活性炭改性土-膨润土泥浆墙阻隔苯酚污染地下水

为了增加土-膨润土泥浆墙回填材料对污染物的阻滞性能,本文采用活性炭对其进行改性。通过坍落度和土柱实验研究了添加活性炭对土-膨润土泥浆墙施工和易性、渗透性和兼容性能的影响,明确了活性炭添加量对泥浆墙渗透性和兼容性的作用规律。实验结果显示,满足泥浆墙墙体材料施工和易性要求的含水率范围随着活性炭质量分数增加而增大。活性炭质量分数为2%～10%的改性土-膨润土泥浆墙墙体材料渗透系数均小于1.0×10^-7cm/s,满足垂直阻隔墙渗透系数要求。当活性炭质量分数≤2%时,活性炭的添加对墙体材料与苯酚溶液的兼容性能没有影响;随着活性炭质量分数的增大,苯酚对其不利影响加剧。当活性炭质量分数增大至10%时,活性炭改性土-膨润土泥浆墙不适用于苯酚污染地下环境。     

主动瞬时活性炭吸附土壤氡气测量方法初探

研究了主动式活性炭吸附土壤氡气测量方法。在氡室条件下,利用设计的取样装置对主动式活性炭吸附法中活性炭吸附能力、取样量、取样速度等影响因素及测量参数开展了实验研究,并进行了该方法与其他3种不同土壤氡气测量方法的野外对比实验,相对于传统的被动式活性炭累积测氡,该方法工作效率高,为土壤氡气测量在勘探找矿、环境监测等领域的应用提供了一种全新的测量方式。     

矿物材料与环境污染治理—以粘土矿物和沸石为例

矿物的性能，矿区地质测试和吸附能力实验表明，粘土矿物和沸石等矿物材料对于Cr,Cd,Pb,Hg,As等有害元素具有很强的吸附能力，是理想的低成本吸附剂，在废水处理中可用来取代活性炭或离子交换树脂来去除重金属等有害元素。     

无机抗菌材料及应用

无机抗菌材料是一种新近研制并开始获得应用的功能材料。简要介绍银系抗菌剂和氧化钛光触媒系抗菌剂的性质和抗菌机理、方法，并介绍应用这些无机抗菌剂制得的抗菌布料、抗菌塑料、抗菌卫生陶瓷和抗菌活性炭等各种抗菌产品。     

活性炭测量系统的最佳条件选择和影响因素

活性灰吸附器测氡法在铀矿勘探中得到了较广泛的应用。作者根据实验室内活性炭吸附器测氡的试验结果,选择了测量系统中装置参数的最佳条件,包括吸附剂类型,干燥剂的性质,吸附系统的灵敏度,吸附器的埋置时间,装置的容积、吸附容量与氧浓度的关系。另外,还研究了活性炭的解吸温度和时间以及温度对活性炭吸附能力的影响。文中详细给出了实验数据。     

活性炭从硫脲浸出液中回收金的工艺研究

本文研究了在酸性硫脲浸出液中活性炭回收金的工艺过程,实验表明,在该浸出液中活性炭对金具有较高的吸附速度、吸附率和吸附容量并易于解吸,为工业应用提供了可靠的技术依据。     

土壤氡析出率活性炭累积吸附法

为解决大面积多点快速土壤氡析出率测量问题, 设计开发并进行了土壤氡析出率活性炭累积吸附法的方法技术研究.在参考氡析出率装置和野外实验数据的基础上, 进行了测量装置及材料的选择、装置刻度、野外累积暴露时间、活性炭盒吸附氡有效衰变常数等研究.通过2002-2003年22次重复观测, 北京西北郊区粘土类土壤氡析出率平均值为20.15mBq.m-2.s-1, 最大值和最小值分别为26.75和13.49mBq.m-2.s-1, 标准偏差为3.55mBq.m-2.s-1.与仪器静电收集法比对结果表明, 两种方法的相对误差小于±10%.实验结果表明: 活性炭方法测量结果稳定可靠, 简便易行, 适用于全国大面积土壤氡析出率调查.      

活性炭对浮选废水中黄药的吸附特性研究

通过静态试验研究了粉末活性炭对浮选废水中丁基黄药的吸附性能和影响因素。实验结果表明,粉末活性炭对丁基黄药的吸附过程遵循Lagergren二级动力学模型;粉末活性炭对丁基黄药的等温吸附可用Langmuir等温模型拟合,其相关系数为0.9875(298K);温度从298K上升至313K时,吸附量略有上升,升高温度有利于活性炭对黄药的吸附;pH从7.17上升至12.00时,黄药吸附量下降明显,表明碱性环境对吸附有抑制作用。火法再生实验结果表明粉末活性炭再生性能良好。     

酸雨石等5种常用吸盐材料的盐碱土壤改良效果研究

以黑龙江省大庆市林甸县长青林场3个不同小区为实验地,分别采用酸雨石等5种吸盐材料对不同小区盐碱土壤进行改良,根据改良后土壤pH、导电率变化,对不同材料的盐碱土壤改良效果进行比较。研究表明,短期内吸盐速率:酸雨石活性炭腐熟牛粪沸石稻壳,长期吸盐量:酸雨石活性炭沸石稻壳腐熟牛粪,效果持久性为酸雨石最强,活性炭、沸石次之,稻壳较弱,腐熟牛粪最弱。酸雨石解碱能力最强,活性炭次之,沸石、牛粪、稻壳解碱能力较弱。因此,酸雨石在5种盐碱土改良剂中具有最强吸盐解碱能力。     

广西车田红辉沸石的特征及应用研究

在了解红辉沸石矿床地质特征的基础上 ,研究红辉沸石的矿物学特征 ,探索其作为吸附剂在农业上的应用和作为高分子材料增强添加剂的应用。红辉沸石作为化肥添加剂 ,在肥料贮存过程中能吸附有益组份 ,使其在使用后缓慢释放 ,延长了肥料的肥效 ,同时改善了肥料的粒度 ,提高成球率。作为聚丙烯的添加剂能有效地增强其性能、降低成本。     

国产香烟矿物组成的初步研究

利用X射线衍射仪对28种国产香烟烟灰及其中的两种香烟(绿南京和云烟)的卷烟纸灰烬、烟丝以及过滤嘴中的矿物成分进行了研究.初步研究结果表明,香烟烟丝中含有一水草酸钙石,过滤嘴中不含任何矿物,烟灰中的矿物主要是方解石,此外还含有少量石英、钾盐、钾矾、石膏等矿物.这些矿物具有不同的来源:方解石来自卷烟纸,一水草酸钙石是烟叶生长期间自身合成的矿物,石膏是香烟燃烧过程中新形成的矿物.这些研究结果有可能为全面认识香烟致病机理提供一定的科学依据.     

榴莲壳和不同炭材料对低汞溶液的吸附动力学

含Hg(Ⅱ)废水直接排放会对环境产生危害,目前多采用活性炭去除,而活性炭制作需要高温热解和活化,导致其使用成本较高.近年来,果皮、果渣、炉渣等废弃物也被尝试应用于直接去除水溶液中的重金属离子.本文采用榴莲壳、椰壳活性炭和活性炭纤维在不同条件下对低浓度Hg(Ⅱ)溶液进行吸附,使用原子荧光光谱法对吸附溶液中剩余的Hg(Ⅱ)...     

Performance of activated carbon-impregnated cellulose filters for indoor VOCs and dust control

An activated carbon-impregnated cellulose filter was fabricated, and the capacity to remove dust and volatile organic compounds was evaluated in a laboratory. The adsorption capacities for benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and m-xylene gases were compared by an adsorption isotherm test conducted as a preliminary test, showing that m-xylene and benzene were the most and least favorable for adsorption onto activated carbon, respectively. Cellulose filters were made with four levels of activated carbon contents, and dust removal was performed with all of the filters showing 99 % and higher efficiencies stable with a small variation during the experiment. Activated carbon content of 5 g in the unit filter area (125 g/m²) was found optimum for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m-xylene removal, as it appeared that higher than 5 g activated carbon content was unnecessary for the improvement of its capacity. With increasing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and m-xylene loading, the highest removal rates were determined as 0.33–0.37 mg/cm² s for as short as 0.0046 s of air filter residence time. The rapid removal was possible because of the high surface area of the activated carbon-impregnated cellulose filter provided by powdered activated carbon, which is distinguished from the granular form in conventional activated carbon towers. As fixed within a cellulose scaffolding structure, the powdered activated carbon performed excellent benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene adsorption (98.9–100 %), and at the same time, particular matters were removed in average 99.7 % efficiency after being filtered through the cellulose filter sheet.     

电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂在香烟"降焦减害"中的应用

对不同产地黑电气石化学组成及其极化吸附特性进行了分析,同时制备了应用于香烟“降焦减害”的电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂,直观检验了吸滤剂的“降焦减害”功效。实验结果表明：电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂对香烟烟气中的焦油及其有害成分具有良好的吸附作用。初步分析了电气石吸滤剂的“降焦减害”作用机理。     

Characterization of microbial communities in a granular activated carbon–sand dual media filter for drinking water treatment

Modification of conventional rapid sand filter into granular activated carbon–sand dual media filter has become increasingly attractive to drinking water producers in many Chinese urban regions. In this study, a pilot-scale dual media filter was constructed to monitor its performance. The operational results indicated that the dual media filter performed well both on nitrification and on reduction of chemical oxygen demand. Microbial community structures at different sampling sites were also compared using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene clone library analysis to identify the spatial heterogeneity the filter. Clone library analysis illustrated the difference of microbial community structure and an increase of microbial diversity along the filter depth. Moreover, potential pathogens from genera Chromobacterium and Sphingomonas were detected in the filter samples, which deserved further serious consideration in downstream treatment such as disinfection. These findings also provided an illustration of the utility of molecular techniques to discover microbial community change and potential pathogens in the drinking water biofilters.     

微藻应用于煤炭烟气减排的研究进展

长久以来,我国因煤炭燃烧产生的大量CO2、SO2、NOx、烟尘等对生态环境造成了严重危害,煤炭烟气的减排也愈来愈受到重视,利用微藻进行烟气减排正逐渐成为研究热点。主要介绍了微藻固碳和减排生理机制等相关理论基础,阐述了微藻藻种筛选驯化、光生物反应器等减排关键技术研究进展,阐述了国内外微藻煤炭烟气减排应用现状,探讨了微藻烟...     

Removal of chromate from drinking water using powder carbon steel

This paper presents the possible alternative removal options for the development of safe drinking water supplies in areas affected by hexavalent chromium. Chromate is a matter of great environmental concern due to its extensive contamination and carcinogenic toxicity. In this study, the conventional adsorption with various types of adsorbent method were used for chromate removal, but only powder carbon steel was compatible with household water treatment and can be designated based on high removal efficiency and affordable cost. Home powder carbon steel with granular activated carbon (PCS–GAC) treatment systems are quite simple. Water needing treatment passes through the cartridge or filter candles contacting PCS–GAC on its way to the faucet. This method is based on the use of powder carbon steel, ML 90 Bombril S.A, as a cleaning agent. Granular activated carbon filters have been employed in home water purification systems essentially for the removal of taste, odor, and color. The effect of pH, redox potential, time, and adsorbate concentration on the uptake carbon steel were observed. The lack of desorption suggests that anion chromium is irreversibly sorbed by the powder carbon steel.     

非线性滤波方法与陆面数据同化

陆面数据同化研究近几年成为地球科学研究的新兴领域,其中以非线性滤波为代表的数据同化方法发展迅速并得到了广泛应用。在贝叶斯理论框架内,从递推贝叶斯估计理论的角度系统地分析了扩展卡尔曼滤波、无迹卡尔曼滤波、集合卡尔曼滤波、SIR粒子滤波等非线性滤波方法的异同;针对应用比较广泛的集合卡尔曼滤波和SIR粒子滤波应用中存在的问题,论述了几种提高滤波性能的实用方法,如协方差矩阵的Localization方法、协方差矩阵的Inflation方法、双集合卡尔曼滤波方法、扰动集合、扰动大气驱动和模型参数、平方根集合卡尔曼滤波以及粒子滤波算法的改进等。最后总结讨论了各种非线性滤波方法应用中的特点、难点以及各种算法在陆面数据同化中的应用前景和发展方向。     

气相色谱质谱法测定地表水中的7种工业多氯联苯

河西走廊蕴藏有丰富的地热水资源,以往的地质调查成果显示地热水的形成和演化与地质构造具有密切关系。活性炭测氡法在探测隐伏构造方面具有独特优势。活性炭对氡的吸附性能受到多种因素影响,在野外数据采集前需进行勘察区工作条件的测试实验。本文选择位于河西走廊中部的张掖—民乐盆地进行活性炭测氡法实验条件研究。通过实验,确定该区实验条件为：吸附剂埋深40 cm,埋藏5天;数据处理时针对农田和河滩两种地表介质要进行分区统计;该区氡异常阈值下限为均值加3 ~ 4倍方差。实验结果显示活性炭测氡法是探测该区域隐伏断裂的存在、断裂位置、走向和倾向的一种很好的手段。