粘土矿物组合的红外光谱鉴定及数理统计定量研究

粘土矿物组合的红外光谱鉴定及数理统计定量研究胡素清（应化系）粘土主要由颗粒小于２μ的粘土矿物组合及非粘土矿物组成，纯粘土矿物少见。粘土及粘土矿物是重要的矿产资源，在陶瓷、冶金、造纸、建筑、耐火材料、石油化工、钻探、人造分子筛等方面应用极为广泛。粘土及...     

青藏盐湖沉积物中粘土矿物的初步研究

青藏高原是我国盐湖分布的主要地区之一。对该地区盐湖沉积物中的粘土矿物,前人未进行过系统研究。近年来,作者对柴达木盆地盐湖中的粘土矿物做过一些工作。本文报道了该区49个湖区约200个样品的粘土有关资料,其中包括藏北某些半咸水湖和盐湖周围的某些土壤和泥样的有关资料。文中对含粘土矿物的碎屑沉积物的岩性、粘土矿物类型、粘土化学组分以及粘土资料在盐湖形成演化过程中的地质意义等方面进行了初步讨论和总结。     

伊犁盆地512铀矿床粘土矿物特征与铀成矿作用

对５１２铀矿床粘土矿物质量分数,分布特征进行了较全面的分析,指出该矿床中粘土矿物以成岩国主,在后生成矿作用中又叠加了新的粘土蚀变产物,各亚带粘土矿物组成基本类似但又存在的一定差异,粘土总量和蒙皂石能较好地反映各亚带的成矿物理化学条件的改变;粘土矿物对Ｕ有明显的吸附富集作用,但又能抑制作用,即粘土质量分数过高或氧化带粘土变太强烈不利于铀在过渡带沉积富集成矿,此外,对粘土矿物成分对浸工艺开采过程中的不     

有机粘土化学的进展和展望

随着粘土矿物的理论体系和系统研究方法的建立,以及有机物与粘土矿物间相互作用的资料的积累,本世纪六十年代初诞生了有机粘土化学。这门新兴学科主要研究粘土、粘土矿物与各种有机物之问的反应,有机粘土复合体的形成、性质和转化,以及它们在工农业、科学技术领域中的实际应用。它的出现,打破了有机化学和无机化学间的传统界限,在元素地球化学、矿床学、有机地球化学和粘土矿物的研究上具有重要的意义,在化工、工程、农业,环保和国防建设上也有着广阔的前景。     

黄土高原马兰黄土粘土矿物的定量研究

本文在回顾和总结中国西北黄土粘土矿物研究进展的基础上,提供了采用现代X-射线衍射(XRD)定量测试技术(包括粘土矿物样品处理和全自动数据处理技术)对陕北晋西12个县市马兰黄土粘土矿物定量研究的最新结果。测试结果表明,马兰黄土的主要粘土矿物为伊利石／蒙脱石混层矿物(相对含量为60％～70％),而不是以往所认为的伊利石。伊利石在黄土中主要呈两种形式存在,即单矿物伊利石和伊／蒙混层矿物中的伊利石。研究还发现,各地马兰黄土粘土矿物组成变化不大,但在神木、河曲、偏关一带伊／蒙混层比有局部增高的现象。根据扫描电子显微镜观察,黄土中粘土矿物不是以单粒形式存在,而主要是以集粒粘附物的形式包裹在碎屑颗粒表面。黄土中粘土矿物组成及其存在形式一方面可以充分揭示黄土物源区的表生化学环境特征;另一方面,伊／蒙混层矿物作为一种广泛分布的膨胀性粘土矿物和它在黄土粘土矿物中所占地位,对于认识马兰黄土在水作用下的湿陷变形和强度衰减的本质具有重要意义。     

蒙脱石+伊/蒙混层+伊利石等粘土矿物混合物相X射线定量分析方法—模拟定量法

本文提出粘土矿物(特别是含伊/蒙不规则混层粘土矿物)混合物相的X射线定量分析方法——模拟定量法。着重解决在蒙脱石-不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物-伊利石组合中,伊/蒙混层粘土矿物的定量分析计算。模拟定量法是对以前的各种粘土矿物X射线定量分析方法的补充。用纯净的蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及各种伊/蒙混层比的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物,配制了各种不同组合的粘土矿物混合样品,制成定向薄膜片,进行了X射线分析,讨论了各种组合的粘土矿物混合物相X射线衍射图谱的特征,并在此基础上提出了粘土混合物相定量分析的方法。     

徐水五香坡粘土中混合层矿物的研究

五香坡粘土是由石英钠长斑岩风化而成的一种粘土。该粘土主要由高岭石、蒙脱石和伊利石组成,而且伴生了少量的混合层粘土矿物。混合层粘土矿物通过用乙二醇处理与加热至520℃(1.5h)后的X射线衍射鉴定,它们是伊利石-蒙脱石规则混合层矿物和伊利石/蒙脱石不规则混合层矿物。在粘土中发现了混合层粘土矿物,这为伊利石和蒙脱石之间的转变提供了依据。     

粘土矿物的转化及对页岩储层的影响

在页岩储层中粘土矿物是其重要的矿物成分,所以对粘土矿物的研究也是页岩储层研究的重要组成部分。本文通过对五峰组-龙马溪组页岩全岩X衍射、粘土X衍射对泥页岩中的矿物组分定量分析有清楚的认识,通过氮气吸附实验确定了页岩的比表面积大小,通过普通扫描电镜和氩离子抛光扫描电镜可以观察到粘土矿物转化形成的孔隙。在前人对粘土矿物转化研究的基础上,本文重点探讨总结了页岩储层中高岭石、长石、蒙脱石向伊利石以及绿泥石转化的过程。在粘土转化的基础上,又重点突出在粘土矿物对页岩中吸附能力的大小的研究,以及粘土矿物对孔隙度的影响。通过扫描电镜的观察粘土矿物转化后形成的微孔和纳米孔可以分为四种,即:中间层,间粒,粘土和与有机物接触的裂缝,微裂纹。再者虽然粘土矿物对于孔隙度的改善作用非常有限,但是粘土矿物能够提供较多的比表面积。     

粘土矿物对形成过渡带气的催化作用研究

本文分析了有机质在粘土矿物中的赋存状态，测定了粘土矿物的表面酸、实验模拟了低演化程度的烃源岩及其抽提物干酪根＋不同粘土矿物的催化机制、并通过粘土催化醇脱水反应对粘土过渡带有机质成气机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明，过渡带气的形成主要是受蒙脱石粘土矿物的催化所致，其原因是成岩过程中蒙脱石向混层矿物转化在蒙脱石晶间发生大量的铝代硅，因此在粘土表面产生电荷不平衡而形成酸性，井以路易斯酸和布郎酸作用于有机质，使碳－碳键发生断裂以形成气态烃。     

桂林市红粘土的化学活动性与工程环境效应

从红粘土的形成环境出发 ,通过对红粘土矿物组成、化学成分以及粘土矿物的化学活动性与粘土力学性质的相关联系分析 ,指出红粘土的化学活动性与其粘土矿物的吸附性、离子交换容量、地下水化学成分密切相关 ,并从粘土矿物多种特征出发探讨红粘土的化学活动性与工程环境的相关性。     

The paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in soils and weathering profiles

The interpretation of paleoclays for paleoclimatic purposes is based on five major assumptions: (1) clay mineral formation is directly related to climatic parameters; (2) once formed in the weathering milieu, clay minerals are stable and do not change any more as long as the climate remains stable (pre-burial stability); (3) clay mineral assemblages are uniform throughout the weathering profile; (4) once formed or deposited and buried, clay minerals are stable (post-burial stability); (5) the sensitivity of clay minerals towards environmental factors is uniform. All these assumptions have only a limited validity. Clay mineral formation is in few cases directly related to climatic parameters, nor do clay minerals always represent the stable end products in equilibrium with environmental factors. The vertical distribution pattern of authigenically formed clay minerals is seldom monomineralic. Post-depositional changes are not infrequent. The sensitivity of clay minerals to environmental factors is variable. The use of paleoclays occurring in paleosols and weathering profiles is reviewed. Paleoclays occurring in paleosols or weathering profiles are, in well-defined situations, suitable for paleoclimatic interpretation. At our present state of knowledge, references as to the nature of climates of the past that are based solely on the interpretation of paleoclays are warranted only in exceptional cases. Authigenic occurrences of clay minerals with limited stability fields that can be used as ‘marker minerals’ and the isotopic composition of paleoclay minerals promise, with future research, to increase the value of paleoclays as paleoclimatic indicators.     

滑带土粘土矿物定向性的x射线衍射及其对滑坡的作用

本文首先论述了粘土矿物颗粒定向排列测定的基本原理并提出粘土矿物定向性定量评价方法,然后根据实例—庙上北滑坡的滑带土粘土矿物的X射线衍射结果,进行定向性定量分析计算,得出滑带土粘土矿物颗粒的定向度为弱到中等定向,并以中等定向为主。因而在水的往返作用下,滑带土具一定的胀缩性及胀缩的不均匀性,再加上粘土矿物本身亦具有的胀缩性及胀缩的可逆性和循环性,故导致滑带土抗剪强度和结构强度不断降低,大大影响斜坡的稳定性。     

基于近红外光谱技术的烃类与粘土矿物识别及其地质意义

沉积岩中自生粘土矿物受成岩过程中物化条件控制,是成岩系统物化条件的指示。近红外反射光谱技术对粘土矿物反应灵敏,在金属矿产勘探中已经得到了日益广泛的应用。首次对油气勘探地质井的试验工作,验证了近红外光谱数据不仅可以第一时间从岩石样品中直接提取微量烃信息,还能解译详细的粘土矿物组合及其变化,从而获取对油气勘探有价值的成岩温度和热成熟度信息。对鄂尔多斯富县地区试验样品的数据分析表明,生油和储油层中的粘土矿物组合(包括铵伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石)变化直接反映了成岩和构造演化物化条件的变化,对于全面理解盆地的环境条件并且判断油气生成的有利区位具有实际应用意义。     

泥质岩成岩作用中的黏土矿物研究

文章通过对泥质岩的黏土质矿物组分、成岩作用中黏土质矿物变化综合研究,认为泥质岩中存在大量黏土矿物,且泥质沉积物由松散到固结成岩实质上是黏土矿物组成的变化。泥质岩中主要黏土矿物包括高岭石、蒙皂石、绿泥石、伊利石以及其组成的混层型矿物伊利石/蒙皂石、绿泥石/蒙皂石,其成岩过程可划分为成岩早期的压实阶段、成岩晚期的黏土矿物转化阶段。压实阶段的泥质沉积物中黏土矿物具有物源的继承性、沉积水体古环境指示意义;受压实作用孔隙水、层间水被排出,原生絮凝团被压破,使片状质点趋于平行排列,黏土矿物与孔隙水发生反应,亦形成少量的新生作用矿物,因而黏土矿物具继承源和新生作用源特性。成岩晚期阶段发生层间水释放及层间阳离子交换,从而使得矿物晶体结构与成分发生变化,主要表现为一元黏土矿物向二元混层型转化,最后再到一元型黏土矿物的转化,最终形成转变源黏土矿物。     

Quantitative analysis of clay minerals and their admixtures

Clay minerals are of non uniform composition and particle size. Also their identification and nomenclature have given much confusion. Examples are given. Quantitative analysis of clay minerals from deposits and soils, by X-ray, thermo- and infrared analysis is treated. Examples are given of the large variability in the results; even for X-ray and electron microscope pure- and 85 to 90% chemical pure samples of kaolinite a well defined clay mineral. They are caused mainly by varying conditions of crystal growth from which result differences in isomorphous replacements, structure, ordering and strain. An amorphous weathering substance coating the mineral particles (Beilby layer) upsets in particular quantitative analyses of the finer kinds of clay minerals. Clay minerals from soils have, as compared to those from pure deposits, in particular formed by hydrothermal action, only poor characteristics of small intensity. Examples are given. Quantitative analyses are further hindered by specific characteristics for a certain mineral being masked by those of other minerals which usually occur in the same sample. Examples are given.     

台湾海峡西部沉积物中粘土矿物的初步研究

利用X射线衍射,红外光谱,电子显微镜和化学分析等手段,综合分析和研究了台湾海峡西部海域的以水云母为主,高岭石次之的粘土矿物组合特征。结果表明其含量变化和分布特点受物质来源,沉积环境,气候条件,水动条件所制约。高岭石系湿热气候风化型陆源次生矿物,沿闽江和九龙江河口外迅速递减。绿泥石除少量陆源成因外,主要是次生和自生的绿泥石,蒙脱石变以蚀变型自生蒙脱石为主。粘土矿物含量的垂直变化能够为古气候和古沉境环境提供佐证     

The paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in sediments — a review

The application of paleoclimatic interpretation to clay minerals from continental and marine sediments is reviewed and the advantages of this method are indicated. Levels relatively rich in chlorite, illite, palygorskite and quartz are interpreted as corresponding to relatively dry periods, while more humid periods lead to more intensive weathering and consequently to the dominance of clay minerals more advanced in the relative stability scale, such as kaolinite. Smectite is taken to indicate a climate with contrasting seasons and a pronounced dry season.Using this and similar schemes, the paleoclimates of areas adjoining the Mediterranean Basin, North Sea, North Atlantic, Southern Arctic, Equatorial and North-West Pacific, and North Phillipine Sea are reconstructed.Clay minerals in sediments, particularly marine sediments, can be useful indicators of paleoclimatic conditions. While they do not produce direct indications of climatic parameters, they provide integrated records of overall climatic impact. Occasionally, they may be superior to the more conventional paleoclimatic methods, such as pollen or oxygen-isotope analysis.The limitations imposed on the paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in sediments are discussed on the basis of examples. The distinction between authigenic and detrital clay minerals is shown to be problematic, particularly with regard to smectite. The relationship between climatic parameters and clay-mineral formation is complicated by the intervention of extra-climatic factors such as topography, geomorphology, lithology and time. Post-depositional diagenetic changes may not be recognized. Differentiation during transport, due to size sorting or differential flocculation may overlap climate-induced differentiation. The association of clay-mineral assemblages with specific source areas presents difficulties due to dispersal pathways that are affected by type of transport agency, i.e., water, ice or wind. Transport agencies are not constant with time. By an interdisciplinary approach, with the paleoclimatic information derived from clay minerals being correlated with that obtained from the analysis of microfossils and oxygen isotope data, many of these limitations can be overcome.     

我国产出的铀酰砷酸盐矿物及其环境矿物学意义

对我国产出的铀酰砷酸盐矿物的矿物学特征、形成环境和环境矿物学意义进行了较系统的综合论述。铀酰砷酸盐矿物是主要产出于铀矿床氧化带中比较特征的黄绿色表生矿物，是寻找原生铀矿床(体)的重要矿物学标志，化学组成主要是[AsO4]^3-和[UO2]^2 ，其中As和U均是对环境造成极大危害的有毒或放射性有害元素。As、U的地球化学性质十分活跃，在不同的酸、碱和氧化还原介质环境中的分解、迁移能力均很强，在矿床氧化带中的分解、迁移扩散会对矿区周围及其下游地区造成较大范围的严重环境污染。而在弱酸性至中性介质条件下，[AsO4]^3-和[UO2]^2 结合并与各种金属阳离子化合可形成相对稳定的铀酰砷酸盐矿物，由此可在一定程度上减少U、AS的迁移扩散及其对环境的危害。     

Separation of Clay Minerals from Host Sediments Using Cation Exchange Resins

Classic physical and chemical treatments applied to separating clay minerals from the host sediments are often difficult or aggressive for clay minerals. A technique using cation exchange resins (amberlite IRC-50H and amberlite IR-120) is used to separate clay minerals from the host sediments. The technique is based on the exchange of cations in the minerals that may be associated clay minerals in sediments, such as Ca and Mg from dolomite; Ca from calcite, gypsum and francolite with cations carried by resin radicals. The associated minerals such as gypsum, calcite, dolomite and francolite are removed in descending order. Separation of clay minerals using cation exchange resins is less aggressive than that by other classic treatments. The efficiency of amberlite IRC-50H in the removal of associated minerals is greater than that of amberlite IR-120.     

杀菌黏土矿物的研究进展与前景展望

黏土矿物具有特殊的层状结构与吸附性强、表面活性高、层间可交换阳离子丰富等理化特征,已被广泛应用于工业材料制造及环境修复等领域。而在医学领域,传统抗生素的滥用导致细菌的耐药性不断增强与全球流行,引发医学界对于现存抗生素有效性的担忧,开发新型杀菌药物迫在眉睫。尽管历史上已有黏土矿物缓解伤口脓肿、治疗消化不良及关节炎等病症的记载,现代分析技术的进步才使得研究者能够对黏土矿物及其杀菌机理进一步研究,从而深入挖掘其作为抗菌药物的潜在医学价值。近年来,国内外研究学者先后报道了黏土矿物自身广谱的杀菌能力,并指出其杀菌活性与矿物溶出的金属离子、其片层结构中赋存的活性铁、黏土表面带电性以及产生的活性氧基团(reactive oxygen species, ROS)等相关。另一方面,黏土矿物作为药物分子载体,可以增强杀菌药物的物理性能与杀菌活性,被广泛用于制备复合杀菌材料。本文综合近年来国内外研究团队对医药黏土的杀菌能力、过程与机理研究,探讨常见黏土矿物具备杀菌活性的必要条件与共性特征,简述黏土矿物作为有效载体所制备的杀菌材料,指明当前医药黏土矿物研发过程中存在的问题,为今后医药黏土研发提供些许建议。