大兴安岭大洋山钼矿成矿岩体地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及构造背景

大洋山斑岩型钼矿位于大兴安岭东北部呼中区,钼矿体主要产于石英二长斑岩体和上盘围岩中,产状受石英二长斑岩体控制。通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得石英二长斑岩年龄为(119.83±0.87) Ma,可代表成矿年龄。岩石地球化学数据显示岩体偏铝、贫钛、富钾,具钾玄岩特征,为造山带岩石,岩浆熔体未与地幔相互作用;相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb和K,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti和HREE,亲地幔元素亏损、轻稀土富集以及Eu中等亏损等特征显示岩浆源自陆壳。结合区域地质资料认为大洋山斑岩型钼矿形成于早白垩世晚期,成矿物质来源为地壳的重熔,与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋的俯冲闭合相关,成矿环境为伸展构造背景。     

云南卓玛成矿斑岩体锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

格咱岛弧是西南三江地区重要的铜多金属矿集区,卓玛铜矿是格咱岛弧近年来新发现和评价的与中酸性岩浆侵入有关铜多金属矿床之一。采用锆石LA-ICP-MS定年方法,获得卓玛成矿岩体石英二长斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为218.88±0.63Ma(MWSD=0.99),属于印支晚期。岩石地球化学特征表明石英二长斑岩属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩岩石系列,稀土元素总含量中等(ΣREE=50.50×10~(-6)~101.87×10~(-6)),轻稀土较富集(LREE/HREE=12.53~15.53),轻重稀土元素分馏明显((La/Yb)_N=17.58~18.32);且富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba、Rb、Sr、K,亏损高场强元素(HFSF)Ta、Nb、P、Ti和重稀土元素(HREE),具有岛弧花岗岩的特征,属I型花岗岩。研究表明,卓玛成矿斑岩体的形成时代属晚三叠世格咱岛弧岩浆作用的高峰时段,岩石成因与印支期甘孜-理塘洋壳的俯冲作用密切相关。     

冀东孤山子基性-超基性岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征

对孤山子基性-超基性岩体的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩地球化学等方面研究,确定了该岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及其形成的构造环境。该杂岩体主要由辉石岩和角闪辉石岩组成,元素地球化学上,贫SiO_2(34.28%~49.22%)、K_2ONa_2O、富MgO(4.54%~13.26%)特征,属碱性系列岩石。岩石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式为轻稀土富集型,(La/Yb)_N=8.14~36.19,Eu异常不明显,稀土元素原始地幔标准化分布模式相似,为上地幔富集地幔熔融。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba、K)和LREE(如La和Ce),明显亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)和HREE。样品Nb/U、Ce/Pb和La/Sm比值显示岩体经历了有限的地壳混染。锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究表明,岩石锆石U-Pb年龄分为3类:一类锆石U-Pb年龄为(1 392±10)Ma,应为孤山子超基性侵入体侵位过程中捕获的碎屑锆石;第二类锆石U-Pb年龄为(274.5±2.1)Ma,为岩浆侵位时形成的锆石;第三类锆石U-Pb年龄为(53.02±1.1)Ma,为热液锆石。研究认为,岩体的岩浆源区主要为亏损地幔,可能受晚古生代古亚洲洋俯冲洋壳的脱出流体迭加作用和地壳物质的混染。结合区域构造演化,认为岩体形成于古亚洲洋闭合后挤压向伸展转换的构造背景。     

西藏桑日县帕南岩体岩石学、地球化学、地质年代学研究及构造背景探讨

帕南岩体位于西藏桑日县马门地区,主要由二长花岗岩、二长岩组成。本文通过锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素等研究,探讨其构造背景和岩石成因。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,帕南岩体的成岩年龄为80.91±0.48Ma,形成时代为晚白垩世。帕南岩体地球化学特征表现为富钠、高钾、高铝、低钛,属准铝质高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩岩石系列。稀土分馏较明显且富集轻稀土((La/Yb)_N=8.88～11.86),具负Eu异常,相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素。Sr-Nd同位素显示,样品具较高的Pb、Sr、Sm、Nd含量,偏低的I_(Sr)值(0.70442～0.70486),正εNd(t)值(+1.99～+2.73)。综合帕南岩体的地质、地球化学和年代学特征,认为帕南岩体形成于晚白垩世新特提斯洋向北俯冲背景下的岛弧环境,可能是新特提斯洋俯冲角度变缓进入了平板俯冲阶段之后,由陆壳发生部分熔融产生的正常岛弧岩浆形成,同时也预示着109～80Ma的大规模岩浆活动在该区的落幕。     

内蒙古柴河地区柴青岩体年代学及地球化学特征

内蒙古柴河地区位于大兴安岭中部,对研究区内柴青岩体进行了系统的岩相学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学和地球化学分析。研究表明柴青岩体主体岩性为花岗斑岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年年龄为(139.1±2.7)Ma,即早白垩世。岩石富硅(Si O2=72.15%~72.43%)、铝(Al2O3=14.21%~14.36%)、碱(K2O+Na2O=8.77%~8.84%),贫铁(Fe O*=2.02%~2.04%)、镁(Mg O=0.6%~0.62%)、钙(Ca O=0.72%~1.21%),为高钾钙碱性系列岩石。样品相对富集轻稀土亏损重稀土,具有Eu异常(δEu=0.52),富集Ba、K、Cs、Th、U,亏损Nb、P、Ti,为I型花岗斑岩。柴青岩体具有造山后花岗斑岩的特征,形成于早白垩世伸展的构造背景。     

中甸春都铜矿区岩体成岩时代及地质意义

春都斑岩铜矿床位于中甸铜多金属成矿带的西带南段,矿区主要出露由闪长玢岩和花岗闪长斑岩组成的复式岩体,后者呈岩枝或岩脉产于闪长玢岩体中,并与斑岩铜矿有密切成因关系。本文应用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年方法,对闪长玢岩以及花岗闪长斑岩的锆石进行年代学研究。结果表明:岩石中的锆石颗粒为浅黄色-无色透明,呈正方双锥状、柱状的自形晶体,内部发育完好的韵律环带,并具较高的Th/U比值,属典型的岩浆成因锆石;主岩体——闪长玢岩体中的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为(212±3)Ma,成矿花岗闪长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为(217±2)Ma和(218±2)Ma。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄数据与地质体穿切关系的矛盾,可能与测试数据较少等因素有关。我们认为,矿区斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿时代均为晚三叠世,与义敦岛弧在237～208Ma之间发生大规模的岛弧岩浆活动相吻合。     

藏东玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿系统时间跨度分析

藏东玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床是目前西藏发现的最大斑岩铜矿床,含铜岩体主要由早期石英二长斑岩及晚期正长花岗斑岩组成。本文用LA-ICP-MS法测定早期石英二长斑岩及晚期正长花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄及Ar-Ar法测定钾质蚀变带黑云母的Ar-Ar年龄,发现玉龙含矿斑岩体早期石英二长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(41.3±0.3Ma, MSWD=0.92)与晚期正长花岗斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(41.3±0.2Ma, MSWD=1.24)基本相同,也和黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄(41.7±0.8Ma)及等时线年龄(41.3±0.8Ma)在误差范围内一致。玉龙斑岩铜矿早期及晚期岩体锆石U-Pb年龄一致表明含矿岩体在地质上的早期及晚期主要是岩浆在较短时间内脉动侵入所致。玉龙含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄(封闭温度约800℃)、³⁹Ar-⁴⁰Ar 年龄(封闭温度约300℃)及前人获得的Re-Os年龄40.1±1.8Ma(封闭温度约500℃)在误差范围内基本一致,表明含矿岩体岩体快速冷却,玉龙超大型斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿系统时间跨度小于1Ma。     

内蒙古毕力赫含金花岗岩类侵入岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

毕力赫大型斑岩型金矿位于华北克拉通北缘白乃庙-哈达庙铜-钼-金矿化集中区。矿区侵入岩包括以花岗闪长斑岩为主的含金次火山侵入杂岩体和地表广泛出露的钾长花岗斑岩。次火山杂岩体SiO2含量61.5%～71.4%,属亚碱性钙碱性系列,岩石REE配分具LREE富集型,弱Eu负异常,相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs)和Ba,具壳幔混源特征,除亏损Ba之外总体类似陆缘弧花岗岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得含金次火山侵入杂岩体和钾长花岗斑岩成岩年龄分别为283.8±4.2Ma～279.9±6.8Ma和264.2Ma,为早、中二叠世,与野外地质体穿插关系吻合。哈达庙-白乃庙地区晚古生代中-早二叠世的大规模构造-岩浆-成矿作用,与白云鄂博-西拉木伦缝合带两侧大陆对接碰撞的时间一致,受同碰撞构造环境制约。     

南秦岭太白河地区石英二长闪长岩锆石U-Pb同位素年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

为查明南秦岭太白河地区中性岩体的形成时代、岩石成因、源区性质和构造背景,本研究选取该地区石英二长闪长岩进行了锆石U-Pb同位素年代学和全岩元素组成研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测试结果显示,²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄为(216.8±2.2) Ma(MSWD=1.15,n=20),指示石英二长闪长岩形成时代为晚三叠世。岩石元素地球化学结果表现出K、Rb等大离子亲石元素和Zr、Hf等高场强元素相对富集,Nb、Ta、P、Ti相对亏损,呈现轻稀土元素强烈富集的右倾型稀土配分模式,具轻微的负Eu异常,为准铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石。岩浆物质来源具有壳幔混合的特点。基于区域地质构造演化特征,认为太白河地区石英二长闪长岩可能形成于碰撞-后碰撞阶段,属与邻近的西坝岩体同源岩浆活动的产物。结合区域岩浆作用、构造活动与成矿作用的研究认识,以及本文对有关年龄的修正与总结,认为区内凤太矿集区成矿作用时代为晚三叠世。     

川西太阳河黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

为揭示松潘-甘孜造山带构造演化及花岗岩成矿作用特征,对太阳河岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年及地球化学研究。结果显示,岩性主要为黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗闪长岩,锆石U-Pb年龄为(206.7±1.3)Ma,表明岩体形成于中生代印支末期。岩石的A/CNK为1.01～1.15,具有较低的Sr含量,Rb/Sr值较低,为0.12～0.36。大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba相对富集,Sr元素则呈现出较为明显的负异常。高场强元素Nb、Hf、P亏损,La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Zr等呈正异常而明显富集。岩体稀土总量为238×10~(-6)～1057×10~(-6),轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损。La_N/Yb_N值为39.85～192.16,δEu=0.64～0.92,δCe=0.89～1.06。岩石地球化学特征显示,该岩体具有过铝质S型花岗岩特征,源区为杂砂岩,形成于陆内汇聚-推覆造山阶段的后碰撞环境。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.