土耳其-高加索-喜马拉雅一线白垩纪大洋红层对比

通过收集土耳其、高加索和特提斯喜马拉雅地区的白垩纪地层资料,着重对比研究上白垩统大洋红层的分布格局和沉积特征,为进一步进行全球大洋红层对比提供基础数据和资料。对比分析表明:它们具有环特提斯该时代近于同期地层的一般特征,其时代一般为Turonian Campanian期,在特提斯喜马拉雅地区跨度较大,为Albian Campanian期,岩性主体为灰岩,颜色与Fe2O3 的含量密切相关,富含浮游有孔虫及其组合,沉积速率低,沉积环境一般为半深海,沉积深度为500~1 000 m。     

楚雄盆地西缘上三叠统云南驿组的重力流沉积及其地质-找油意义

云南中部的楚雄盆地,盖层为侏罗系——第三系的陆相红层,三叠系及更老地层仅出露于盆地边缘。上三叠统在盆地的东西两侧差别明显。盆地西缘上三叠统发育较全,从卡尼克期至瑞替克期均有沉积,自下而上为:云南驿组和罗家大山组为海相沉积;花果山组为海陆交替相沉积;白土田组以三角洲砂体为主。盆地东缘仅有诺立克期至瑞替克期的沉积,以湖相环境的砂—泥岩为主,自下而上为普家村组、干海资组、舍资组。本文描述的重力流沉积发现在     

民和盆地中,新生代红层的划分与对比

民和盆地中、新生代红层在甘肃有一定的代表性,对其进行划分对比有利于资源的勘探开发。本文根据红层的沉积韵律、古生物组合等原则,将民和盆地中、新生代红层自下而上划分为中侏罗统享堂组、上侏罗统大通河群、下白垩统河和群、上白垩统民和组、下第三系西宁群、中新统咸水河组等六个岩石地层单位。     

陕甘宁盆地北部下白垩统潜水氧化带型铀矿成矿远景研究

陕甘宁盆地的北部下白垩统出露相当广泛,下白垩经沉积之后,伴随有大面积的竽隆升,根据沉积地层的岩性岩相特征、新构造运动的表现形式,可以区分出Ｋ２－Ｅ２以及Ｎ１－现代两个主要的氧化剥蚀作用期,在这两个氧化剥蚀作用期间,产生了大规模的面状氧化作用,有意思的是根据石油钻孔的ｒ测井资料和实地调研证实：这种氧化作用所形成的潜水氧化带都与铀矿化有关,同时,现代陕甘宁盆地北部所呈现出的高原型自治水盆地的水动力特征,暗示出在陕甘盆地的北部下白垩统中浅部层位（一般）〉２００ｍ）中的铀矿化以潜水氧化带型为主。     

塔里木盆地西南部下白垩统克孜勒苏群沉积特征与成矿成藏作用*

通过对塔里木盆地西南部(塔西南)江格结尔地区下白垩统克孜勒苏群地层剖面测量,该地区的克孜勒苏群分为5个岩性段,岩性主要为泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩、含砾砂岩、砾岩等,沉积相主要为辫状河三角洲相;其上覆的上白垩统库克拜组为介壳灰岩、膏质泥岩,沉积相为浅海相、滨海潟湖相; 下伏的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组岩性主要为杂砾岩、含砂杂砾岩和石英砂岩等,沉积相为冲积扇相;三者呈整合接触。从该区下白垩统克孜勒苏群的沉积特征来看,早白垩世为陆源碎屑沉积环境,在晚白垩世转入海相沉积环境。对比该区北侧陆内造山带中的拉分断陷盆地(萨热克巴依盆地)中下白垩统克孜勒苏群的地层层序,该区仅沉积了下白垩统克孜勒苏群下部3个岩性段而缺失上部岩性段,表明在早白垩世后期塔里木盆地北侧西南天山发生过一次抬升作用。下白垩统克孜勒苏群是铜铅锌铀矿等金属矿产的赋矿层位,同时也是塔里木盆地石油和天然气的重要储集层位,在铜铅锌等矿石中常可见大量的沥青等有机质,这些有机质主要源于下伏侏罗系的煤系烃源岩,并通过成矿流体参与了金属矿产的成矿作用,因而这种多矿种“同盆共存”的现象,在沉积盆地的研究中作为整体的成矿系统来研究将更有意义。     

塔里木盆地西南部下白垩统克孜勒苏群沉积特征与成矿成藏作用*

通过对塔里木盆地西南部(塔西南)江格结尔地区下白垩统克孜勒苏群地层剖面测量,该地区的克孜勒苏群分为5个岩性段,岩性主要为泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩、含砾砂岩、砾岩等,沉积相主要为辫状河三角洲相;其上覆的上白垩统库克拜组为介壳灰岩、膏质泥岩,沉积相为浅海相、滨海潟湖相; 下伏的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组岩性主要为杂砾岩、含砂杂砾岩和石英砂岩等,沉积相为冲积扇相;三者呈整合接触。从该区下白垩统克孜勒苏群的沉积特征来看,早白垩世为陆源碎屑沉积环境,在晚白垩世转入海相沉积环境。对比该区北侧陆内造山带中的拉分断陷盆地(萨热克巴依盆地)中下白垩统克孜勒苏群的地层层序,该区仅沉积了下白垩统克孜勒苏群下部3个岩性段而缺失上部岩性段,表明在早白垩世后期塔里木盆地北侧西南天山发生过一次抬升作用。下白垩统克孜勒苏群是铜铅锌铀矿等金属矿产的赋矿层位,同时也是塔里木盆地石油和天然气的重要储集层位,在铜铅锌等矿石中常可见大量的沥青等有机质,这些有机质主要源于下伏侏罗系的煤系烃源岩,并通过成矿流体参与了金属矿产的成矿作用,因而这种多矿种“同盆共存”的现象,在沉积盆地的研究中作为整体的成矿系统来研究将更有意义。     

藏南珠峰地区下白垩统发现海底扇沉积

西藏南部珠穆朗玛峰地区在构造古地理上属印度板块的北部,中—新生代期间位于新特提斯洋东段的南侧,构成冈瓦纳大陆的北部边缘。下白垩统在聂拉木古错一带出露最好,在岗巴东山一带次之,是目前研究珠峰地区早白垩世地层和沉积的两个重要地点。古错一带下白垩统厚2400余米,划分为古错一组至古错五组5个岩石地层单位。沉积以黑灰色粉砂质页岩、黑色页岩为主,夹有多层厚层—块状暗黄绿色长石岩屑砂岩,以及少量钙质细砂岩和含岩屑粒泥灰岩。产菊石、少量双壳和遗迹化石,时代从晚侏罗世Tithonian末期至早白垩世Albian期。过去认为这里的下白垩统…     

西藏南部江孜盆地上侏罗统至古近系沉积岩石学特征与盆地演化

江孜盆地紧邻雅鲁藏布江缝合带,随着特提斯洋的演化及最终消亡,盆地必然随之经历一系列演化,分析其沉积响应是了解盆地演化的一个重要手段.因而,本文以分布于江孜地区的晚侏罗世至古近纪海相沉积地层为研究对象,在前人建立的地层格架基础上,基于野外露头和镜下观察,仔细分析了其沉积岩石学特征.江孜地区晚侏罗世至古近纪沉积序列为:石英砂岩(上侏罗统维美组)-页岩夹火山岩屑砂岩(下白垩统日朗组)-黑色硅质/钙质页岩(中白垩统加不拉组黑层段、白层段)-黑色硅质岩(上白垩统加不拉组硅质岩段)-红色硅质页岩、泥灰岩夹滑塌灰岩(上白垩统床得组)-灰绿色页岩夹外来岩块(上白垩统宗卓组)-砂/页岩互层(古近系甲查拉组).从中可以看出海水从维美组至加不拉组硅质岩段为逐渐加深的过程,而至甲查拉组海水再次浅于硅质岩段沉积水深.生物沉积、悬浮沉积及块体搬运作用沉积常见,其中块体搬运作用包括砂质碎屑流、浊流、滑塌和岩崩等,沉积环境为大陆斜坡至深水洋盆.通过沉积学与沉积地球化学分析可知,底层水经历了缺氧、氧化再到缺氧的过程.根据沉积岩石学特征结合沉积环境分析,从较长的时间尺度上将盆地的演化历史划分为四个阶段:晚侏罗世至早白垩世被动大陆边缘盆地稳定发育阶段,白垩纪中期被动大陆边缘盆地持续沉降阶段,晚白垩世残留被动大陆边缘盆地阶段,白垩世末期至始新世初期为残留洋盆地阶段.     

滇西兰坪盆地五茂林剖面下白垩统景星组沉积相

实测了云南西部兰坪盆地东部下白垩统下部景星组的五茂林剖面,建立了曲流河、三角洲和湖泊3种沉积序列,其中三角洲序列在云南下白垩统中属首次建立。分析了粗碎屑岩的组成,将该剖面上出露的砾岩分成4类。早白垩世时兰坪盆地属丹那沙林-高黎贡弧的弧后盆地,景星组自下而上为曲流河沉积、三角洲沉积和湖泊沉积,且随湖侵发生,湖泊向西扩大。     

甘肃北山地区下白垩统含煤地层沉积盆地及含煤性研究

通过对已完成勘探工作的吐鲁—驼马滩盆地和公婆泉盆地的资料分析研究,结合岩石学特征,对沉积旋回、沉积环境分析,认为下白垩统含煤沉积盆地是在印支运动及其以前发生的历次运动形成的复杂结晶基底上形成的内陆型沉积盆地,以NE向和NW向构造为主。含煤地层为下白垩统老树窝群下岩组,为一套内陆河流—沼泽碎屑岩含煤建造,旋回结构较为明显,属河流相序含煤建造的旋回结构。煤层多,厚度变化较大,煤层结构为较复杂含煤系数在5%~10%之间,煤质以褐煤为主。     

长江水下三角洲向南延伸泥质带浅地层结构及沉积物特征初探--以朱家尖岛以东海域为例

文章对取自长江水下三角洲向南延伸带上舟山泥质区边缘的58个表层沉积物样品的粒度进行了分析,并且对舟山近岸泥质区进行了浅地层剖面探测。结果显示,该区沉积物以黏土质粉砂为主;含水率较高（平均为46%）,干容重较低（平均为1.44 g/cm3）;孔隙比大,高压缩性,抗剪强度低,因此其抗冲蚀能力较弱。区内地层剖面上部为全新世浅海相沉积,岛礁区及南部剖面可见少量下伏基岩,剖面I东部可见浅层气出露,其顶面埋藏深度约为12 m。全新世以来该区域沉积厚度为4~23 m,千年时间尺度沉积速率约0.57~3.29 m/ka,低于长江口门外水下三角洲泥质沉积中心,属弱淤积沉积环境。由于近年流域人类活动导致长江入海泥沙减少,南下沿岸流携带的泥沙可能减少,浙江沿岸面临泥质沉积速率下降或甚至侵蚀的威胁。     

Allogenic and autogenic controls on facies and stratigraphic architecture of the Lower Jurassic Mashabba Formation,Gebel Al-Maghara,North Sinai,Egypt

The Lower Jurassic Mashabba Formation crops out in the core of the doubly plunging Al-Maghara anticline, North Sinai, Egypt. It represents a marine to terrestrial succession deposited within a rift basin associated with the opening of the Neotethys. Despite being one of the best and the only exposed Lower Jurassic strata in Egypt, its sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic framework has not been addressed yet. The formation is subdivided informally into a lower and upper member with different depositional settings and sequence stratigraphic framework. The sedimentary facies of the lower member include shallow-marine, fluvial, tidal flat and incised valley fill deposits. In contrast, the upper member consists of strata with limited lateral extension including fossiliferous lagoonal limestones alternating with burrowed deltaic sandstones. The lower member contains three incomplete sequences (SQ1-SQ3). The depositional framework shows transgressive middle shoreface to offshore transition deposits sharply overlain by forced regressive upper shoreface sandstones (SQ1), lowstand fluvial to transgressive tidal flat and shallow subtidal sandy limestones (SQ2), and lowstand to transgressive incised valley fills and shallow subtidal sandy limestones (SQ3). In contrast, the upper member consists of eight coarsening-up depositional cycles bounded by marine flooding surfaces. The cycles are classified as carbonate-dominated, siliciclastic-dominated, and mixed siliciclastic-carbonate. The strata record rapid changes in accommodation space. The unpredictable facies stacking pattern, the remarkable rapid facies changes, and chaotic stratigraphic architecture suggest an interplay between allogenic and autogenic processes. Particularly syndepositional tectonic pulses and occasional eustatic sea-level changes controlled the rate and trends of accommodation space, the shoreline morphology, the amount and direction of siliciclastic sediment input and rapid switching and abandonment of delta systems.     

基于测井频谱分析的松科二井登娄库组地层沉积速率研究

松辽盆地科学钻探工程松科二井获取了白垩纪陆相沉积资料, 其中连续、多参数、高分辨率的地球物理测井资料为研究松辽盆地地层的沉积速率变化规律提供了机会。本文利用GR、Th、K、Th/K多种测井数据, 采用天文旋回的方法来计算松科二井登娄库组地层的沉积速率, 并探讨影响地层沉积的主控因素。多种测井数据的频谱分析结果表明了登娄库组地层记录着米兰科维奇旋回信息, 这说明登娄库组沉积过程受天文轨道驱动力影响。Th测井数据对天文旋回信息的敏感性强, 综合考虑多种测井数据的测试结果获得了连续、相对准确的地层沉积速率。登娄库组地层沉积速率从下往上整体呈现为由高到低的趋势。 登二段至登三段时期地层沉积主要受盆地断陷活动控制, 地层整体具有高沉积速率特征, 最高达到 16.2 cm/ka。随后至登四段时期由于断陷活动逐渐减弱, 盆地向区域坳陷的构造格局转化, 登四段整体具有沉积速率较低的特征, 最低为5.9 cm/ka。该研究建立了松科二井登娄库组地层连续的沉积速率剖面, 为揭示松辽盆地由断陷活动过渡到坳陷活动的地质规律提供了测井证据。     

Planktic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds in Kangmar,Southern Tibet,China

The planktic foraminifera of the Chuangde Formation (Upper Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds, CORBs) as exposed at Tianbadong section, Kangmar, southern Tibet has been firstly studied for a detailed for a detailed biostratigraphy elaboration. A rich and well-preserved planktic foraminifera were recovered from the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section and the Globotruncanita elevata, Globotruncana ventricosa, Radotruncana calcarata, Globotruncanella havanensis, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Gansserina gansseri and Abathomphalus mayaroensis zones have been recognized. The planktic foraminiferal assemblage points to an early Campanian to Maastrichitian age for the CORBs of the eastern North Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt, which also provides a better understanding of the shifting progress of the Indian Plate to the north and the evolution of the Neotethyan ocean. The lithostratigraphy of the Chuangde Formation of the Tianbadong section comprises two lithological sequences observed in ascending succession: a lower unit (the Shale Member) mainly composed of purple (cherry-red, violet-red) shales with interbedded siltstones and siliceous rocks; and an upper unit (the Limestone Member) of variegated limestones. The strata of the Chuangde Formation in the Tianbadong section are similar to CORBs in other parts of the northern Tethyan Himalaya area of Asia (Gyangze, Sa’gya, Sangdanlin, northern Zanskar, etc.). The fossil contents of the Chuangde Formation in the sections (CORBs) studied provide a means of correlation with the zonation schemes for those of the northern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt and the Upper Cretaceous of the southern Tethyan Himalayan sub-belt. Paleogeographic reconstruction for the Late Cretaceous indicates that the Upper Cretaceous Chuangde Formation (CORBs) and correlatable strata in northern Zanskar were representative of slope to basinal deposits, which were situated in the northern Tethyan Belt. Correlatable Cretaceous strata in Spiti and Gamba situated in the southern Tethyan Belt in contrast were deposited in shelf environments along the Tethyan Himalayan passive margin. CORBs are most likely formed by the oxidation of Fe(II)-enriched, anoxic deep ocean water near the chemocline that separated the oxic oceanic surface from the anoxic.     

High-resolution cyclostratigraphic analysis from magnetic susceptibility in a Lower Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) marl–limestone succession (La Méouge,Vocontian Basin,France)

High-resolution magnetic susceptibility (MS) analysis was carried out on a Lower Kimmeridgian alternating marl–limestone succession of pelagic origin that crops out at La Méouge (Vocontian Basin, southeastern France). The aim of the study was to characterize the strong, dm-scale sedimentary cyclicity of the succession at a very high resolution, and to analyze the cycles for evidence of astronomical forcing. From marl to limestone, MS varies progressively and closely tracks the highest frequency cyclicity corresponding to the basic marl–limestone couplets. Long-term wavelength cycling modulates the high-frequency cyclicity (couplets), and appears to be controlled by clay content. Spectral analysis of the MS record reveals the presence of the complete suite of orbital frequencies in the precession, obliquity, and eccentricity (95–128 ka and 405 ka) bands with very high amplitude of the precession index cycles originating from dm-scale couplets. 405 ka-eccentricity cycles are very pronounced in the MS maxima of the marl members of the couplets, suggesting eccentricity-driven detrital input to the basin. 405 ka-orbital tuning of the MS maxima further sharpens all of the orbital frequencies present in the succession. These results are similar to those of previous studies at La Méouge that used carbonate content observed in field. Our results are also in accordance with cyclostratigraphic studies in Spain and Canada that report dominant precession index forcing. By contrast, in the Kimmeridge Clay (Dorset, UK), obliquity forcing dominates cyclic sedimentation, with weaker influence from the precession index. Ammonite zone duration estimates are made by counting the interpreted precession cycles, and provide an ultra-high resolution assessment of geologic time. In sum, this study demonstrates the power of the MS as a proxy in characterizing the high-resolution cyclostratigraphy of Mesozoic sections, particularly in alternating marl–limestone successions, and for high-resolution correlation and astronomical calibration of the geologic time scale.     

Multiproxy approach to understanding the origin of Cretaceous pelagic limestone–marl alternations (DSDP site 391, Blake-Bahama Basin)

Limestone–marl alternations are usually directly interpreted to reflect cyclic palaeoenvironmental signals. However, uncertainty in such interpretations stems from the differential diagenesis that most limestone–marl alternations have undergone. Differential diagenesis results in markedly different alterations between limestones and marls and in the loss of comparability of many measurable parameters. For an unequivocal interpretation of the origin of rhythmic alternations, diagenetically robust parameters or parameters that clearly indicate the degree of diagenetic bias are required. The present study uses a multiproxy approach (independent biotic, sedimentary and geochemical parameters) in order to unravel the palaeoenvironmental signal recorded in Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) limestone–marl alternations from the Blake‐Bahama Basin (DSDP site 391). Using this approach, terrestrial and marine influences can be distinguished, changes in nutrient levels estimated and prediagenetic differences in the non‐carbonate fraction constrained. Surprisingly, no systematic variations in any of these parameters were observed between limestone and marl layers, implying that none of these was directly responsible for the formation of the rhythmic alternation. Hence, none of the current models of sedimentary formation of limestone–marl rhythmites is applicable here. Calcareous nannofossils are equally well preserved in limestone and marl layers, ruling out their dissolution in marl layers as a source of the calcite cement in the limestone beds. Sr values of 700–900 p.p.m. indicate that aragonite may have been present in the original, pelagic sediment. The assumption of fine‐grained sedimentary aragonite imported from nearby carbonate platforms as the source of the cement would explain a number of otherwise enigmatic features in these rhythmites, including the source of the calcite cement observed in the limestones, the equally good preservation of calcareous nannofossils in limestones and marls and the higher concentration of calcareous nannofossils in marl layers. The study demonstrates that examination of diagenetically inert parameters or parameters in which diagenetic effects can be filtered can yield unexpected results. Clearly, careful analysis of such parameters needs to be undertaken in order to make reliable palaeoenvironmental interpretations from rhythmite successions.     

秦皇岛石门寨亮甲山奥陶系剖面化学地层和旋回地层研究

根据秦皇岛石门寨亮甲山奥陶系剖面的化学地层和岩石地层特征,将亮甲山组(O1l)细分为下、中、上段。选取Fe/Ca、Ti/Ca作为古气候替代指标,开展时间序列分析。通过多窗谱法(MTM)和傅里叶变换法(FT),从Fe/Ca、Ti/Ca比值中共提取出两个明显的米兰科维奇旋回：长偏心率405 ka和短偏心率90 ka。基于长偏心率周期建立的天文年代标尺表明,亮甲山组沉积时长为6.2 Ma,平均沉积速率为14.68 m/Ma,其中亮甲山组下段(0.00~48.00 m)和中上段(48.00~91.00 m)的沉积速率分别为12.00 m/Ma和19.55 m/Ma;马家沟组下部的沉积速率为18.00 m/Ma。奥陶纪生物大辐射可能直接导致碳酸盐生产模式由以灰泥生产为主转变为以生物碎屑生产为主,并使亮甲山组下段与中上段之交碳酸盐沉积速率大幅增加。旋回地层分析显示,早、中奥陶世之交天文轨道周期变化引起的地球气候改变可能对奥陶纪生物大辐射有重要的调控作用。     

Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Distribution, Lithostratigraphy and Paleoenvironments

Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) represented by red shales and marls, were deposited during the Cretaceous and early Paleocene, predominantly in the Tethyan realm, in lower slope and abyssal basin environments. Detailed studies of CORBs are rare; therefore, we compiled CORBs data from deep sea ocean drilling cores and outcrops of Cretaceous rocks subaerially exposed in southern Europe, northwestern Germany, Asia and New Zealand. In the Tethyan realm, CORBs mainly consist of reddish or pink shales, limestones and marlstones. By contrast, marlstones and chalks are rare in deep-ocean drilling cores. Upper Cretaceous marine sediments in cores from the Atlantic Ocean are predominantly various shades of brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown and pale brown in color. A few red, pink, yellow and orange Cretaceous sediments are also present. The commonest age of CORBs is early Campanian to Maastrichtian, with the onset mostly of oxic deposition often after Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs), during the early Aptian, late Albian-early Turonian and Campanian. This suggests an indicated and previously not recognized relationship between OAEs, black shales deposition and CORBs. CORBs even though globally distributed, are most common in the North Atlantic and Tethyan realms, in low to mid latitudes of the northern hemisphere; in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean in the mid to high latitudes of the southern hemisphere; and are less frequent in the central Pacific Ocean. Their widespread occurrence during the late Cretaceous might have been the result of establishing a connection for deep oceanic current circulation between the Pacific and the evolving connection between South and North Atlantic and changes in oceanic basins ventilation.     

THE TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE OF YANYUAN BASIN IN THE SOUTHEASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

THE TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE OF YANYUAN BASIN IN THE SOUTHEASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAUYoungGeologistofGMR(Qn979816 )andNSFCGeneralProjects(4980 2 0 13)     

Glacial and climate history of the last 24 000 years in the Polar Ural Mountains,Arctic Russia,inferred from partly varved lake sediments

We present a well‐dated, high‐resolution and continuous sediment record spanning the last c. 24 000 years from lake Bolshoye Shchuchye located in the Polar Ural Mountains, Arctic Russia. This is the first continuous sediment succession reaching back into the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ever retrieved from this region. We reconstruct the glacial and climate history in the area since the LGM based on sedimentological and geochemical analysis of a 24‐m‐long sediment core. A robust chronology was established using a combination of AMS ¹⁴C‐dating, the position of the Vedde Ash and varve counting. The varved part of the sediment core spans across the LGM from 24 to 18.7 cal. ka BP. We conclude that the lake basin remained ice‐free throughout the LGM, but that mountain glaciers were present in the lake catchment. A decrease in both glacial varve preservation and sedimentation rate suggests that these glaciers started to retreat c. 18.7 cal. ka BP and had disappeared from the catchment by 14.35 cal. ka BP. There are no indications of glacier regrowth during the Younger Dryas. We infer a distinct climatic amelioration following the onset of the Holocene and an Early to Middle Holocene thermal optimum between 10–5 cal. ka BP. Our results provide a long‐awaited continuous and high‐resolution record of past climate that supplements the existing, more fragmentary data from moraines and exposed strata along river banks and coastal cliffs around the Russian Arctic.