矿物学研究从资源属性到环境属性的发展

资源与环境是地球科学的两大主题,在回顾矿物资源属性的基础上,提出了矿物学环境属性的研究。在矿物形成和变化的过程中,不同时间和空间的环境变化都会在矿物中留下烙印,使得矿物成为记录 环境演变信息的载体。利用矿物能被防止分解的一面,采取相应的措施防止矿物的破坏与分解,就有可能减少甚至避免由于矿物的破坏与分解所造成的对人体健康的影响和生态环境的破坏。类似于有机生物处理方法,利用无机矿物处理污染物的方法,体现了天然自净化作用的特色。天然矿物对污染物的净化功能主要体现在环境矿物材料基本性能方面。 矿物与生物的交互作用研究,是无机界与有机界交叉渗透性研究课题。纳米矿物所表现出的超乎寻常的化学性质是其有效参与纳米生物作用的关键。     

矿物环境属性与无机界天然自净化功能

本将矿物学研究从岩石圈拓展到水圈、大气圈、生物圈与土壤圈之间交互作用的矿物环境属性范畴，研究表明，矿物可成为记录环境演变信息的载体；防止矿物的破坏与分解有可能减少甚至避免由此所造成的对人体健康的影响与生态环境的破坏；矿物与生物交互作用的研究与天然矿物治理污染物的是建立在充分利用自然规律的基础之上，体现了天然自净化作用的特色。天然矿物对污染物的净化功能主要体现在环境矿物材料基本性能方面。天然铁的硫化物，铁的氧化物，锰的氧化物、钛的氧化物。蛭石，有机蒙脱石和含高价阳离子蒙脱石，以及黄钾铁矾等均在处理无机与有机污染物方面展现出良好效果，矿物与其环境界面原子尺度相互作用过程研究，矿物内部结构缺陷影响矿物表面活性规律研究，矿物晶体结构中不同维次连通性孔道效应研究,矿物化学活性作发化污染物方法研究，以及矿物晶芽与生物细胞层次上交互作用净化污染物机理研究等，将是近期着力开发无机界矿物天然自净化功能的重点研究内容。     

硅酸盐中非沸石类孔道结构矿物及其环境属性

对硅酸盐中非沸石类矿物进行的晶体结构特征分析发现,某些链层状硅酸盐矿物(如坡缕石和海泡石)、钛硅酸盐中的硅钛铌钠石、硅钛铌钠矿、钙霞石、方钠石等,以及锰、锆、钒、钇硅酸盐矿物中的水硅钡锰石、堇青石、水钠锆石、水硅钒钙石等矿物中都存在有孔道结构,其孔道直径为0.25~1.0 nm。本文综述了这些孔道结构矿物吸附和交换有害重金属离子、催化降解有机污染物的环境功能和属性。     

锰氧化物和氢氧化物中的孔道结构矿物及其环境属性

运用晶体化学理论，通过矿物孔道结构的基本概念，描述软锰矿、拉锰矿、恩苏塔锰矿、锰钡矿、锰钾矿、锰铅矿、水锰矿、斜方水锰矿、钡硬锰矿和钙锰矿等矿物的孔道结构特征。总结出孔道结构锰氧化物和氢氧化物矿物在环境修复和治理中的吸附效应、孔道效应、催化效应、氧化还原效应以及纳米效应，并展望孔道结构锰氧化物和氢氧化物矿物在环境属性开发领域的应用前景。     

地质遗迹资源属性浅析

地质遗迹资源是一种特殊的自然资源,是社会的宝贵财富.目前对地质遗迹资源的研究主要集中在地质遗迹资源的分类、评价及信息化建设等方面,对地质遗迹资源的属性尚未进行全面分析.论文从广义的地质遗迹资源——矿产资源、土地资源和水资源入手,进而对地质遗迹资源的属性进行较全面的论述,并分析了其自然属性、经济属性、环境属性、社会属性和科学属性之间的关系.地质遗迹资源属性的研究对于促进地质遗迹资源保护与利用工作的顺利进行,发挥地质遗迹资源的价值与功能具重要作用.     

用环境同位素论区域地下水资源属性

从可持续角度提出了区域地下水资源属性的概念; 分析了含水层系统中地下水质点的时间效应; 利用大量同位素资料分析了不同区域含水层系统中的地下水资源属性和人类活动对地下水资源属性的影响.指出利用环境同位素是研究区域地下水资源属性最直接、有效的方法; 正确认识评价区域地下水资源属性对实现地下水资源可持续性具有重要意义.      

矿物解理属性在宝石鉴定中的应用

解理面反光和光泽、解理的完全度、解理面组数及其夹角、解理的空间形态、解理面反光与矿物粒度的关系等构成了矿物解理的属性，这些属性在不同种的宝石矿物或同种宝石矿物各个体中性质不同，因此可应用于宝石的鉴定，尤其肉眼对翡翠鉴别时起到关键作用。     

天然锰钾矿晶体化学特征及其环境属性

通过XRD和IR对湖南湘潭锰矿中含锰氧化物进行物相分析，确认其主要物相为单斜晶系锰钾矿。利用锰的磁性质计算得到锰以Mn^4 、Mn^2 组合形式存在，结合电子探针微区化学成分分析计算出矿物的晶胞参数和样品的晶体化学式。该天然锰钾矿结晶粒度属于纳米级，其晶体结构中存在孔径不一的两种孔道，K^ 位于由[MnO6]八面体所构筑的较大孔道内。天然锰钾矿具有表面吸附，氧化还原、离子交换、孔道效应和纳米效应等良好的环境属性。     

工业固体废物资源循环利用矿物学

固体废物是一种潜在的“混合复杂资源”,实现固体废物资源循环利用是构筑可持续资源供给与应用的重要方式,也是循环经济的重要内容。阐述了固体废物资源循环利用的属性特点、意义和5R原则,同时总结了固体废物资源循环利用研究的主要内容和学科基础,归纳了固体废物资源循环利用面临的主要科学技术问题。以蛇纹石尾矿、煤矸石、粉煤灰、冶炼渣、工业副产石膏、电子废物等典型固废资源循环利用为例,介绍了不同种类固废的矿物学特性、循环利用发展方向,并阐述了固体废物资源循环利用的矿物学方法,指出了未来工业固体废物资源循环利用的研究重点。     

地下空间资源的属性特征

地下空间资源作为一种赋存于地质体内且受地质条件控制的资源,首先具有天然的自然属性;其次其开发利用受经济技术水平限制;并且其利用领域广泛,适用性与实用性强。正确认识地下空间的资源属性,对科学开发利用具有极其重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

Metal recovery from power plant ash: An ecological approach to coal utilization

The growing use of coal in electrical generation is resulting in power plant solid waste becoming a serious national problem. For 1977, approximately 62 million tonnes of utility ash was produced in the US. If oil and gas burning units that were originally designed to burn coal switch back to that fuel, utility ash will be the fourth largest solid material produced in the US. Disposing of such quantities of wastes poses siting and pollution problems which are becoming critical in areas experiencing increased land use competition.An alternative to disposal is to recover the constituent metals of the ash. Aluminium, iron, manganese, calcium, titanium, and magnesium are all present in fly ash, the utility waste that poses the major disposal problem. This paper indicates that metal recovery is an attractive alternative if national instead of special interest goals are maximized. Metal recovery from fly ash is attractive on environmental, self-sufficiency, and stragegic grounds although it may not be a wise decision for an individual entrepreneur. The geography of power plant location within the US is increasing the economical attractiveness of this potential resource since large, new facilities produce sufficient quantities of material that can be used in nearby metal smelters.     

Temperature and pH Dependence of Some Metals Leaching from Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste

Abstract. Municipal solid waste combustion leads to concentration of various metals in the solid residue (fly ash) remaining after combustion. These metals pose serious environmental hazard and require proper handling and monitoring in order to control their harmful effects. Leachability of some metals from fly ash was examined in fly ash and Milli-Q water mixture (liquid-to-solid ratio, 100) under various temperature and pH conditions in the laboratory. The leaching experiments conducted for 24 hours showed that pH was generally more important than temperature in controlling the amount of metals leached out of the fly ash. However, at a given pH, rise in temperature led to different degree of (usually one to two fold) enhanced or reduced leaching of metals. Owing to amphoteric nature of oxides of Al, Cr, Pb and Zn, these metals often yielded typical pattern of increase and decrease in their concentrations with change in pH. The extent of leaching of Cr and Pb in our experiments suggests that decrease of pH to acidic range in the case of Pb and to neutral to acidic range for Cr over a long period of storage of fly ash at solid waste dumping site may facilitate leaching of these metals from fly ash, leading to contamination of groundwater to the level that exceeds beyond the level permitted by the environmental laws.     

华能南京电厂不同粒径粉煤灰中微量元素分布及其富集规律

华能南京电厂不同粒径粉煤灰的化学成分和矿物相组成基本相同，煤粉所含矿物质在高温燃烧过程中的挥发－凝聚作用，导致微量元素趋向细粒径粒煤灰中富集，其富集的程度则与粉煤灰的平均粒径和元素的地球化学性质密切相关，粉煤灰排放的环境效应表明，尤以细粒径灰粒的影响最大。     

Hydro-mechanical evaluation of stabilized mine tailings

. In this study, mine tailings waste was stabilized using a combination of lime, fly ash type "C", and aluminum. Treated samples were subjected to mineral identification for evaluating the formation of ettringite and gypsum. Also, unconfined compression, hydraulic conductivity, and cyclic freeze and thaw tests were performed to evaluate the hydro-mechanical properties of the stabilized samples. Experimental results have shown that the application of lime and fly ash type "C" to high sulfate content tailings has improved its plasticity, workability, and volume stability. Moreover, upon addition of aluminum to lime and fly ash in a sulfate-rich environment, ettringite and calcium sulfo-aluminate hydrate are formed in these samples. Application of 5% lime, 10% fly ash type "C", in combination with 110 ppm aluminum, resulted in the formation of a solid monolith capable of producing more than 1,000 kPa of unconfined compressive strength, and reduced tailings permeability to 1.96᎒^–6 cm s^–1, which is less than the recommended permeability of 10^–5 cm s^–1 by most environmental protection agencies for reusability of solidified/stabilized samples. The permeability of the treated tailings samples remained below the recommended permeability, even after exposing the treated samples to 12 freeze and thaw cycles. Therefore, based on the experimental results, it is concluded that treatment of high sulfate-content tailings with lime and fly ash, combined with the availability of aluminum for reactions, is a successful method of solidifying highly reactive mine tailings.     

Thermal Degradation of PCDD/Fs Promoted by Alcohol Amines in Different Types of Incinerator Ashes

The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medical waste incinerator and hazardous waste incinerator, were compared. Experimental design was used to investigate the homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs and distribution of the toxic congeners in fly ash from incinerator after thermal treatment promoted by alcohol amines. The effect of ethanolamine (MEA) on the hydrodechlorination reaction of polychlorinated aromatics pollutants on fly ash from solid waste incinerator was carried out, and the three ashes clearly showed different degradation potentials for PCDD/F during thermal treatment. Results from the present study indicate that (1) the concentration of alkaline species and metals strongly influenced the degradation of PCDD/F; (2) after addition of 8% MEA, the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs in fly ash were significantly lower than those obtained without MEA. 49%–71% of PCDD/Fs in TEQ was removed from different types of ash at 250℃ with 8% MEA; (3) the destruction and dechlorination are major mechanism for PCDD/Fs degradation.     

An experimental investigation into the compaction characteristic of granulated gangue backfilling materials modified with binders

Solid backfill mining has apparent technical advantages in extracting coal resource under sensitive surface structures such as buildings and roads; meanwhile, as an effective method of disposing mining wastes, it works well in solving some environmental problems caused by mining activities. In addition, the controlling effect of solid backfill mining is directly related to the compaction characteristic of backfilling materials. The present study aims to modify the backfilling materials by assessing the effect of binders (cement, fly ash, and lime) on the compaction characteristic of granulated gangue backfilling materials. The compaction test was performed with rock mechanic test system equipped with a self-made circular cylinder apparatus. From the results obtained, cement is not the suitable binder for modifying the gangues backfilling materials, while fly ash or lime, when the dosage is up to 20 wt%, is beneficial to the compaction characteristic of backfilling materials. The relationship between strain behavior and micro-structure of backfilling materials was investigated by SEM and the effect of fly ash or lime on the strain behavior of backfilling materials could be associated with its cementation and gap-filling effect.     

利用提钾废渣和粉煤灰制备矿物聚合材料的实验研究

利用富钾岩石提钾后的废渣代替硅酸钠 (钾 )、大部分高岭石和氢氧化钠 (钾 ) ,以粉煤灰为主要原料 ,制备出矿物聚合材料 ,并采用正交实验确定其优化工艺条件为 :煅烧高岭石用量为 10 %～ 15 % ,废渣用量约 35 % ,氢氧化钠用量为 5 %～ 6 %。代表性样品的 7d抗压强度可达到 4 0～ 5 0MPa ,耐酸性、耐碱性分别为 99.99%和 10 0 % ,密度1.77～ 1.88g/cm3 ,收缩率 0 .13%～ 0 .2 8% ,导热系数 0 .4 8～ 0 .5 1W/m·K ,平均硬度 3.4 3。X射线粉末衍射分析表明 ,由铝硅酸盐聚合反应形成的基体相呈非晶态。扫描电镜分析絮凝状的基体相与粉煤灰玻璃体结合紧密 ,从而为制品具备良好的力学性能提供了结构基础。该矿物聚合材料成本低廉 ,同时又能利用粉煤灰等工业固体废物而达到改善环境的目的     

Northern Greece's industrial minerals: production and environmental technology developments

This paper reviews the use of Greek industrial minerals into developing low-cost, high-tech solutions to remediate parts of the chemical pollution environmental problem. The remediation strategy, based on the application and implementation of the Greek industrial minerals potential, became a major line of investigation in projects to develop new environmental technologies. Although past and current experiments have been successful on a lab scale in a number of applications, the results have not always been implemented on industrial scales. Greek olivine has been successfully tested as neutralizing agent for acid wastes, co-producing exploitable amounts of silica gel, magnesium sulphate and magnetite. Vermiculite is currently tested as an environmental ‘cleanser' in a variety of applications, i.e. metalliferous mine seepage and processing waters, organically contaminated waste water from the textile/dye industry and absorption material for oil spills. Wollastonite will be applied as long-term fertiliser and dolomite, as a substitute of asbestos in brake linings, as pollution controller of heavy metal concentrations in waste waters and as a binder to stabilize waste solids. Magnesite has been successfully applied for neutralization of acid mine wastes produced from active sulphide deposits. Zeolites (fly ash and perlite converted to zeolites were also considered) is an objective for several environmental applications, i.e. as floating absorbent for waste water ponds, as drinking water purificator or as smell abatement.     

滇东北镇雄硫磺矿区环境地质问题及其对策与意义

硫磺渣是硫磺矿区主要的矿业固废,其随意堆放可产生一系列的环境地质问题,并对山水林田湖草等自然资源、环境及人的健康构成较大危害。滇东北地区长期以硫铁矿为原料、以煤炭为燃料,土法炼硫生产硫磺,导致巨量硫磺渣堆积,产生了严重的环境地质问题。本文针对该地区镇雄县硫磺矿区,调查了小硫磺生产形成硫磺渣的规模和特征,梳理了该硫磺矿区主要环境地质问题及其对当地生态环境的影响,认为目前镇雄硫磺矿区存在的环境污染、自然资源破坏及可能形成的矿渣性泥石流等环境地质现状与过去40多年的小硫磺生产密切相关。基于以上认识,强调应结合矿业固废无害化、减量化和资源化技术政策,从资源回收利用、生态环境恢复、地质灾害防治和文化遗产保护方面探讨和提出镇雄硫磺矿区矿渣治理和生态修复的新理念和新对策。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北缘煤炭固体废弃物中铝的特征

为了研究煤炭固体废弃物中铝的含量及赋存状态,探讨其中氧化铝提取的可能性,在处理煤炭固体废弃物的同时扩大我国自然铝资源,分别采用化学分析、XRD、SEM及粒度分布等方法对鄂尔多斯北缘准格尔等煤田煤矸石及粉煤灰进行了化学成分、物相组成及结构测定。结果表明:该地区的煤矸石和粉煤灰中氧化铝的质量分数均接近或大于40%, 达到了铝矿床的工业品位;煤矸石中铝主要赋存在高岭石和勃姆石中,OF灰中铝主要赋存在莫来石中,而CFB灰中铝则赋存在非晶态物质中;同时CFB灰与OF灰相比具颗粒细小且粒度分布均匀、颗粒形态呈絮状、结构活性高等特点;CFB灰中的铝活性高易提取,煤矸石中的铝只需要热活化即可提取,而OF灰中的铝则需要化学活化才可以提取。高铝煤炭固体废弃物中铝的有效提取可以补充铝资源的不足。