气球膨胀岩体”侵位时的ＭＴＰｓ是岩体附近围岩的韧性流动。这类深成岩体附近可能形成的构造和总应变与岩体的三维形态、接触变质带的宽度以及岩体是否为刺穿底辟有关     

东昆仑南缘韧性剪切带变形特征及其形成时代的限定

中生代巴彦喀拉-松潘甘孜地体向东昆仑地体斜向俯冲,在东昆仑南缘形成一条巨型的韧性剪切带。剪切带中发育的旋转碎斑、书斜构造、解理阶步、云母鱼、S-C组构、不对称褶皱、雁列脉等宏微观构造,显示剪切带兼具右行和左行的特征,且右行早于左行剪切,但总体以左行剪切为主。对西大滩糜棱岩化花岗岩和小南川未变形花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年,西大滩岩体侵位于199.3±2.2Ma,小南川岩体形成于196.4±1.3Ma。西大滩与小南川岩体中的锆石为典型的岩浆锆石,其年龄代表了岩体侵位的时代。鉴于2个岩体的变形程度完全不同,东昆仑南缘在199~196Ma之间发生了左行韧性剪切。     

江南造山带石耳山新元古代花岗岩的构造变形、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

在江南造山带的东段皖浙赣交界地区发育一系列花岗岩岩体,区域上,岩体呈条带状,NE—SW向雁行排列,平行于赣东北断裂带分布;微观下,岩浆流动组构残迹、蠕英石的普遍发育及固态塑性变形证明了该地区岩体变形经历了从岩浆—亚岩浆—固态变形的一个持续转变的过程;岩体锆石年龄与邻区岩体的变质变形年龄有很好的耦合性。由此可见研究区变形花岗岩体为同构造花岗岩,是岩浆在侵位冷凝过程中受到赣东北断裂带强烈构造作用影响的产物。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果表明:灵山岩体形成于783±14 Ma;莲花山岩体形成于780±12 Ma,属于新元古代岩浆活动。扬子板块与华夏板块碰撞导致江南造山带新元古界的岩群普遍遭受区域变质、变形作用,同构造花岗岩的构造变形特征正是区域构造变形的表现,因此该同构造岩体的年龄可能作为扬子板块与华夏板块仍在挤压、碰撞的年代学证据。     

铜陵凤凰山岩体SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄与构造变形及其对岩体侵位动力学背景的制约

地球动力环境对岩浆来源和侵位机制具有重要的控制作用.铜陵矿集区中生代中酸性侵入岩和大规模成矿作用有密切关系.凤凰山岩体为凤凰山矿田的主要组成部分, 主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩.根据精确锆石SHRIMP测年结果, 凤凰山岩体206Pb/238U年龄为(144.2±2.3) Ma, 是晚侏罗世形成的一个典型岩体, 和铜陵矿集区主要成矿岩体的形成时代一致.接触带构造变形特征显示岩体侵位受控于区域左旋剪切应力场作用.内部构造变形特征表明凤凰山岩体在深部主要为左旋螺旋式强力上升, 浅部为气球膨胀式主动侵位.岩体形成时代及构造变形特征表现出晚侏罗世铜陵矿集区和成矿有关的侵入岩系列的形成可能和古太平洋板块的向北斜向俯冲所导致的左旋剪切应力场有关.      

Advective heat transfer and fabric development in a shallow crustal intrusive granite — the case of Proterozoic Vellaturu granite,south India

Syntectonic plutons emplaced in shallow crust often contain intermediate-to low-temperature deformation microstructures but lack a high-temperature, subsolidus deformation fabric, although the relict magmatic fabric is preserved. The Proterozoic Vellaturu granite emplaced at the eastern margin of the northern Nallamalai fold belt, south India during the late phase of regional deformation has a common occurrence of intermediate-to low-temperature deformation fabric, superimposed over magmatic fabric with an internally complex pattern. But high-T subsolidus deformation microstructure and fabric are absent in this pluton. The main crystal plastic deformation and fluid enhanced reaction softening was concentrated along the margin of the granite body. Resulting granite mylonites show Y-maximum c-axis fabric in completely recrystallized quartz ribbonds, dynamic recrystallization of perthites, and myrmekite indicative of fabric development under intermediate temperature (∼ 500–400°C). The weakly-deformed interior shows myrmekite, feldspar microfracturing and limited bulging recrystallization of quartz. The abundance of prism subgrain boundaries is indicative of continuing deformation through low-temperature (∼ 300°C). The relative rates of cooling influenced by advective heat transfer and deformation of the pluton seem to control the overall subsolidus fabric development. The rapid advective heat transfer from the interior in the early stages of subsolidus cooling was followed by slow cooling through intermediate temperature window as a well-developed phyllosilicate rich mylonitic skin around the granite body slowed down conductive heat loss. Low-T crystal plastic deformation of quartz was effected at a late stage of cooling and deformation of the shallow crustal granite body emplaced within the greenschist facies Nallamlai rocks.     

Granitoid emplacement during syn-convergent transtension:An example from the Huamenlou pluton in North Qinling,central China

The Huamenlou pluton,is an elongated granite intrusion with high aspect ratio,emplaced within the southern margin of the North Qinling(central China).Here we investigate this pluton through multiple techniques including the fabric study,microstructural observation and zircon geochronology.Our zircon U-Pb data confirm that the granite crystallized at ca.462 Ma which is consistent with the ages of other linear plutons in North Qinling.Microstructural observations of the Huamenlou granites illustrate that the pluton has undergone superimposed deformation during its emplacement,from magmatic to hightemperature solid state conditions.The internal fabric obtained by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS)and shape preferred orientation(SPO)show similar results.The fabrics are relatively concordant and generally vary from NE-SW to NEE-SWW which are roughly oblique to the trend of the pluton elongation and the regional structures.Meanwhile,scalar parameters reflect two completely different strain regimes for the pluton and its host rocks,i.e.,the fabrics within host rocks are mainly oblate while the central part of the intrusion displays mainly prolate fabrics.It is inferred that the structural pattern recorded in this pluton was caused by local dextral transtension in consequence of oblique convergence between the South and North China Blocks.We propose that the local transtension in convergence setting probably evolved from vertical extrusion tectonics that provided room for the magma emplacement and imparted prolate fabrics in the Huamenlou pluton.     

Fault-controlled pluton emplacement in the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt of southwest Montana,USA

Problems associated with syncompressional pluton emplacement center on the need to make room for magma in environments where crustal shortening, not extension, occurs on a regional scale. New structural data from the Pioneer and Boulder batholiths of southwest Montana, USA, suggest emplacement at the top of frontal thrust ramps as composite tabular bodies at crustal depths between 1 and 10 km. Frontal thrust facilitated pluton emplacement was accommodated by: (1) a magma feeder zone created along the ramp interface; (2) providing ‘releasing steps’ at ramp tops that serve as initial points of emplacement and subsequent pluton growth; and (3) localizing antithetic back-thrusts that assist in pluton ascent. A model of magma emplacement is proposed that involves these elements. This model for syntectonic ramp-top emplacement of plutons helps explain how space is made for plutons within fold-and-thrust belts.     

华北东部晚中生代区域伸展背景下同构造花岗岩体的起源与就位

花岗质岩浆的起源、迁移及就位是研究大陆岩石圈流变学特性的重要方面。然而,板内伸展背景下同构造花岗岩体的岩浆来源、就位机制和岩浆流动与区域应力场的关系等问题缺乏系统性的总结。晚中生代期间华北板块东部逐渐变为区域伸展体制,同时中浅部地壳形成一系列的韧性剪切带、变质核杂岩和拆离断层,这些伸展构造往往伴有同剪切变形的花岗岩体。因此,华北东部是系统研究板内伸展背景下同构造花岗岩体的最佳区域。本文选取多个典型的同构造花岗岩体,进行综合分析。通过归纳总结这些同构造岩体的岩石地球化学和年代学资料,发现多数同构造岩体具有多个岩浆源区,且较早就位的中性岩席(单元)往往来自壳幔混合岩浆或新生下地壳的部分熔融,而较晚的酸性岩席(单元)则主要来源于古老下地壳的部分熔融。这一特点反映了同伸展岩体岩浆源区由深至浅的演化规律,也揭示了区域伸展背景下源自地幔的流体和热量是触发地壳部分熔融的重要因素。通过分析岩浆就位过程中围岩和岩体中形成的定向及变形组构,发现华北东部同伸展岩体的就位模式可分为三大类:以扁平岩床或岩基形式就位于中部地壳的水平韧性剪切带内;岩浆以近直立运移的方式形成长轴平行拆离断层的岩基,就位于变质核杂岩核部或拆离断层下盘;岩浆就位于再活化的先存断裂,通过膨胀作用、挤压围岩获得就位空间并使围岩变形,形成类似底辟作用的就位方式。剪切应力和浮力是影响岩浆运移方向的重要力学参数。岩浆自源区上升的过程中浮力起着主要控制作用,就位于韧性剪切带时剪切应力起着控制作用,就位于浅部地壳的脆-韧性过渡带时浮力的作用再次凸显。     

Diapiric emplacement in the upper crust of a granitic body: the La Bazana granite (SW Spain)

The ascent and emplacement of granites in the upper crust is a major geological phenomenon accomplished by a number of different processes. The active processes determine the final geometry of the bodies and, in some favourable cases, the inverse problem of deducing mechanisms can be undertaken by relying on the geometry of plutons. This is the case of the La Bazana granitic pluton, a small Variscan igneous body that intruded Cambrian rocks of the Ossa-Morena Zone (SW Iberian Massif) in the core of a large late upright antiform. The granite shows no appreciable solid-state deformation, but has a late magmatic foliation whose orientation, derived from field observations, defines a gentle dome. The regional attitude of the main foliation in the country rock (parallel to the axial plane of recumbent folds) is NW–SE, but just around the granite, it accommodates to the dome shape of the pluton. Flattening in the host rock on top of the granite is indicated by boudinaged and folded veins, and appears to be caused by an upward pushing of the magma during its emplacement. The dome-shaped foliation of the granite, geometrically and kinematically congruent with the flattening in the host rock, can be related in the same way to the upward pushing of the magma. The level of final emplacement was deduced from the mineral associations in the thermal aureole to be of 7–10 km in depth. Models of the gravity anomaly related to the granite body show that the granite has a teardrop–pipe shape enlarged at its top. Diapiric ascent of the magma through the lower middle crust is inferred until reaching a high viscous level, where final emplacement accompanied by lateral expansion and vertical flattening took place. This natural example suggests that diapirism may be a viable mechanism for migration and emplacement of magmas, at least up to 7–10 km in depth, and it provides natural evidence for theoretical discussion on the ability of magmatic diapirs to pierce the crust.     

Structural effects on the Proterozoic Ullensvang Group (West Norway) relatable to forceful emplacement of expanding plutons

An isolated synclinorium, comprising the up to 5 km thick Ullensvang Group of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, is surrounded by granitoid plutons and has no recognizable older basement. From an earlier interpretation based on regional data this area is inferred to be part of a Proterozoic, cordilleran-type volcanic-plutonic belt. Major structures in the synclinorium are interpreted to have evolved as follows: 1) Early folds were produced by regional compression; 2) within a part of the synclinorium, such folds were tightened and reoriented during a subsequent deformation phase caused by forceful emplacement of the Kvinnherad batholith, flanking the synclinorium to the southwest; 3) this deformation was accompanied by thrust faulting towards the northeast, away from the batholith; 4) forceful emplacement of plutons belonging to the Eidfjord-Kinsarvik batholith, on the northeastern flank of the synclinorium, produced southwest-vergent overfolding of the earlier structures in the synclinorium. In addition, local deformation around a pluton intruding the northern part of the synclinorium near Utne produced areally restricted deformation structures, approximately corresponding in time with the second deformation event (2) above. Structures in plutonics rocks of the batholiths are interpreted in terms of an emplacement model involving distension diapirism. The deformation zones associated with diapiric plutons in this area appear to be more similar to some of those reported from Archaean greenstone belts than to those found in volcanic-plutonic belts of younger cordilleran-type orogens.