Stage boundaries of the Triassic in Northeast Asia

The International Union of Geological Science approved the stage boundaries suggested by the international working groups for the Tethyan Triassic. In this work we estimate the possibility of their establishment and correlation in the Boreal sections of Northeast Asia, based on the analyzed distribution of ammonoids and conodonts. As the conodonts of the Induan Stage have not been identified for sure in the region under study, the lower boundary of the Triassic System is defined here at the base of the Otoceras concavum Zone of the ammonoid scale. In addition to the ammonoids Hedenstroemia hedenstroemi (Keyserling), the first occurrence of the conodonts Pseudogondolella nepalensis (Kozur et Mostler) is suggested to be the biomarker of the Olenekian Stage base. The lower boundaries of the Anisian and Ladinian stages, defined respectively at the basal levels of the Paracrochordiceras-Japonites Beds in Northern Dobrogea and the Eoprotrachyceras curionii Zone in the Brescian Prealps are recognizable, though with some reservations, at the base of the Grambergia taimyrensis and Eonathorstites oleshkoi zones in Northeast Asia. According to the priority principle and similarity between the ammonoid faunas of the Daxatina cf. canadensis Subzone and Frankites regoledanus Zone, the lower boundary of the Carnian Stage is defined at the base of the Alpine Trachyceras aon Zone. In Northeast Asia, this boundary is established at the base of the “Protrachyceras” omkutchanicum Zone, as we take into account the fact that the Daxatina and Stolleyites ammonoid genera occur in sections of British Columbia below the stratigraphic level of the Trachyceras forms. The lower boundary of the Norian Stage is concurrent with the base of the Guembelites jandianus Zone in the Alps and equivalent Stikinoceras kerri Zone in North America and Striatosirenites kinasovi Zone in Northeast Asia. The conodont species Norigondolella navicula (Huckriede) that is most important for the Boreal-Tethyan correlation cannot be used as a biomarker of the Norian lower boundary because of its problematic diagnosis and rare occurrence in the Boreal sections. The Rhaetian Stage base is defined at the appearance level of the Misikella conodont genus in the Hallstatt region, Austria, that is simultaneously the disappearance level of the characteristic Norian bivalves (Monotis) and ammonoids (Metasibirites). In Northeast Asia, this boundary is established at the top of the Monotis ochotica Zone. The correlation between the biostratigraphic units of the Middle-Upper Triassic conodont scale established in Northeast Asia and standard ammonoid zonation is verified.     

The Yakutosirenites armiger Ammonoid Zone of Northeast Asia as a Reference Level of the Boreal-Tethyan Correlation of the Lower Carnian

Problems of the Boreal-Tethyan correlation of the lower Carnian and their potential solutions are discussed. The composition and distribution of ammonoids in the most representative sections of the upper part of the lower Carnian Substage in Northeast Asia, including the northern Okhotsk Region, northern Verkhoyansk Region, and the central part of Kotelnyi Island, are considered. For the first time, the Yakutosirenites armiger ammonoid zone is paleontologically substantiated, and its boundaries in the lower Carnian section in the basin of the Tikhaya River of Kotelnyi Island are defined. The composition of the ammonoid assemblage of the armiger Zone in the studied region is emended and supplemented. It contains, along with the local ammonoid taxa (Yakutosirenites armiger (Vozin), Arctophyllites okhotensis Konstantinov) and rare exotic species of southern origin (Siberioklipsteinia dagysi Konstantinov), the cosmopolitan genus Sirenites. The history of the study and the morphology of the genus Sirenites are considered, and data on its stratigraphic and geographic distribution are summarized. The presence of Sirenites senticosus (Dittmar) and S. ovinus Tozer in the ammonoid assemblage of the armiger Zone of Northeast Asia enables its direct correlation with Tethyan sections, i.e., with the Austrotrachyceras obesum and Sirenites nanseni zones of British Columbia and with the Austrotrachyceras austriacum Zone of the Alpian scale and their equivalents, widespread in many Tethyan regions. This makes it possible to consider the armiger Zone of Northeast Asia as a reference level of the Boreal-Tethyan correlation of the lower Carnian.     

Paleogeographic regionalization of Triassic seas based on conodontophorids

Geographic differentiation of conodontophorids between northern and southern latitudes commenced in the Triassic since the early Induan. Cosmopolitan long-lived genera of predominantly smooth morphotypes without sculpturing were characteristic of high-latitude basins of the Panboreal Superrealm. Since the early Olenekian until the Carnian inclusive, this superrealm consisted of the Siberian Realm that extended over Northeast Asia and the Canada-Svalbard Realm that included the Svalbard Archipelago and northern regions of Canada. Throughout the Triassic period, conodontophorids characteristic of the Tethys-Panthalassa Superrealm spanning the Tethys and low-latitude zones of the Pacific were highly endemic, very diverse in taxonomic aspect, having well-developed sculpturing and tempos of morphological transformations. Distinctions between the Early-Middle Triassic conodontophorids from northern and southern zones were not as great as afterward, and their impoverished assemblages from southern Tethyan basins were close in some respects to the Boreal ones. Their habitat basins of that time can be grouped into the Mediterranean-Pacific and India-Pakistan realms. Hence, the extent of geographic differentiation of conodontophorids was not constant and gradually grew, as their taxonomic diversity was reducing in northern basins but relatively increasing in southern ones. The Panboreal e Tethys-Panthalassa superrealms of conodontophorids, which are most clearly recognizable, are close to first-rank paleobiochores (superrealms) established earlier for ammonoids and bivalve mollusks. Main factor that controlled geographic differentiation of Triassic conodontophorids was climatic zoning. Initially lower diversity of southern Tethyan assemblages points probably to relatively cooler water regime in the peri-Gondwanan part of the Tethys. The established patterns in geographic distribution of conodontophorids characterize most likely the real trend of their differentiation and evolution, i.e., the distribution area contraction prior to complete extinction at the end of the Triassic     

Triassic biochronology: State of the art and main problems

According to known resolution of the IUGS, the International Stratigraphic Commission entrusted its subcommissions with a task to prepare proposals for the official approval of boundaries between Phanerozoic stages. Specially organized working groups were later renamed as special teams for seeking the Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP) for these boundaries. In 2001, the GSSP of lower boundary for the Induan Stage, the basal one in the Triassic System, was officially approved to be in the Meishan section of southern China. The selection appeared to be lame, because the Permian-Triassic boundary layers of the stratotype section are lacking ammonoids. As a result, this boundary is now based only on the first occurrence level (FO) of conodont species Hindeodus parvus. Soon, the proposal of Chinese paleontologists to consider the western Pingdingshan section in the Anhui Province as the GSSP for the lower boundary of the Olenekian Stage may win the official recognition. This boundary between the Olenekian and Anisian stages, which is placed at the FO of conodont species Neospathodus waageni is the least debatable. The Mt. Desli Caira section in northern Dobrogea (Romania) is most appropriate for its global stratotype. In contrast, the Anisian-Ladinian boundary appeared to be most disputable. The Subcommission on Triassic Stratigraphy should select one of three GSSP candidates proposed. The lower Carnian boundary traditionally drawn at the aon Zone base suffered some changes. It is proposed to place it at the FO of the ammonoid genus Daxatina with the GSSP in the Dolomites of Italy. The Norian and Rhaetian boundaries are under discussion.     

Zonal correlation and boundaries of the lower Carnian Substage in Northeastern Asia

The stratigraphic distribution of ammonoids was analyzed in the Daxatina canadensis Subzone of the Trachyceras Zone distinguished in the Dolomites of Italy. It was established that ammonoids of the Daxatina and Trachyceras genera are confined to the lower and upper parts of the canadensis Subzone in the Stuores-Wiesen section, which was suggested as a global stratigraphic section of the lower boundary of the Carnian Stage. Owing to discreteness of the ammonoid complex and absence of the Trachyceras genus, the lower part of the canadensis Subzone was excluded from the Trachyceras generic zone and is considered as the independent Daxatina canadensis Zone, which overlies the Frankites regoledanus Zone. On the basis of the principle of priority and similar ammonoids of the canadensis and regoledanus zones, the lower boundary of the Carnian Stage was accepted in the basement of the Alpine Trachyceras aon Zone and coincides with appearance of the Trachyceras genus. The main problems of the Boreal-Tethyan correlation of the Lower Carnian and adjacent stratigraphic levels are reviewed. The composition and distribution of the Lower Carnian ammonoids of northeastern Asia are specified taking into account the results of the revision of the Early Carnian trachyceratids of this region. Being the traditional biomarkers of the basal beds of the Carnian Stage in the Tethys, the ammonoids of the Trachyceras genus, which were unknown before in the Boreal Realm, were identified for the first time in the Lower Carnian of northeastern Asia. The Lower Carnian rocks of northeastern Asia, British Columbia, and the Alps were zonally correlated and the Lower Carnian boundaries were substantiated in the Boreal Realm. The Boreotrachyceras omkutchanicum Zone correlates with the Alpine Trachyceras aon Zone by the presence of the Trachyceras genus and stratigraphic position over the Stolleyites tenuis Zone and its analogs in British Columbia. The ammonoid complex of the Neosirennites armiger Zone includes Sirenites s.s., in particular, Sirenites ovinus Tozer species, known in the upper zone of the Lower Carnian of British Columbia (Sirenites nanseni), which allows comparison of the armiger and nanseni zones and, through it, with the upper part of the Alpine Austrotrachyceras austriacum Zone.     

藏高珠穆朗玛峰地区三叠系层序地层及沉积演化：—从陆表海盆地到裂谷盆地

珠峰地区的三叠系形成于大陆拉伸背景。自下而上可划分为12个三级沉积层序和5个层序组，分属于2个中层序。发生在Induan阶初期（约250Ma)，Anisian阶早期（约239Ma),Carnian阶初期（约231Ma）和Norian早期（约223Ma)的4个海侵事件最为重要。可作跨越板块的地层对比标志。藏南地区在三叠纪经历了从泛大陆到大陆裂谷的构造演化，早一中三叠世以陆表海盆地浅水环境为主，晚三叠世以深水断陷盆地为特征。晚三叠世晚期，与长期全球海平面下降相伴随，过量的陆源碎屑输入造成该地区由深水盆地转为河流作用明显的三角洲平原环境。     

Stratigraphic significance of Middle Triassic radiolarians from the central part of Kotel’nyi Island (New Siberian Islands)

New data on Middle Triassic radiolarians from the central part of Kotel’nyi Island are discussed. The Triassic section is represented by clays and mudstones with diverse macro- and microfossils, which confirm the presence of lower Anisian, upper Anisian, and upper Ladinian sediments on the island. The lower Anisian Substage 10–15 m thick is composed of clays with ammonoid species Karangatites evolutus. The upper Anisian Substage 20 m thick consists of clays with phosphate concretions and bivalves Daonella sp. cf. D. moussoni Merian, D. americana Smith, ammonoid form Indigirophyllites sp. ex gr. I. spetsbergensis (Oeberg), and radiolarian assemblage with Glomeropyle boreale Bragin. The upper Ladinian Substage 25–30 m thick is composed of clays with phosphate concretions and bivalves including Daonella frami Kittl., ammonoid species Indigirophyllites sp. ex gr. I. oimekonensis Popow, and radiolarian assemblage with Muelleritortis firma (Gorican). The middle Anisian and lower Ladinian substages are missing, which may be explained by the incompleteness of the section. The Middle Triassic section of Kotel’nyi Island is first stratified on the basis of radiolarians, which are supplemented by the data on cephalopods and bivalves. Glomeropyle saccum Bragin, sp. nov. is described.     

N and C Isotopic Compositions of the Lower Triassic of Southern Primorye and Reconstruction of the Habitat Conditions of Marine Organisms

N and C isotopic data are recorded and presented for the first time for the Lower Triassic claystones of Southern Primorye (Abrek Section). Five N isotope intervals and 11 more or less pronounced negative C isotope excursions, likely to reflect instability of the temperature regime and the oceanographic situation in the Early Triassic, are recognized in the section. The most favorable conditions for ammonoid recovery and other marine organisms in the Early Triassic (after the end- Permian ecological crisis) were associated with the late Induan—early Olenekian transgression and probable cooling.     

关岭生物群和卡尼期早期裂谷

讨论晚三叠世卡尼期早期关岭生物群的生存环境和死亡埋葬特点,认为该生物群分布于裂谷地区;生物群的群体死亡并被迅速埋葬的原因是地震;贵州龙生物群与关岭生物群是同期生物群;"S形带"是一构造断陷带,在卡尼期早期是裂谷。     

New radiolarian biostratigraphic age constraints on Middle Triassic basalts and radiolarites from the Inner Hellenides (Northern Pindos and Othris Mountains, Northern Greece) and their implications for the geodynamic evolution of the early Mesozoic Neotethys

The Avdella Mélange in the northern Pindos Mountains and its equivalent formation, the Loggitsion Unit in the Othris Mountains expose early Mesozoic (Mid-Late Triassic) oceanic fragments beneath the Western Greek Ophiolite Belt of the Inner Hellenides, Northern Greece. The mélange consists of locally interfingering blocks and slices of ribbon radiolarite, radiolarian chert and pillow basalt and is usually overthrust by Jurassic ophiolites. New Middle and Upper Triassic radiolarian biostratigraphic data are presented from radiolarites and basalt-radiolarite sequences within mélange blocks. Pillow basalts associated with the radiolarites provide clues to the opening of the Neotethyan ocean basin. The radiolarians indicate a Middle Triassic age (latest Anisian, probably early Illyrian), which is documented for the first time in the northern Pindos Mountains. The new radiolarian biostratigraphic data suggest that rift-type basalt volcanism already began in pre-Ladinian time (late Scythian?—Anisian). These basalts were then overlain by Upper Anisian to Carnian (?Norian) radiolarites.     

贵州南部中三叠世鱼鳞蛤组合序列

鱼鳞蛤(Daonella)是中三叠世双壳类特征性化石。它在世界上分布广泛、演化迅速,具有重要地层对比意义。这一属在我国分布于广西、贵州、云南、川南和藏南。滇、黔、桂三省交界地区,产鱼鳞蛤的中三叠世地层十分发育,在这里,鱼鳞蛤常常是地层划分的重要古生物依据。因此,研究鱼鳞蛤的种群分布规律是这一地区地质工作中的一项重要任务。笔者最近对黔南的鱼鳞蛤层进行了调查,发现有许多种在纵横分布上均十分稳定。     

贵州关岭三叠系竹杆坡组、小凹组头足类化石——兼论关岭生物群的时代

贵州关岭地区中、上三叠统竹杆坡组和小凹组产较丰富的头足类化石，计有11科19届37种，其中Enoploceras,Alloceratites,Sibyllites等属以及Trachyceras aon种系国内首次报道。自下而上可识别出(1)Xenopratrachyceras primum带；(2)Protrachyceras deprati带；(3)Protrachyceras costulatum带；(4)Trachycems multituberculatum带；(5)Sirenites cf. senticosus带等5个菊石带。讨论了每个菊石带的特征，并与国外同期菊石带进行了对比，指出(1)带与欧洲拉丁期早期R.reitzi带相当，(2)和(3)带分别与拉丁期晚期E.curionii带和P.archelaus带相当，(4)和(5)带分别与欧洲早卡尼期早期T.aon带和北美的早卡尼期晚期Sirenites nanseni带对比。关岭生物群产出层位与Trachyceras multituberculatum菊石带层位一致，时代应为早卡尼期早期。     

Ammonoid Succession of Setorym River （Verkhoyansk Area） and Problem of Permian—Triassic Boundary in Boreal Realm

The presence of a single Otoceras species (O.boreale), morphologically very variable, at the base of the Nekuchan Formation in Verkhoyansk, we believe, is to be obvious. Some morphological evidence leaves no doubt that two described morphs of O. boreale are s strictly corresponding sexual dimorphic pair. It is very likely that Kummel‘s idea that Canadian. O. concavum Tozer is an invalid species is truthful, considering the range of variability seen in larger Siberian and Himalayan Otoceras fauna. Just above the upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, the six stages of ammonoid succession can be recognized within the lower part of the Nekuchan Formation in the Setorym River Section:(a) Otoceras boreale;(b) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei; (c) Otoceras boreale-Tompophiceras pascoei-Aldanoceras;(d)Tompophiceras pascoei-Otoceras boreale-Aldanoceras;(e) Tompophiceras morpheous-T.pascoei-Aldanoceras;(f) Tompophiceras more pheous-T.pascoei-Wordieoceras domokhotovi-Ophiceras transitorium;(g)Tompophiceras morpheous-T.pascoei, corresponding to the Otoceras boreale and Tompophiceras morpheous zones. In spite of the domination of Otocerataceae or Xenodiscaceae in both oif these zones and the presence of some Permian type conodonts in the lower part of the Otoceras boreale Zone, they seem to be early Induan in age on the basis of the following arguments:(1) in contrast to the underlying regressive type sediments of the Upper Tatarian Imtachan Formation, both the Otoceras boreale and the Tompophiceras morpheous zones of the lowermost part of the Nekuchan Formation correspond to the single transgressive cycle;(2)typical early Induan ammonoids (Ophiceras and Wordieoceras) have been recognized in the Tompophiceras morpheous zone; (3) all described ammonoid succession stages (a-g) are characterized by very gradual changes and therefore correspond to the different parts of the single zone or to the different zones of the same stage, but not to the different systems (Permian and Triassic);(4)elsewhere in the Boreal realm (Arctic Canada), the conodont index species for the base of the Triassic, Hindeodus parvus, has been reported from the Otoceras boreale Zone. A new scheme of the phylogeny for the Otocerataceae and its Induan-Olenekian offspring (Araxceratidae-Otoceratidae-Vavilovitidae n.fam.-Proptychitidae-Arctoceratidae) and Xenodiscaceae is offered.     

湖北大冶沙田下三叠统菊石、双壳动物群的发现及其地层意义

本文所研究的湖北大冶沙田下三叠统菊石、双壳动物群,包括菊石10属11种,双壳类4属9种。文中建立了5个菊石带:Lytophiceras带、Gyronites带、Flemingites带、Pseudosagece-ras—Xenodiscoides带和Anasibirites带;2个双壳动物带:Claraia griesbachi带和Cl.concentrica带,并依据动物群面貌,将原大冶群的时代详细划分为大冶组和观音山组。大冶组的时代相当于格里斯巴赫期至亭纳尔期,观音山组的时代相当于斯密斯期至斯派斯期。     

Composition and similarity of global anomodont-bearing tetrapod faunas

Anomodont synapsids represent the dominant herbivores of Permian and Triassic terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems. Their taxonomic diversity and morphological disparity in combination with their cosmopolitan distribution makes them an ideal study object for macroevolutionary patterns across the most devastating extinction event in earth history. This study provides a thorough review of anomodont-bearing tetrapod faunas to form the basis for a faunal similarity analysis and future studies of anomodont diversity. The stratigraphic correlation and composition of all known anomodont assemblages is revisited, including a discussion of the validity of the globally distributed anomodont species. The similarity analysis of anomodont faunas is performed on the basis of presence–absence data of anomodont taxa, using explorative methods such as cluster analysis (UPGMA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The recovered faunal groupings indicate a common biostratigraphic age and furthermore reflect biogeographic patterns. Even though endemism and faunal provinciality was a constant element in anomodont faunas of the Permian and Triassic, the available evidence indicates that the end-Permian extinction resulted in a distinct uniformity that was unique to Early Triassic anomodont faunas. This is in particular characterized by the global distribution and overwhelming abundance of the disaster taxon Lystrosaurus. In contrast, cosmopolitan anomodonts also existed in the Late Permian (e.g., Diictodon) and Middle Triassic (e.g., Shansiodon), but those taxa coexisted with endemic faunal elements rather than dominated the fauna as Lystrosaurus did.     

Triassic synthems of southern South America (southwestern Gondwana) and the Western Caucasus (the northern Neotethys), and global tracing of their boundaries

Global tracing of the key surfaces of Triassic deposits may contribute significantly to the understanding of the common patterns in their accumulation. We attempt to define synthems – disconformity-bounded sedimentary complexes – in the Triassic successions of southern South America (southwestern Gondwana, Brazil and Argentina) and the Western Caucasus (the northern Neotethys, Russia), and then to trace their boundaries in the adjacent regions and globally. In southern South America, a number of synthems have been recognized – the Cuyo Basin: the Río Mendoza–Cerro de las Cabras Synthem (Olenekian–Ladinian) and the Potrerillos–Cacheuta–Río Blanco Synthem (Carnian–Rhaetian); the Ischigualasto Basin: the Ischichuca-Los Rastros Synthem (Anisian–Ladinian) and the Ischigualasto–Los Colorados Synthem (Carnian–Rhaetian); the Chaco–Paraná Basin: the Sanga do Cabral Synthem (Induan), the Santa Maria 1 Synthem (Ladinian), the Santa Maria 2 Synthem (Carnian), and the Caturrita Synthem (Norian); western Argentina: the Talampaya Synthem (Lower Triassic) and the Tarjados Synthem (Olenekian?). In the Western Caucasus, three common synthems have been distinguished: WC-1 (Induan–Anisian), WC-2 (uppermost Anisian–Carnian), and WC-3 (Norian–lower Rhaetian). The lower boundary of WC-1 corresponds to a hiatus whose duration seems to be shorter than that previously postulated. The synthem boundaries that are common to southwestern Gondwana and the Western Caucasus lie close to the base and top of the Triassic. The Lower Triassic, Ladinian, and Upper Triassic disconformities are traced within the studied basins of southern South America, and the first two are also established in South Africa. The Upper Triassic disconformity is only traced within the entire Caucasus, whereas all synthem boundaries established in the Western Caucasus are traced partly within Europe. In general, the synthem boundaries recognized in southern South America and the Western Caucasus are correlated to the global Triassic sequence boundaries and sea-level falls. Although regional peculiarities are superimposed on the appearance of global events in the Triassic synthem architecture, the successful global tracing suggests that planetary-scale mechanisms of synthem formation existed and that they were active in regions dominated by both marine and non-marine sedimentation.     

Principal ammonoid assemblages of Carboniferous period

Ammonoids constituted one of the most important marine faunal groups in the Carboniferous period; their assemblages can be used to identify and substantiate the main biostratigraphic boundaries of and within the Carboniferous system. The Devonian-Carboniferods boundary is marked by the extinction of ammonoids of the order Clymeniida and,other Devonian,types and the appearance of the suborder Prolecanitina. During the Early Carboniferbus epoch five major faunal assemblages were present, in ascending order: the Gattendorf (6 genera), Tournaisian (9 genera), Saourian (14 genera), Viséan (28 genera), and Namurian (47 genera). The boundary between the Early and Late Carboniferous is marked by general decrease in taxonomic variety and emergence of genera with more complex sutures (10 to 20 lobes). The major faunal assemblages during the Late Carboniferous epoch include the Bashkirian (28 genera), Moscovian (24 genera), Zhigulian (36 genera), and Orenburgian (27 genera). The upper boundary of die Carboniferous is not nearly so sharply expressed in terms of ammonoid changes as the lower one. AVailable eVidenCe 'favors' -placing it at the top of the Orenburgian stage, as the principal families of Permian ammonoids are all present in the overlying beds of the Asselian stage. Two new genera are diagnosed briefly; Winchelloceras n. gen. (type species, Goniatites allei Winchell, 1862) and Arcanoceras n. gen. (type species, Girtyoceras burmai Miller and Downs, 1950) and one new family, Orulganitidae (genus Orulganites). -- M. Gordon, Jr.     

Middle Triassic pteridosperms (Pinophyta) of the Timan–Pechora basin

The collection of fossil plants sampled by geologists from VNIGRI at the end of the 20th century from Triassic continental sections drilled by many wells and cropping out in several natural localities and stored at the Museum of Petroleum Geology and Paleontology of the same institute was critically revised. The use of the epidermal method for the study of plant remains with consideration of recent publications dedicated to continental sections of Central Europe made it possible to substantially broaden the taxonomic composition of the Triassic flora and first specify the composition of its pteridosperm representatives. Unlike the Triassic floras of Western Europe, the pteridosperms the Pechora region appeared to be relatively diverse. They number 37 species of 11 genera, which are confined to the upper part of the Triassic sequence: Anguran and Naryan-Mar formations and their analogs. The Middle Triassic, mainly, Ladinian, age of these formations is reliably substantiated both by paleontological (vertebrate and palynological) data and by results of the comparative analysis of the Anguran–Naryan-Mar taphofloras and coeval European type floras dated back to the Anisian–Ladinian by marine faunal remains. The stratigraphic significance of pteridospermous plant remains becomes undoubted for continental sections of the Timan–Pechora basin, while the genera Scytophyllum, Kalantarium, and Kirjamkenia may be considered with respect to their diversity and abundance as representing orthostratigraphic taxa.     

湖南桑植县仁村坪上二叠统—下三叠统底部菊石动物群序列及其区域对比

湖南桑植县仁村坪剖面二叠-三叠系界线地层连续,菊石动物化石丰富.根据该剖面上二叠统大隆组至下三叠统大冶组底部菊石动物群的分布,自下而上划分为4个菊石带:Araxoceras-Konglingites-Sanyangites带、Sinoceltites带、Pseudotirolites-Rotodiscoceras带和Hypophiceras-Ophiceras-Lytophiceras带.通过对该剖面菊石和牙形石生物地层及其与华南其他剖面的对比可知,Araxoceras-Konglingites-Sanyangites带与牙形石Neospathodus orientalis带同期,为吴家坪期晚期;Sinoceltites带与牙形石N.subcarinata-N.wangi带同期,为长兴期晚期;Pseudotirolites-Rotodiscoceras带与牙形石N.postwangi-N.changxingensis带和N.xiangsiensis-N.changxingensis带同期,为长兴期晚期;Hypophiceras-Ophiceras-Lytophiceras带与H.parvus、I.isarcica-I.staesche和N.planata 3个牙形石带同期,相当于印度期早期.根据仁村坪剖面菊石Hypophiceras-Ophiceras-Lytophiceras带底界的出现位置,将该剖面的二叠-三叠系界线确定在第27a层的中部.