黑龙江省中东部地区二叠纪—早侏罗世洋陆演化过程及成矿动力学背景探讨

我国东北古生代—中生代洋陆构造演化存在较大争议。黑龙江省中东部地区二叠纪—早侏罗世岩浆活动强烈、矿床发育,为我们认识中国东北晚古生代至早中生代洋陆转换过程以及成矿地质背景提供了重要素材。本文在系统总结黑龙江省中东部的蛇绿岩、岛弧岩浆岩和矿床学研究成果基础上,分析并识别出洋内弧前弧玄武岩、富铌玄武（安山）岩和英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩（TTG）等岩石类型,并将研究区二叠纪—早侏罗世洋陆演化与成矿划分为二叠纪、早—中三叠世、晚三叠—早侏罗世三个阶段。（1）早二叠世佳木斯地块东侧的前弧玄武岩、富铌玄武岩和TTG岩类记录了古太平洋初始俯冲和洋陆俯冲,由于该西向俯冲导致佳木斯地块和松嫩地块间弧后拉张形成牡丹江洋,这期间佳木斯地块上的金矿围岩花岗岩类为与古太平洋俯冲背景有关的I型花岗岩。（2）早—中三叠世牡丹江洋发生双向俯冲消减,其中与牡丹江洋西向俯冲板片后撤相关的成矿序列为斑岩型钼矿。（3）晚三叠—早侏罗世佳木斯地块东缘受到古太平洋持续俯冲,以及晚三叠世末期—早侏罗世早期牡丹江洋闭合,形成松嫩地块和佳木斯地块同碰撞、碰撞后伸展以及古太平洋俯冲相关的岩浆事件,该时期主要形成早侏罗世斑岩型钼矿床和矽卡岩型多金属矿床。     

嫩江—黑河晚古生代碰撞过程的岩石构造建造学响应

根据嫩江—黑河地区古生代地质体岩石组合特征,恢复原岩建造类型,并在分析岩浆作用、变质作用、构造组合关系及同位素年代学资料基础上,探讨嫩江—黑河晚古生代陆陆碰撞带的形成机制。研究认为,早石炭世兴安地块和松嫩地块开始沿嫩江—黑河一线汇聚拼贴,早石炭世洋陆俯冲阶段形成了岛弧与弧后盆地沉积;晚石炭世—早二叠世陆陆碰撞过程中形成花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩侵位;早二叠世碰撞后伸展阶段形成了中二叠世弧后残余盆地。总体具有从俯冲-碰撞造山向造山后伸展演化的特点。     

广西大瑶山东南缘侏罗纪埃达克质花岗岩的特征、成因及构造意义

对钦杭结合带西南段大瑶山东南缘的中晚侏罗世埃达克质花岗岩（165~153 Ma）进行了岩石学、地球化学研究,并探讨了埃达克质和TTG岩类的特征属性。岩石SiO₂含量63.76%~72.13%,总体具高Al₂O₃（Al₂O₃≥15%）、低MgO （<3%）,亏损重稀土元素（HREE）、正Eu异常或弱的负Eu异常,低Y （≤18×10^-6）和Yb （≤1.9×10^-6）,高Sr （>300×10^-6）和Sr/Y值（>20）等埃达克岩独特的地球化学特征。结合区域构造演化分析认为,该侏罗纪埃达克质花岗岩形成于陆内伸展构造背景,为大陆板内加厚（隆起区）的下地壳底部岩石部分熔融的产物,属大陆板内环境I型花岗岩。具有类似于低镁安山岩/闪长岩系列（LMA）和镁安山岩/闪长岩系列（MA）两种高压型TTG亚类的属性,为古俯冲增生带下地壳弧型岩石熔融的继承性特征,与中生代古太平洋俯冲板片熔融过程无关,属非俯冲成因的埃达克/TTG岩类。其空间上与大瑶山东南缘早古生代俯冲增生带高度重合,且与早古生代TTG侵入岩组合紧密相邻,提示它们可能源自于早古生代洋壳俯冲带或大陆边缘弧下地壳玄武质岩石的部分熔融,因而具有洋俯冲成因的特征属性。     

滇西南惠民超大型铁矿床：一个晚三叠世火山沉积型矿床

惠民超大型铁矿床处在西南三江复合造山带中南段的昌宁-孟连结合带东侧,具有火山-沉积岩容矿、磁铁矿-菱铁矿矿化组合及普遍伴生热液蚀变的突出特点。目前,因其赋矿地层时代存在分歧,致使其矿床成因认识不清。野外地质调查表明,矿区内原划分为澜沧岩群惠民岩组的岩石组合可分为两个构造地层单元,即：下部为中—晚奥陶世弧火山岩组合,受到古特提斯洋俯冲增生作用的改造,显示一定的构造混杂特点,局部见铁铜矿化;其上被一套火山-沉积岩组合不整合覆盖。上覆火山-沉积岩由玄武岩、安山岩、凝灰岩及硅质岩组成,属于弧前环境沉积组合,是已知铁矿体的主要赋矿层位,至少可分为3个完整的火山沉积旋回,其间多为整合接触。铁矿体呈层状、似层状多层次产于火山岩、硅质岩中,显示同生沉积成矿特点,普遍伴生陡倾斜(细)脉状铁矿化。容矿火山岩上部火山岩及火山碎屑岩中岩浆锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,其结晶年龄位于235～214 Ma之间,峰期年龄为230～225 Ma,指示铁矿床成矿时代属晚三叠世。由此提出,惠民超大型铁矿床是一个早中生代火山沉积型矿床,其成矿严格受到晚三叠世(可早至晚二叠世)古特提斯洋向东俯冲消减(现今地理方位)有关弧火山活动...     

兴安地块东北部晚侏罗世C型埃达克质花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及构造环境意义

大兴安岭地区发育强烈的中生代岩浆作用,一直以来是本地区地质构造研究的热点,但关于晚侏罗世花岗岩的研究报道较少。文中根据三件花岗岩样品的锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测年结果获得的(158.5±1.6) Ma、(156.1±0.59) Ma和(154.1±1.1) Ma年龄结果将兴安地块东北部原定为早中生代的花岗岩形成时间厘定为晚侏罗世。该晚侏罗世花岗岩以中粗粒花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩为岩石组合,岩石具富硅碱、高钾、过铝、低铁钛镁等特点,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,富集LREE,亏损HREE、Y和HFSE,高Sr,低Yb,高La/Yb、Sr/Y比值,具有“C型”埃达克质岩的特点。该花岗岩的形成与蒙古鄂霍茨克洋闭合引起的陆陆碰撞造山作用密切相关,岩浆源于造山带加厚的下地壳底部基性岩的部分熔融,岩浆形成演化中有富铝地壳物质的加入。该系列花岗岩与紧邻的早、中侏罗世TTG花岗岩反映侏罗纪蒙古鄂霍茨克洋经历了由洋壳俯冲到陆陆碰撞的构造演化。     

大陆碰撞造山带镁铁质岩浆岩记录俯冲古洋壳物质再循环

在大陆碰撞造山带中寻找消失的古洋壳再循环及其壳幔相互作用的证据,对理解从洋壳俯冲到陆壳俯冲化学地球动力学过程的转变,以及板块构造理论的发展具有重要意义.通过对桐柏-红安造山带晚古生代和晚中生代镁铁质岩浆岩的岩石地球化学特征进行总结,可以识别出俯冲古洋壳再循环的岩石学和地球化学记录.晚古生代岛弧型镁铁质岩石具有弧型微量元素特征和相对亏损的放射成因同位素组成,记录了俯冲古洋壳在弧下深度（80~160 km）的流体交代作用;而晚中生代洋岛型镁铁质岩石OIB型微量元素特征和亏损-弱富集的放射成因同位素组成,记录了俯冲古洋壳在弧后深度（>200 km）的熔体交代作用.这一定性的解释也进一步得到了定量计算的证实,其结果表明镁铁质岩浆岩中的不相容元素的含量以及放射性成因同位素的富集程度,主要受控于地幔源区中所加入的地壳组分的性质和比例.因此,碰撞造山带中的岛弧型和洋岛型镁铁质岩浆岩,分别记录了弧下和弧后深度的俯冲古洋壳物质再循环.      

中国东北地区蛇绿岩

我国东北地区位于中亚造山带的东段,经历了复杂的增生造山过程,其所属微陆块的基底属性及拼贴位置、洋-陆转换一直是地学界研究的热点。根据近年来的研究进展,我们将东北地区微陆块划分为额尔古纳地块、兴安增生地体、松嫩-锡林浩特地块和佳木斯地块。同时综述了东北地区蛇绿岩/蛇绿混杂岩带的时空分布、年代学及地球化学的新资料,讨论了其构造背景及俯冲-增生过程。东北地区增生造山不仅涉及古亚洲洋和古太平洋,还可能与泛大洋有关,包括早奥陶世-晚三叠世古亚洲洋主洋盆及古亚洲洋分支——新元古代-晚寒武世新林-喜桂图洋、早寒武世-晚石炭世嫩江洋、新元古代-晚志留世黑龙江洋和晚二叠世-中侏罗世牡丹江洋的演化。早石炭世末-晚石炭世初,东北地区古亚洲洋分支洋盆全部闭合,所有微陆块完成聚合形成统一的东北陆块群。晚二叠世-早三叠世时期,古亚洲洋主洋盆沿索伦-西拉木伦-长春-延吉缝合带自西向东从早到晚以剪刀式最终闭合,完成东北陆块群与华北板块的拼接。晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期古太平洋板块俯冲启动,东北地区进入古太平洋俯冲增生构造体系。     

南岭中段中生代构造-岩浆活动与成矿作用研究进展

对南岭中段北部湘东南地区中生代构造-岩浆活动及成矿作用进行了较系统研究,主要提出以下认识。(1)中三叠世后期—中侏罗世初(早中生代)为板内造山阶段。中三叠世后期在区域NWW—SEE向挤压构造体制下发生强烈的陆内俯冲、汇聚作用,形成大量东倾为主的NNE向逆冲断裂与褶皱。其中茶陵—郴州断裂以东隆起区的隔槽式褶皱形成机制为"厚皮式"而非"薄皮式"。NW向基底隐伏断裂产生强烈左旋走滑,并使构造线产生逆时针旋转,形成了安仁"y"字型构造和水口山—香花岭南北向构造。挤压造山使地壳持续大幅增厚、深部地壳温度持续升高。中三叠世末—晚三叠世后期(233～210Ma)区域挤压应力松弛,被加热的中地壳下部岩石熔融,同时存在幔源基性岩浆底侵,从而于后碰撞环境下产生较大规模的花岗质岩浆活动。晚三叠世末—早侏罗世因同造山上隆伸展作用而形成裂陷盆地,中侏罗世初期在区域NNE向左旋汇聚走滑体制下形成逆冲断裂及山前冲断收缩盆地、NW向右旋走滑断裂等。早中生代板内造山活动的动力机制主要与板块汇聚的远程挤压效应有关。(2)中侏罗世早期—白垩纪(晚中生代)为后造山—陆内裂谷伸展阶段。中侏罗世早期—晚侏罗世(174～135Ma)因岩石圈拆沉而发生大规模花岗质岩浆活动与成矿作用。岩体的被动就位机制、暗色镁铁质微粒包体的发育、Sr-Nd同位素特征、以(高钾)钙碱性岩类为主的岩石组成、构造环境的岩石地球化学判别、大规模有色金属成矿、区域构造演化背景等,指示该时期为后造山构造环境。白垩纪进入强烈的陆内伸展阶段,形成盆-岭构造和相关的离散走滑断裂,广泛发育各类岩脉,局部形成AA型花岗岩小岩体和基性火山岩。热年代学资料暗示盆-岭构造的演化先后经历了构造剥蚀和风化剥蚀-沉积两个阶段。(3)造成湘东南燕山早期花岗岩成矿能力远高于印支期花岗岩的原因,主要是区域构造环境暨构造体制差异,即燕山早期后造山伸展构造体制下岩体中矿质更易于向周围扩散并沉淀,而印支期后碰撞环境弱挤压体制下矿质则被封闭;其次是花岗岩岩石地球化学特征差异,即构造-岩浆演化历史和深部成矿流体的参与使燕山早期花岗岩具有更好的成矿岩石地球化学条件。(4)燕山早期钨锡多金属和铅锌多金属两类矿床组合的形成可能主要与岩石圈结构(厚度)和深部热扰动强度,以及相应的岩浆作用规模和岩体侵位深度等因素有关。     

西昆仑西段晚古生代—中生代花岗质岩浆作用及构造演化过程

本文通过对西昆仑西段地区晚古生代—中生代花岗岩的岩石类型、形成时代和岩石地球化学资料的综合分析,探讨花岗质岩浆活动期次、岩石成因,结合区域资料,探讨构造-岩浆演化特征和碰撞造山过程。将该地区晚古生代—中生代构造-岩浆演化分为7个阶段:(1)388~324 Ma(特提斯Ⅰ、Ⅱ支洋向北俯冲消减阶段),具富钠贫钾特征的低温TTG岩石组合,形成于陆缘弧环境;(2)339~291 Ma(奥依塔格弧后盆地演化阶段),由于南部特提斯Ⅰ支洋持续往北俯冲,导致西昆仑北缘发生弧后扩展而形成弧后盆地,形成拉斑质具强烈富钠贫钾特征的低温大洋花岗岩;(3)258~241 Ma(特提斯Ⅰ支洋闭合、碰撞造山阶段),岩石中发育石榴子石和白云母,普遍具片麻状构造,属于S型花岗岩,陆壳部分熔融的产物;(4)234~210 Ma(特提斯Ⅰ后碰撞伸展阶段):岩体规模较大,为I型→A型花岗岩,伴随着地幔岩浆底侵和强烈的壳幔岩浆混合作用;(5)198~150 Ma(特提斯Ⅱ支洋向南俯冲消减阶段):类似TTG的岩石组合,形成于与洋壳俯冲有关的岩浆弧环境;(6)148~118 Ma(特提斯Ⅱ支洋闭合、碰撞造山阶段):弱片麻状二云二长花岗岩,属C型埃达克岩,为陆-陆碰撞过程中陆壳加厚发生部分熔融的产物;(7)111~75 Ma(特提斯Ⅱ后碰撞伸展阶段):发育规模较大,钾玄质系列,是古老地壳部分熔融的产物。根据各阶段花岗质岩浆活动特征和构造演化过程,初步提出了西昆仑西段晚古生代—中生代大地构造演化模式图。     

兴蒙造山带中与古亚洲洋演化有关的成矿系统初步研究

古亚洲洋演化过程中在兴蒙造山带中形成了大量金属矿床。早古生代早期,古亚洲洋向北俯冲,形成了奥陶纪多宝山-铜山斑岩Cu-Au成矿系统;早古生代晚期,古亚洲洋向南俯冲并形成了晚奥陶世白乃庙Cu-Mo-Au成矿系统和志留纪别鲁乌图海底喷流块状硫化物成矿系统。古亚洲洋在晚古生代早期向北俯冲,形成了晚泥盆世欧玉陶勒盖Cu-Au成矿系统。基本同时,古亚洲洋向南俯冲,形成了晚泥盆世哈达门沟Mo成矿系统。早石炭世,研究区构造体制从岛弧环境逐渐转变为陆内伸展环境,并在此过程中形成了豆荚状铬铁矿成矿系统和小型斑岩Mo-Cu成矿系统。     

敦化-密山断裂带的平移距离:来自松嫩-张广才岭-佳木斯-兴凯地块古生代-中生代岩浆作用的制约

敦化-密山断裂带是郯庐断裂北段的重要分支之一,其大规模左行走滑发生的时限以及平移距离一直存在较大争议。本文系统地总结了松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘、佳木斯地块以及兴凯地块之上古生代-中生代火成岩的锆石U-Pb年代学资料,结合其空间分布特征,对敦化-密山断裂带的平移时限及距离提供了制约。研究表明,松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘与兴凯地块在古生代-中生代期间具有类似的岩浆活动历史,两个地块之上该时期的岩浆作用可以划分为8个主要期次:中-晚寒武世(ca.500~516Ma)、早奥陶世(ca.480~486Ma)、晚奥陶世(ca.450~456Ma)、中志留世(ca.426~430Ma)、早二叠世(ca.285~292Ma)、晚二叠世(ca.255~260Ma)、晚三叠世(ca.202~210Ma)和早侏罗世(ca.185~186Ma)。相比之下,佳木斯地块中的古生代-中生代早期岩浆事件则集中在晚寒武世(~492Ma)、晚泥盆世(~388Ma)、早二叠世(~288Ma)、晚二叠世(~259Ma)和早侏罗世(~176Ma),而晚奥陶世-志留纪和晚三叠世的岩浆活动在佳木斯地块未见报道。早白垩世晚期(ca.105~110Ma)和晚白垩世(ca.90~94Ma)的岩浆活动在三个地块均存在。上述结果表明兴凯地块东缘与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘在早古生代经历了共同的地质演化历史,而中生代早期,兴凯地块西缘与松嫩-张广才岭地块东缘经历了同样的岩浆作用历史。上述结果暗示,敦化-密山断裂可能经历了至少两次平移,分别发生在中-晚二叠世-早三叠世和中-晚侏罗世-早白垩世,推测其总的平移距离约400km。结合研究区中生代期间的构造演化历史,敦化-密山断裂中生代的左行平移应与中-晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间古太平洋板块(Izanagi板块)的斜向俯冲相联系。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格早中生代大陆地壳增生过程中的岩浆活动与成矿作用

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区位于青藏高原北缘,为典型的大陆边缘增生造山带,经历了漫长的古生代—早中生代增生造山过程,其中以早中生代岩浆活动与成矿作用最为发育。文章系统总结了区内早中生代侵入岩分布及成因,对与其相关矿床地质、成矿流体特征及成矿物质来源进行分析,进一步探讨了祁漫塔格地区早中生代大陆地壳增生过程中的壳幔混合岩浆活动与成矿作用的关联。研究结果认为,中二叠世—早三叠世以俯冲阶段的侧向增生为主,中-晚三叠世以碰撞-后碰撞阶段的垂向增生为主,与成矿有关的岩浆岩主要为中-晚三叠世石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、花岗斑岩等,以I型、A型花岗岩为主,且多见暗色包体,Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成表明其源于古陆壳物质的重熔,有地幔物质的参与,由地幔底侵古老陆壳,幔源基性岩浆与壳源花岗质岩浆发生不同程度混合作用而形成。与该时期岩浆活动关系密切的主要为斑岩型铜钼矿床、矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床、层控矽卡岩型铅锌矿床、与碱性花岗岩有关稀有金属矿化等。成矿时代集中于248~210 Ma,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,成矿物质具有壳幔混合来源,区内中-晚三叠世大陆垂向增生过程中的壳-幔岩浆混合作用为区域大规模金属成矿提供大量热能、成矿流体及成矿物质。     

Study and geological implication of detrital zircons in Shuibei Formation of Early Jurassic in Zhangshudun of northeastern Jiangxi Province

The Early Jurassic basin in Zhangshudun of northeastern Jiangxi Province is located in the southeastern part of Jiangnan orogeny, and revealing the basin depositional source is of great importance for understanding and discussing the orogenic events and ancient geography during Early Mesozoic. The research of petrography, detrital zircons U-Pb geochronology, Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of Early Jurassic clastic rocks was conducted in this paper. The results show that the Early Jurassic Shuibei Formation includes molasse-like deposits and fluviatile-lacustrine facies, and the detrital zircons U-Pb ages are within the wide scope of 2 431~263 Ma, with no existence of synsedimentary or pensynsedimentary detrital zircons. The detrital zircons display a very obvious peak age in Early Paleozoic of 420~380 Ma, with ε_Hf(t) values between -10.7 and -3 and T_DM^C values between 2.08 and 1.58 Ga. The weak peak ages of 370~355 Ma and 858~663 Ma are displayed in Late Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic,respectively, with ε_Hf(t) values of -18.8 to -6.7 and T_DM^C values of 2.08 to 1.58 Ga. The detrital zircons also contain a few Early Mesozoic (263 Ma) and Paleo-Meso proterozoic (2 431~1 224 Ma) ages. The detrital zircons ages and Lu-Hf isotope are similar with geological entities in northwestern Wuyi area of Cathaysia Block, while they are obviously different from the ages of the geological body in southeastern Yangtze region. The detrital materials are mainly from Early Cambrian basement and Paleozoic geological body northwestern Wuyi area. While little detrital rocks may come from northwestern Zhejiang with sedimentary characters of passive continental margin. Combined with the comprehensive regional research results of Early Mesozoic basin, the authors conclude that the southeastern Jingdezhen-Huangshan of eastern Jiangnan orogenic belt was not uplifting with erosion in Early and Middle Jurassic, and the Mesozoic structural-magmatic activities in the inland of South China were the tectonic response to the dive and influx of multiplates. The uplift in the southezstern part of South China caused by the subduction of the paleo-pacific plate to the East Asian continent from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic can provide provenance for the inland basin, and the tectonic constitution at the turn of the Early-Middle Jurassic has been transformed into the subduction of the paleo-pacific plate.     

赣东北樟树墩早侏罗世水北组碎屑锆石研究及其地质意义

赣东北樟树墩地区早侏罗世盆地处于江南造山带东南缘,揭示盆地沉积物质来源对于认识和探讨周缘早中生代造山事件和古地理格局具有重要意义。对樟树墩早侏罗世盆地开展了岩相学、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果表明: 盆地为类磨拉石建造与内陆湖沼含煤建造,碎屑锆石年龄跨度大(2 431~263 Ma),未出现同沉积或准同沉积的碎屑锆石; 碎屑锆石年龄呈现极强的早古生代峰值(420~380 Ma,ε_Hf(t)为-10.7~-3.0, T_DM^C为2.08~1.58 Ga)、弱的新元古代峰值(858~663 Ma,ε_Hf(t)为-18.8~-6.7, T_DM^C为2.79~2.09 Ga)和晚古生代峰值(370~355 Ma),另有少量早中生代((263±5) Ma)、中—古元古代(2 431~1 224 Ma)碎屑锆石记录。碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成与华夏地块西北武夷山地区所出露地质体组成相似,而与扬子东南缘地质体组成存在显著差异,其碎屑物质主要来自陆内西北武夷山地区前寒武纪基底和古生代地质体,少量碎屑物质可能来源于浙西北地区,具有被动型大陆边缘盆地沉积特征。综合区域上早中生代盆地研究成果,认为江南造山带东段景德镇—黄山东南在早—中侏罗世并未整体隆升剥蚀,华南内陆中生代的构造-岩浆活动是其周缘多板块俯冲汇聚的构造响应,晚三叠世—早侏罗世古太平洋板块向东亚大陆的俯冲造成华南东南部隆升,使其开始为内陆盆地提供物源,至早—中侏罗世之交构造体制转换为古太平洋板块的俯冲消减。     

鄂尔多斯盆地构造沉降特征及对盆地成因的启示

构造沉降作为盆地成因研究中的重要组成部分,对其特征进行分析有助于盆地成因的解析。本次通过对鄂尔多斯盆地内5口典型探井的多期不整合所代表的的剥蚀厚度进行恢复,结合去压实矫正模型以及平均密度、平均古水深等参数的确定,较为精确地刻画出了鄂尔多斯盆地不同构造单元自早寒武世至今的构造沉降特征,同时结合裂谷盆地瞬时拉张模型、裂后热坳陷模型以及前陆盆地挠曲模型对构造沉降曲线进行了模拟,对盆地成因进行分析。鄂尔多斯盆地中寒武世—中生代末期主要由早古生代沉降旋回、二叠—三叠纪沉降旋回与侏罗—白垩纪沉降旋回组成。其中岩石圈热冷却作用引起的沉降贯穿全地质时期。早古生代沉降旋回中,中寒武世的加速沉降主要体现在盆地南部,沉降机制为岩石圈伸展减薄,中奥陶世马家期为全盆地尺度的加速沉降,沉降机制仍为岩石圈伸展减薄。二叠—三叠纪沉降旋回中,晚二叠世—早-中三叠世为该旋回的加速沉降期,该期加速沉降具有多幕裂陷的特征。侏罗—白垩纪沉降旋回中,中侏罗世盆地南部处于缓慢沉降期,沉降机制为岩石圈热冷却作用,晚侏罗世—早白垩世,除伊盟隆起,盆地整体处于加速沉降期,沉降机制为前陆盆地引起的挠曲沉降。     

Geology,geochronology and geochemistry of large Duobaoshan Cu-Mo-Au orefield in NE China: Magma genesis and regional tectonic implications

Duobaoshan is the largest porphyry-related Cu-Mo-Au orefield in northeastern(NE)Asia,and hosts a number of large-medium porphyry Cu(PCDs),epithermal Au and Fe-Cu skarn deposits.Formation ages of these deposits,from the oldest(Ordovician)to youngest(Jurassic),have spanned across over 300 Ma.No similar orefields of such size and geological complexity are found in NE Asia,which reflects its metallogenic uniqueness in forming and preserving porphyry-related deposits.In this study,we explore the actual number and timing of magmatic/mineralization phases,their respective magma genesis,fertility,and regional tectonic connection,together with the preservation of PCDs.We present new data on the magmatic/mineralization ages(LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb,pyrite and molybdenite Re-Os dating),whole-rock geochemistry,and zircon trace element compositions on four representative deposits in the Duobaoshan orefield,i.e.,Duobaoshan PCD,Tongshan PCD,Sankuanggou Fe-Cu skarn,and Zhengguang epithermal Au deposits,and compiled published ones from these and other mineral occurrences in the orefield.In terms of geochronology,we have newly summarized seven magmatic phases in the orefield:(1)Middle-Late Cambrian(506-491 Ma),(2)Early and Middle Ordovician(485-471 Ma and~462 Ma),(3)Late Ordovician(450-447 Ma),(4)Early Carboniferous and Late-Carboniferous to Early Permian(351-345 and 323-291 Ma),(5)Middle-Late Triassic(244-223 Ma),(6)Early-Middle and Late Jurassic(178-168 Ma and~150 Ma),and(7)Early Cretaceous(~112 Ma).Three of these seven major magmatic phases were coeval with ore formation,including(1)Early Ordovician(485-473 Ma)porphyry-type Cu-Mo-(Au),(2)Early-Middle Triassic(246-229 Ma)porphyry-related epithermal Au-(Cu-Mo),and(3)Early Jurassic(177-173 Ma)Fe-Cu skarn mineralization.Some deposits in the orefield,notably Tongshan and Zhengguang,were likely formed by more than one mineralization events.In terms of geochemistry,ore-causative granitoids in the orefield exhibit adakite-like or adakite-normal arc transitional signatures,but those forming the porphyry-/epithermal-type Cu-Mo-Au mineralization are largely confined to the former.The varying but high Sr/Y,Sm/Yb and La/Yb ratios suggest that the ore-forming magmas were mainly crustal sourced and formed at different depths(clinopyroxene-/amphibole-/garnet-stability fields).The adakite-like suites may have formed by partial melting of the thickened lower crust at 35-40 km(for the Early Ordovician arc)and>40 km(for the Middle-Late Triassic arc)depths.The Early Jurassic Fe-Cu skarn orecausative granitoids show an adakitic-normal arc transitional geochemical affinity.These granitoids were likely formed by partial melting of the juvenile lower crust(35-40 km depth),and subsequently modified by assimilation and fractional crystallization(AFC)processes.In light of the geological,geochronological and geochemical information,we proposed the following tectonometallogenic model for the Duobaoshan orefield.The Ordovician Duobaoshan may have been in a continental arc setting during the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean,and formed the porphyry-related deposits at Duobaoshan,Tongshan and Zhengguang.Subduction may have ceased in the latest Ordovician,and the regional tectonics passed into long subsidence and extension till the latest Carboniferous.This extensional tectonic regime and the Silurian terrestrial-shallow marine sedimentation had likely buried and preserved the Ordovician Duobaoshan magmatic-hydrothermal system.The south-dipping Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean subduction from north of the orefield had generated the Middle-Late Triassic continental arc magmatism and the associated Tongshan PCD and Zhengguang epithermal Au mineralization(which superimposed on the Ordovician PCD system).The Middle Jurassic closure of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the northwestern Amuria block(Erguna terrane),and the accompanying Siberia-Amuria collision,may have placed the Paleo-Pacific subduction system in NE China(including the orefield)under compression,and formed the granodiorite-tonalite and Fe-Cu skarn deposits at Sankuanggou and Xiaoduobaoshan.From the Middle Jurassic,the consecutive accretion of Paleo-Pacific arc terranes(e.g.,Sikhote-Alin and Nadanhada)onto the NE Asian continental margin may have gradually distant the Duobaoshan orefield from the subduction front,and consequently arc-type magmatism and the related mineralization faded.The minor Late Jurassic and Cretaceous unmineralized magmatism in the orefield may have triggered mainly by the far-field extension led by the post-collisional(Siberia-Amuria)gravitational collapse and/or Paleo-Pacific backarc-basin opening.     

黑龙江省东部古生代—早中生代的构造演化:火成岩组合与碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

黑龙江省东部松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块之间的演化历史以及古亚洲洋构造体系与环太平洋构造体系的叠加与转化一直是地学领域研究的热点问题之一。依据该区古生代—早中生代火成岩的年代学与岩石组合研究,结合碎屑锆石的年代学研究成果,讨论了松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块之间的演化历史以及两大构造体系叠加与转化的时间。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明:黑龙江省东部古生代—早中生代岩浆作用可划分成8期:早奥陶世(485Ma)、晚奥陶世(450Ma)、中志留世(425Ma)、中泥盆世(386Ma)、早二叠世(291Ma)、中二叠世(268 Ma)、晚三叠世(201～228 Ma)以及早侏罗世(184 Ma)。早奥陶世—中志留世,岩浆作用主要分布在松嫩—张广才岭地块的东缘,并呈南北向带状展布,主要由闪长岩-英云闪长岩-二长花岗岩组成,显示活动陆缘—碰撞的构造演化历史,揭示松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块于中志留世(425Ma)已经拼合在一起,这也得到了早泥盆世地层碎屑锆石年代学的支持。中泥盆世,火山作用分布在佳木斯地块东缘和松嫩—张广才岭地块上,前者为双峰式火山岩组合,后者为A型流纹岩,它们共同揭示该区处于一种碰撞后的伸展环境。早二叠世,佳木斯地块东缘发育一套钙碱性火山岩组合,揭示古亚洲洋俯冲作用的存在,而同期的张广才岭地区则发育一套典型的双峰式火成岩组合,揭示了陆内伸展环境的存在。中二叠世,同碰撞型火山岩分布于佳木斯地块东缘及东南缘,其形成可能与佳木斯地块和兴凯地块的碰撞拼合有关。晚三叠世,张广才岭地区存在的双峰式火山岩和敦—密断裂东南区发育的A型流纹岩均显示陆内的伸展环境,其形成应与古亚洲洋最终闭合后的伸展环境相联系。此外,结合牡丹江断裂两侧均发育中—晚二叠世花岗岩以及佳木斯地块上晚三叠世—早侏罗世岩浆作用的缺失,暗示松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块在三叠纪早期沿牡丹江断裂可能存在一次裂解事件。而早—中侏罗世陆缘(东宁—汪清—珲春)钙碱性火山岩和陆内(小兴安岭—张广才岭)双峰式火成岩组合的出现,结合牡丹江断裂两侧"张广才岭群"和"黑龙江群"构造混杂岩的就位,暗示松嫩—张广才岭地块与佳木斯地块在早—中侏罗世再次拼合,这也标志着环太平洋构造体系的开始。     

150 Million year history of North China Craton disruption preserved in Mesozoic sediments of the Ordos basin

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin, situated in the western part of the North China Craton, preserves the 150-million-year history of North China Craton disruption. Those sedimentary sources from Late Triassic to early Middle Jurassic are controlled by the southern Qinling orogenic belt and northern Yinshan orogenic belt. The Middle and Late Jurassic deposits are received from south, north, east, and west of the Ordos Basin. The Cretaceous deposits are composed of aeolian deposits, probably derived from the plateau to the east. The Ordos Basin records four stages of volcanism in the Mesozoic–Late Triassic (230–220 Ma), Early Jurassic (176 Ma), Middle Jurassic (161 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (132 Ma). Late Triassic and Early Jurassic tuff develop in the southern part of the Ordos Basin, Middle Jurassic in the northeastern part, while Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks have a banding distribution along the eastern part. Mesozoic tectonic evolution can be divided into five stages according to sedimentary and volcanic records: Late Triassic extension in a N–S direction (230–220 Ma), Late Triassic compression in a N–S direction (220–210 Ma), Late Triassic–Early Jurassic–Middle Jurassic extension in a N–S direction (210–168 Ma), Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous compression in both N–S and E–W directions (168–136 Ma), and Early Cretaceous extension in a NE–SW direction (136–132 Ma).     

Tectonics and geodynamics of Gorny Altai and adjacent structures of the Altai–Sayan folded area

Packages of Late Paleozoic tectonic nappes and associated major NE-trending strike-slip faults are widely developed in the Altai–Sayan folded area. Fragments of early deformational phases are preserved within the Late Paleozoic allochthons and autochthons. Caledonian fold-nappe and strike-slip structures, as well as accompanying metamorphism and granitization in the region, are typical of the EW-trending suture-shear zone separating the composite Kazakhstan–Baikal continent and Siberia. In the Gorny Altai region, the Late Paleozoic nappes envelop the autochthon, which contains a fragment of the Vendian–Cambrian Kuznetsk–Altai island arc with accretionary wedges of the Biya–Katun’ and Kurai zones. The fold-nappe deformations within the latter zones occurred during the Late Cambrian (Salairian) and can thus be considered Salairian orogenic phases. The Salairian fold-nappe structure is stratigraphically overlain by a thick (up to 15 km) well-stratified rock unit of the Anyui–Chuya zone, which is composed of Middle Cambrian–Early Ordovician fore-arc basin rocks unconformably overlain by Ordovician–Early Devonian carbonate-terrigenous passive-margin sequences. These rocks are crosscut by intrusions and overlain by a volcanosedimentary unit of the Devonian active margin. The top of the section is marked by Famennian–Visean molasse deposits onlapping onto Devonian rocks. The molasse deposits accumulated above a major unconformity reflects a major Late Paleozoic phase of folding, which is most pronounced in deformations at the edges of the autochthon, nearby the Kaim, Charysh–Terekta, and Teletskoe–Kurai fault nappe zones. Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing molasse deposits are preserved as tectonic wedges within the Charysh–Terekta and Teletskoe–Kurai fault nappe zones.Detrital zircon ages from Middle Cambrian–Early Ordovician rocks of the Anyui–Chuya fore-arc zone indicate that they were primarily derived from Upper Neoproterozoic–Cambrian igneous rocks of the Kuznetsk–Altai island arc or, to a lesser extent, from an Ordovician–Early Devonian passive margin. A minor age population is represented by Paleoproterozoic grains, which was probably sourced from the Siberian craton. Zircons from the Late Carboniferous molasse deposits have much wider age spectra, ranging from Middle Devonian–Early Carboniferous to Late Ordovician–Early Silurian, Cambrian–Early Ordovician, Mesoproterozoic, Early–Middle Proterozoic, and early Paleoproterozoic. These ages are consistent with the ages of igneous and metamorphic rocks of the composite Kazakhstan–Baikal continent, which includes the Tuva-Mongolian island arc with accreted Gondwanan blocks, and a Caledonian suture-shear zone in the north. Our results suggest that the Altai–Sayan region is represented by a complex aggregate of units of different geodynamic affinity. On the one hand, these are continental margin rocks of western Siberia, containing only remnants of oceanic crust embedded in accretionary structures. On the other hand, they are represented by the Kazakhstan–Baikal continent composed of fragments of Gondwanan continental blocks. In the Early–Middle Paleozoic, they were separated by the Ob’–Zaisan oceanic basin, whose fragments are preserved in the Caledonian suture-shear zone. The movements during the Late Paleozoic occurred along older, reactivated structures and produced the large intracontinental Central Asian orogen, which is interpreted to be a far-field effect of the colliding East European, Siberian, and Kazakhstan–Baikal continents.     

中、上扬子北部盆-山系统演化与动力学机制

中国南方中生代经历了中国大陆最终主体拼合的陆缘及其之后的陆内构造演化。晚古生代末期,在秦岭—大别山微板块与扬子板块之间存在向西张口的洋盆,即勉略古洋盆。中三叠世末期开始,扬子板块相对于华北板块发生自南东向北西的斜向俯冲碰撞作用,扬子北缘晚三叠世至中侏罗世发育陆缘前陆褶皱逆冲带与前陆盆地系统。晚侏罗世至早白垩世,中国东部的大地构造背景发生了重要的构造转变,中、上扬子地区处于三面围限会聚的大地构造背景。在这种大地构造格局下,中、上扬子地区晚侏罗世至早白垩世发育陆内联合、复合构造与具前渊沉降的克拉通内盆地系统。自中侏罗世末期开始,扬子北缘前陆带与雪峰山—幕阜山褶皱逆冲带经历了自东向西的会聚变形过程及盆地的自东向西的迁移过程和收缩过程。扬子北缘相对华北板块的斜向俯冲导致在中扬子北缘的深俯冲及超高压变质岩的形成。俯冲之后以郯庐断裂—襄广断裂围限的大别山超高压变质地块在晚侏罗世向南强逆冲,致使扬子北缘晚三叠世至中侏罗世前陆盆地被掩覆和改造。