吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中主要组分结构特征与生烃性分析

在高纯度煤岩显微组分分离富集的基础上,应用透射式显微傅里叶红外光谱技术 (Micro FTIR),对吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中的主要组分-镜质体、丝质体、角质体、藻类体的结构组成进行了测定。结果表明 :藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,芳香结构含量相对较少;角质体和基质镜质体中含有较丰富的芳香结构以及长链脂族结构;而丝质体则主要由芳香结构组成,脂族结构含量很少。显微组分的这种结构特征决定了藻类体具有很高的生烃潜力、角质体和镜质体的生烃潜力中等、而丝质体的生烃潜力则很低。对于吐哈盆地煤成油来说,由于藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,并且生烃潜力也高,因此其具有高的液态烃产率、丝质体的产油率最小、角质体和镜质体的液态烃产率中等。由于镜质体是本区煤中含量最高的组分。因此,对于吐哈盆地所形成的具有工业规模的油田来说,镜质体应该是主要的贡献组分之一。但对于富含藻类体的厚层状烛藻煤,由于它类型好,品质高、生烃潜力大、以中长链脂族结构为主,是煤成油最理想的源岩。     

中国西北侏罗纪煤系显微组分热解油生物标志物特征及其意义

从西北地区侏罗纪煤中分离出来的不同显微组分热解油生物标志物总体上比较相似,但在一些特殊生物标志物的分布上存在明显差异。藻类体、孢子体、角质体热解油Pr/Ph比值一般在1.5～2.0之间,镜质体和基质镜质体热解油Pr/Ph比值在3～4之间,但均只有相应原煤抽提物Pr/Ph比值的一半。在常规生物标志物甾烷和萜烷组成中,藻类体和孢子体含有相对丰富的C27甾烷,角质体其次,镜质体和基质镜质体C27甾烷含量很低或者基本不含C27甾烷;藻类体和角质体含有较高的伽马蜡烷,而与藻类体来自相同原煤的孢子体伽马蜡烷含量很低;镜质体和基质镜质体基本上不含伽马蜡烷;分离显微组分的原煤伽马蜡烷含量均很低。由此可见,伽马蜡烷的含量不仅与有机质沉积水体的盐度有关,与母源的成分也有关系。显微组分热解油与煤系原油生物标志物组成特征对比表明,煤系原油是藻类体、孢子体、角质体等富氢组分和相对贫氢的镜质组生成产物的混合物。不同油气藏中的原油,每一类显微组分的贡献可能不尽相同,有些原油可能主要来源于藻类体和孢子体等富氢显微组分,而有些原油除了富氢显微组分有贡献外,镜质组对其也有一定的贡献,但富氢显微组分应该是煤系含油气盆地中主要的生油显微组分。     

西北地区侏罗纪煤系有机质成烃模式

西北地区侏罗纪煤系地层中主要的生轻显微组分是孢子体、角质体、藻类体、沥青质体、 碎屑类脂体、基质镜质体等,而树脂体、木栓质体等早期低熟竹油组分含量很低。从煤中分离出来的一些主要单显微组分的热解模拟显示它们成烃演化特征基本相似,主要生油窗在模拟温度３６０￣４５０℃,生油高峰在３９０￣４２０℃,分别相应于Ｒ＾０约０．７％￣１．２％和０．９５％￣１．０％左右。显微荧光分析表明,镜质组反射率Ｒ＾０在约０．     

焉耆盆地侏罗纪煤系源岩显微组分组合与生油潜力

焉耆盆地为我国西部含煤、含油气盆地, 侏罗系含煤地层是最重要的潜在源岩.对侏罗纪煤系中的暗色泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层分别进行了有机岩石学、Rock-Eval热解分析和核磁共振分析.泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层具有不同的有机岩石学和有机地球化学特征, 其中煤层具有3种有机显微组分组合类型, 不同显微组分组合类型的煤层具有不同的生油、生气潜力或倾油、倾气性.基质镜质体、角质体、孢子体等显微组分是煤中的主要生烃组分.侏罗系泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层具有不同的生物标志物分布特征, 生物标志物组合分析表明焉耆盆地已发现原油是泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层生成原油的混合产物.含煤地层的地球化学生烃潜力分析和已发现原油的油源对比均表明, 含煤地层不仅是重要的气源岩, 而且可成为有效的油源岩.      

沉积有机质的成烃热模拟实验研究

作者采用小玻管热模拟方法研究了煤及碳质泥岩中藻类体、基质镜质体、沥青质体、运移沥青、角质体、树脂体、孢子体、现代栓皮栎的木栓层,水生植物蓝藻(粘球藻)和水生动物虾蛄的成烃规律。并根据有机组分的荧光特性和显微傅利叶红外光谱特征初步建立了我国煤系源岩生油组分及现代海生生物蓝藻和虾蛄的生油模式。研究结果表明:结构藻类体生油晚,结束晚;不同类型的基质镜质体和沥青质体的成烃过程存在差异,且基质镜质体可早期生油;现代木栓组织的成烃模拟支持了木栓质体早期生油的观点;角质体、基质镜质体B的成烃具多阶段性的特点;现代粘球藻具生油晚,结束晚,且成烃范围宽;水生动物虾蛄具成烃早,结束早,且成烃范围窄的特点。     

吐哈盆地煤成烃主要贡献组分剖析

吐哈盆地中下侏罗统煤显微组分组成显示了“碎、小、薄”和过渡组分含量高的特点。结合显微和超微层次有机岩石学分析，在显微组分层次生烃组分主要为基质镜质体，碎屑类脂体、薄壁角质体、木栓质体和小孢子体在煤成烃中也有一定的贡献；超微层次生烃组分主要表现为分布于基质镜质体中的超微类脂体。煤中基质镜质体的高含量弥补了其单位生烃潜力低的不足，基质镜质体富氢成因在于生物化学阶段细菌等微生物对其强烈降解改造作用。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(R12)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明：本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg／gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg／gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0％)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(P21)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明:本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg/gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg/gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0%)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

腐殖煤的显微组分与生烃研究：以南华北太原组,山西组煤为例

本文采用煤岩学方法、热解分析和热模拟实验等，对南华北太原组和山西组腐殖煤进行了显微组分与生烃研究。腐殖煤的生烃量与显微组分组成关系密切，煤中富氢组分愈多，其生烃量愈大。富氢镜质体荧光性较强，具有较高的生油潜力。南华北太原组和山西组腐殖煤的主要生烃组分应是富氢镜质体和壳质组。     

西北地区侏罗纪煤系烃源岩和油气地球化学特征

阿尔金断裂以北的新疆地区煤系泥岩和煤均很发育,而以南的甘青宁地区湖相和沼泽相泥岩发育。煤系烃源岩中主要的成烃显微组分是壳质体、藻类体、基质镜质体等,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主;煤系泥岩一般为中到差油源岩,少数为好烃源岩,煤一般为差油源岩,下侏罗统源岩生烃潜力高于中侏罗统源岩;煤系原油一般为成熟的轻质、中蜡、低凝固点、低硫优质原油;油源对比表明煤系泥岩是主要烃源岩,煤和碳质泥岩是次要烃源岩;有利生油区域基本分布在侏罗纪的沉降沉积中心,而且后续埋藏又较深的山前坳陷区域。     

Coal as a source rock for oil: a review

The geological debate about whether, and to what extent, humic coals have sourced oil is likely to continue for some time, despite some important advances in our knowledge of the processes involved. It is clear that not only liptinites, but also perhydrous vitrinites have the potential to generate hydrocarbon liquids in the course of natural coalification. Some liptinites, especially alginite, cutinite, and suberinite, contain a higher proportion of aliphatic moieties in their structure than other liptinites such as sporinite and resinite and are, therefore, more oil-prone. It is of potential value to be able to predict the several environments of deposition in which coals with high liptinite contents or containing perhydrous vitrinites may have been formed. Review of the distribution of oil-prone coals in time and space reveals that most are Jurassic–Tertiary with key examples from Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia. Methods based both on experimental simulations and the examination of naturally matured samples have been used to determine the order of generation of hydrocarbons from different macerals. Results are not entirely consistent among the different approaches, and there is much overlap in the ranges of degradation, but it seems probable that in the natural environment vitrinites begin to generate early, followed by labile liptinites such as suberinite, then cutinite, sporinite, and, finally, alginite.Petroleum potential may be determined by experimental simulation of natural coalification or inferred through various micro-techniques, especially fluorescence and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, or bulk techniques such as elemental analysis and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The latter three techniques enable a measure of the polymethylene component of the coal, which now appears to be one of the best available approaches for determining petroleum potential. No method of experimental simulation of petroleum generation from coals is without criticism, and comparative results are highly variable. However, hydrous pyrolysis, confined pyrolysis, and forms of open-system hydrous pyrolysis approach acceptable simulations.Whether, and to what degree generated liquid hydrocarbons are expelled, has long been the central problem in ‘oil from coal’ studies. The structure of vitrinite was believed until recently to contain an interconnected microporous network in which generated oil would be contained until an expulsion threshold was attained. Recent studies show the pores are not interconnected. Combined with a dynamic model of pore generation, it now seems that expulsion of hydrocarbons is best explained by activated diffusion of molecules to maceral boundaries and ultimately by cleats and fractures to coal seam boundaries. The main reason for poor expulsion is the adsorption of oil on the organic macromolecule, which may be overcome (1) if coals are thin and interbedded with clastic sediments, or (2) if the coals are very hydrogen-rich and generate large quantities of oil.The existence of oil in vitrinite is attested to by solvent extractions, fluorescence properties, and by microscopic observations of oil and bitumen. Experimental simulation of expulsion of oil from coals has only recently been attempted. The relative timing of release of generated CO₂ and CH₄ could have considerable importance in promoting the expulsion of liquid hydrocarbons but the mechanism is unclear. As it is universally agreed that dispersed organic matter (DOM) in some shales readily generates and expels petroleum, it is curious that few consistent geochemical differences have been found between coal macerals and DOM in interbedded shales.Unambiguous evidence of expulsion from coals is limited, and in particular only a few commercial oil discoveries can be confidently correlated to coals. These include Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation coals in the USA, from which oil is produced; New Zealand Tertiary coals; and Middle Jurassic coals from the Danish North Sea. It is likely that coals have at least contributed to significant oil discoveries in the Gippsland Basin, Australia; in the Turpan Basin, China; and in the Kutei and Ardjuna basins in Indonesia, but this remains unproven. Early reports that early Jurassic coals in mid-Norway were a major source of the reservoired oils have been shown to be inaccurate.None of the proposed ‘rules of thumb’ for generation or expulsion of petroleum from coals seem particularly robust. Decisions on whether a particular coal is likely to have been an active source for oil should consider all available geological and geochemical information. The assumptions made in computational models should be well understood as it is likely with new understandings of processes involved that some of these assumptions will be difficult to sustain.     

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤成油研究

本文以有机岩石学和有机地球化学研究为基础，结合模拟实验，对中国西北地区准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤成油问题进行了详细讨论，结果表明，准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤含有丰富的类脂成分，壳质组特别是角质体含量高可能导致了本区高蜡石油的生成，壳质组和基质镜质体的含量决定了煤的氢指数和热解烃产值，它们共同构成了盆地内煤成油的母质。模拟排油实验证明了煤孔隙的吸附能力是有限的，在一定的压力条件下，煤中液态烃达到一定数量后就可以较好地排出。为了便于生产勘探，文中还讨论了煤系地层的沉积有机相，依据沉积相，有机地球化学和有机岩石学特征将煤系划分成四种沉积有机相:分别是高位沼泽有机相，森林沼泽有机相，流水沼泽有机相和开阔水体有机相，其中，流水沼泽有机相生成液态烃的潜力最大，以含有大量的角质体为特征；森林沼泽有机相的生烃潜力次之，以基质镜质体为主要成分；高位沼泽有机相生烃潜力最差，以惰性组和镜质组为主要的有机组分；而开阔水体有机相不是煤成烃研究的理想场所     

煤岩组分化学结构随热演化变化与生烃性研究

应用显微傅立叶红外光谱分析,研究了胜利油田附近的石炭系太原组煤烃源岩中主要生烃有机组分化学结构特征。结果表明,荧光镜质体富含芳烃结构和含氧有机结构,而树脂体和角质体富含脂肪烃结构,荧光镜质体和树脂体烷基烃碳链短或支化程度高。随热演化程度增高,荧光镜质体和树脂体红外光谱参数(CH₂+CH₃) C=C和CH₂ CH₃比值逐渐减小,而孢子体和角质体的这两个参数先增后减,反映出荧光镜质体与树脂体具早期生烃特点,而孢子体与角质体生烃演化具弱—强—弱特性,具生烃高峰期。      

煤岩显微组份和全煤热解色谱分析

随着石油勘探的深入和发展，煤和含煤沉积的生油问题，已经越来越引起人们的重视。为此，笔者选择了准噶尔盆地侏罗系富氢组份含量高的煤样和富镜质组的煤岩样品，采用快速热解法，对其显微组份和全煤的热解生烃潜势进行了研究。结果表明:（１）Ｒ_０值为０.３７～０.３９％的未成熟煤岩样品中，壳质组和镜质组在３５０～４５０℃温度区间有最大热解峰面积Ｓ_２。（２）富氢组份含量高的样品中，热解产物以正构烷烃＋正构烯烃为主，其次为芳烃化合物。（３）镜质组或富镜质组的煤岩样品中，Ａ１６００/Ｍｇ值较高时，热解产物在Ｃ_６-Ｃ_１５范围内，某些芳烃化合物成为主峰。（４）惰性组生烃能力最差，在较高温度下，形成含量很低的正构烷烃和烯烃，或在气态烃范畴产生少量烃类，或基本不产生热解产物。（５）随着加热时间的延长或原煤样品演化程度的升高，烯烃含量减少或消失，可能是干酪根转化过程中的残余氢为烯烃的氢化作用提供了氢源，使烯烃转化为烷烃的缘故。     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷煤成烃特征及形成

本文从油气基本性质、类型、成熟度、油气源分析以及煤，岩生烃、排烃机理等方面，以详尽的资料论证了目前在台北凹陷（不包括胜金口油田）所发现的油气是煤成烃，并得出如下结论：①该区的原油具有陆相原油的典型特征，从物性和成因上可以分为三类；②该区的煤成气以甲烷碳同位素偏轻、重烃气体碳同位素偏重为特征；③该区的原油和天然气成熟度低，来源于中、下侏罗统煤系源岩（主要是煤）；④该区能形成工业性煤成油气流与该区煤岩富氢组分含量高并具早期生、排烃等特点，以及良好的生储盖条件有关。