气动试验法测定渗透系数的可行性分析

基于竖管法测定沉积物渗透系数的原理,设计一种以空气作为流体测定沉积物渗透率的试验方法—气动试验法,将沉积物的空气渗透率(k_a)转换成用水当做流体时测定的渗透系数(K_w)。利用气动试验法和竖管法分别测定3组沙漠砂样和7组河漫滩砂样的渗透系数。试验结果表明,气动试验法测定沉积物的渗透系数可行,与竖管法相比更加方便、快捷,可以解决竖管法耗水、耗时的局限性,可应用于干旱-半干旱地区野外沉积物渗透系数的测定。     

张家港暨阳湖湖底沉积物渗透系数的现场测定

在湖水与地下水相互作用的定量研究中 ,湖底沉积物的渗透系数是极其重要的参数之一。湖底沉积物渗透系数的传统测定方法主要为实验室分析法。该方法不能进行渗透系数的现场测定。竖管测定法可现场测定湖底沉积物的渗透系数。在张家港暨阳湖已开挖的湖区约 0 .3km2 的范围内进行了 2 9个点的野外现场测定。其垂向渗透系数的平均值为 2 .76× 10 -7cm/s。暨阳湖湖底沉积物的渗透性等级为极微透水     

渭河河漫滩沉积物渗透性研究

利用竖管法现场测量渭河高漫滩沉积物的水平渗透系数和河漫滩饱和带沉积物的垂向渗透系数,分别测定了高漫滩5个层位和河漫滩饱和带78个点的渗透系数,分析了渗透系数在层内的变化以及在各层之间的差别。应用Matlab软件检验实验数据的统计分布规律并应用地质统计原理计算渗透系数的变异函数。分析得出高漫滩中单一沉积层中测得的渗透系数属于正态分布,河漫滩饱和带单一沉积层的渗透系数呈对数正态分布。根据实验,分析得出渗透系数与洪水水动力条件相关。洪水水动力条件大的情况下,沉积物以中砂、粗砂为主,沉积物有较大的渗透系数;当洪水水动力条件较小时,沉积物以细砂、粉砂沉积为主,其渗透系数也较小。     

高压密闭消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海洋沉积物中稀土元素

样品用HNO3-HF高压密闭消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱测定海洋沉积物中15种稀土元素。研究了消解方法、酸体系和质谱干扰对稀土元素测定的影响。结果表明,相比于电热板消解和微波消解,高压密闭消解具有酸用量少、消解完全、消解过程损失少等优点;HNO3-HF体系能有效地分解海洋沉积物样品;利用干扰离子校正方程,能有效地校正Ba和轻稀土元素所形成的多原子离子干扰。15种稀土元素的方法检出限为3～15 ng/g。使用水系沉积物标准物质GBW 07309和GBW 07311、海底沉积物标准物质GBW 07313进行验证,测定值与标准值基本吻合,相对标准偏差和相对误差均低于5%。方法用于长江口沉积物样品的测定,精密度(RSD,n=6)小于5%,加标回收率为95.8%～104%。该方法检出限低,精密度和准确度高,适用于大批海洋沉积物样品的分析。     

近海油气藏渗漏烃的检测方法综述

主要总结了海域油气藏渗漏烃的航空遥感和地球化学检测方法.遥感测量可以从宏观上圈定海面油膜的分布范围,是海上油气藏勘探前期常用的廉价方法;海底沉积物取芯测量和海水嗅探器现场分析是海域油气藏渗漏烃地球化学检测的主要手段,海水样品的脱气处理是海水介质中渗漏烃地球化学检测的关键环节;海水和海底沉积物取样设备与脱气技术的不断完善,为海域油气藏渗漏烃的检测提供了基本保障;目前,底层水采样分析与海底沉积物取芯分析已成为一种有效且相对经济的海域油气藏渗漏烃检测技术组合,与一些地球物理方法结合应用,可有效地圈定海底下方渗漏源的位置.     

河床沉积物中有机质对其垂向渗透系数的影响分析

采用水头下降立管法对渭河5个区域的河床渗透系数进行测定,并在室内分析其粒径分布及有机质含量。运用SPSS18.0软件分析不同类型的沉积物中有机质含量与其垂向渗透系数的关系。结论为:有机质主要通过改变黏土的结构从而改变沉积物的结构,进而影响垂向渗透系数值的大小;有机质对垂向渗透系数的影响关系与沉积物中有机质含量及黏土含量的组合关系密切相关。     

离子色谱法测定牛皮纸样袋中海底沉积物的氯量

对离子色谱法测定氯含量常用的IonPac AS14A保护柱和新型IonPac AS23分析柱进行对比实验,选择了IonPac AS23柱作为分析柱。解决了碳酸盐对氯离子测定的干扰,优化色谱条件,同时分析牛皮纸样袋中海底沉积物中的氯含量测定结果偏低的原因,拟定了准确测定牛皮纸样袋中海底沉积物中氯含量的方法。通过测定国家一级标准物质中氯含量,结果与标准值相符,其相对标准偏差≤2.66%。     

沙颍河河床沉积物渗透性规律分析

河床沉积物的渗透性是影响河水与地下水水量交换大小的一个重要因素。以沙颍河为例,采用原位竖管法测定了沙颍河界首-阜阳段河床沉积物垂向渗透系数 Kv和任意方向渗透系数 Ks,并采用变水头渗透仪法测得界首、太和实验点河床沉积物渗透系数。通过对比分析两种实验结果,得到沙颍河河床沉积物渗透性很小,但呈现从上游到下游逐渐变小的趋势,且呈明显各向异性,局部受采砂等人类活动的影响。     

海底沉积地层保真取样钻具的设计及应用

钻探取样技术作为海洋地质调查和资源勘探的主要方法,在海洋探索领域占据着十分重要的地位。海底地层以松软沉积物为主,常规钻探回转取样的方法极易破坏样品原状性,且样品采取率低,难以满足科学研究的要求。研制了一种以泥浆泵压驱动的沉积物保真取样钻具,并结合绳索取心技术,实现海底沉积地层保真取样。试验证明,该海底沉积地层保真取样钻具取样成功率高、作业效率高,所采取样品原位性、原状性好,完全满足海洋地质和土工实验等对样品的严格要求。     

利用Gassmann方程预测海底沉积物孔隙度

孔隙度对于石油勘探和海底测量等领域是一个重要的参数,但是海洋沉积物孔隙度的预测一直是个难点.对Gassmann方程进行变换,利用孔隙度和纵波声速的相关关系求解出孔隙度预测公式,并将该公式应用于南海南部海底沉积物孔隙度预测中.沉积物声速是根据南海采集的柱状样品在甲板上测量的,孔隙度是在实验室测量的.将Gassmann方程预测结果与沉积物柱状样品实验室测量结果进行对比研究.结果表明Gassmann方程能够较好的预测海底沉积物的孔隙度,对浅海地区的孔隙度预测尤为准确.利用误差范数分析法对Gassmann方程各输入参数进行敏感性分析,发现沉积物纵波声速对孔隙度预测精度影响最大.      

A method to estimate hydraulic conductivity from bulk geochemical compositions

A new method has been developed to estimate the hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated aquifers. The method uses bulk geochemical compositions correlated with hydraulic conductivities measured by pumping tests. The concept is based on a general rule that hydraulic conductivity is principally controlled by grain-size distribution and particle shape,both of which relate to mineralogical composition. Using a MINLITH algorithm, normative mineralogical compositions can be derived from bulk geochemical compositions economically and expediently, and then correlated to the hydraulic conductivity determined by pumping tests in the field. In this study, 202 sediment samples from nine unconsolidated aquifers were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. Although hydraulic conductivity does not show a definite relationship with geochemical compositions, it does demonstrate a linear logarithmic equation to the content of normative earthy minerals. However, linear regressed equations should not be applied to aquifers composed of medium to coarse sand and gravel sizes due to interference from lithic fragments. In addition, this equation tends to overestimate hydraulic conductivity possibly because the effect of compaction is ignored in this study.     

Evaluation of methods for determination of hydraulic properties in an aquifer–aquitard system hydrologically connected to a river

Field and laboratory methods have been used to determine the hydraulic properties in a multiple-layer aquifer–aquitard system that is hydrologically connected to a river. First, hypothetical pumping tests in aquifer–aquitard systems were performed to evaluate the feasibility of MODFLOW-PEST in determining these parameters. Sensitivity analyses showed that: the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer has the highest composite sensitivity; the vertical hydraulic conductivity has higher composite sensitivity than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquitard; and a partial penetration pumping well in an aquifer layer can improve the quality of the estimated parameters. This inverse approach was then used to analyze a pumping-recovery test conducted near the Platte River in southeastern Nebraska, USA. The hydraulic conductivities and specific yield were calculated for the aquitard and aquifer. The direct-push technique was used to generate sediment columns; permeameter tests on these columns produced the vertical hydraulic conductivities that are compatible with those obtained from the pumping-recovery test. Thus, the combination of the direct-push technique with permeameter tests provides a new method for estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity, determined from grain-size analysis, is smaller than the horizontal one but larger than the vertical one determined by the pumping-recovery test.     

Characterization of the physical and hydraulic properties of the sediment in karst aquifers of the Springfield Plateau,Central Missouri,USA

Physical and hydraulic properties of sediment from two karst aquifers were measured to determine (1) the similarity of sediment between karst aquifer systems and (2) the importance of sediment in modeling flow through karst aquifers. The sediment from the two systems was similar in size and composition. Within both aquifers, the silt-sized sediment was composed primarily of quartz, with minor amounts of plagioclase and clays. Hydraulic conductivity of the sediment measured directly (falling-head test) ranged from 1.61×10⁻⁷ to 1.33×10⁻⁶ m s^–1 and estimated using the Campbell equation ranged from 8.30×10⁻⁸ to 8.98×10⁻⁷ m s^–1. These values of hydraulic conductivity fall within the span of hydraulic conductivities for carbonate rocks, indicating that the sediment and carbonate matrix could be represented as one mathematical unit in modeling flow through karst aquifers. Statistical agreement in the hydraulic conductivity values generated by the two methods indicates that the estimation technique could be used to calculate hydraulic conductivities; thus allowing karst scientist to collect bulk sediment samples instead of having to collect cores from within karst aquifers. Electronic Publication     

美国内布拉斯加州普拉特河河床沉积物渗透系数的现场测定

竖管测定法可现场测定河床的渗透系数.采用人工梯度法和自然梯度法两种方法,对普拉特河位于卡尼市(KearneyCity)东南河段河床的垂直、水平和任意方向的渗透系数进行了野外现场测定.10个测点的垂向渗透系数的平均值为30.51m/d,一个测点的水平方向渗透系数为97.2m/d,其各向异性比率约为3.结果表明:普拉特河床沉积物剖面上具有一定的各向异性,平面上为非均匀介质.     

土壤吸湿-湿过程中水力传导度的拟合研究

非饱和含水介质在吸湿和脱湿的不同过程中,水力传导度随介质含水率的变化规律是不同的。本文选取大沽河流域两种代表性砂土,对其吸湿-脱湿两个过程分别进行试验观测,并使用VanGenuchten—Mualem模型对其吸湿-脱湿过程进行水力传导度的拟合。研究结果表明：砂土在吸湿过程的非饱和水力传导度与脱湿过程的非饱和水力传导度大小并不相同,在含水率相同的情况下,吸湿过程的水力传导度要比脱湿过程大,在含水率较低时（小于15％）相差可达1个数量级。     

液体对土工织物膨润土垫膨胀性和渗透性的影响

近年来土工织物膨润土垫（GCL）被越来越多地应用到各种防渗工程中,它的膨胀性和渗透性也成为了设计人员和研究人员所关注的焦点。通过水化膨胀试验、自由膨胀试验和渗透试验,研究了液体对GCL膨胀性能和渗透性能的影响以及膨胀性和渗透性之间存在的相关关系。试验结果表明, 水化液和渗透液的种类对GCL的膨胀性和渗透性有很大影响,其影响分别为：(1) 水化液相同时,渗透液的种类对GCL的渗透系数有影响,而渗透液相同时,水化液的种类对GCL的渗透系数也有影响;(2) GCL的水化膨胀量和渗透系数之间存在相关关系,水化膨胀量越大,渗透系数就越低;(3) GCL中膨润土的自由膨胀量和GCL的渗透系数之间也存在相关关系,自由膨胀量越大,GCL的渗透系数就越低。     

Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity in three-dimensional heterogeneous porous media

Numerical models of groundwater flow require the assignment of hydraulic conductivities to large grid blocks discretizing the flow domain; however, conductivity data is usually available only at the much smaller scale of core samples. This paper describes a geostatistical model for hydraulic conductivity at both the core or point scale and that of grid blocks. Conductivity at the block scale is obtained empirically as a spatial power-average of point scale values. Assuming a multivariate Gaussian model for point log-conductivity, expressions are derived for the ensemble mean and variance of block conductivity. The expression for the ensemble mean of block scale conductivity is found to be similar to an expression for the ensemble effective conductivity of an infinite field derived analytically by earlier authors. Here, block conductivities obtained by power averaging are compared with effective conductivities obtained from a numerical flow model and are found to be in excellent agreement for a suitably chosen averaging exponent. This agreement deteriorates gradually as the log variance of conductivity increases beyond 2. For arbitrary flow field geometry and anisotropic conductivity covariances, the averaging exponent can be calibrated by recourse to numerical flow experiments. For cubic fields and an isotropic spatial covariance, the averaging exponent is found to be 1/3. In this particular case, it was found that flow field discretization at the block scale through local averaging of point conductivities gave similar results to those obtained directly using a point scale discretization of the flow field.     

Statistical Distributions of Hydraulic Conductivity from Reliability Analysis Data

This paper describes a first-order reliability-based analysis to identify the best-fit probability distributions for hydraulic conductivity. The analysis involved the use of existing hydraulic conductivity model developed from laboratory data and applied to lateritic soils, considering variations in soil parameters. Plots of reliability indices versus coefficients of variation were first made for hydraulic conductivity as well as for initial degree of saturation, plasticity index and clay content, considering three compactive efforts and log-normally distributed hydraulic conductivity. The traditional two-parameter log-normal distribution was compared to four alternative distributions: normal, gamma, Gumbel (extreme value type I-EVT-I) and Weibull (extreme value type III-EVT-III). The analysis showed that the Weibull and normal are the best-fit probability distributions for the hydraulic conductivity based reliability data. Hydraulic conductivities predicted from reliability analysis were used to demonstrate the possibility of applying the results obtained in this research by practising engineers. Experimentally-determined hydraulic conductivities were shown to be in good agreement with predicted values.