湖北早三叠世鱼龙前肢化石新材料及对比讨论

杨钟健和董枝明曾在1972年指出中国发现的早三叠世鱼龙Chaohusaurus geishanensis与欧洲的Grippia前肢和头部相似,具有系统关系。但后来中国该时代鱼龙类化石大多前肢特化或不完整,难以进一步对比研究。本文记述了湖北下三叠统嘉陵江组中发现的2件较完整的鱼龙前肢化石新材料,对中国的古老鱼龙类相关信息进行了补充。通过形态学对比,认为湖北被归入Chaohusaurus的早三叠世鱼龙前肢总体特征与同属的Ch.geishanensis接近而与Ch.chaoxianensis有明显差别,而且其以相对较大的个体、间中骨挤压变形以及豌豆骨发育等特征表现出与Grippia、Utatsusaurus、Parvinatator等其他早三叠世鱼龙类前肢的相似性。据此分析推测,早三叠世鱼龙类可能存在两个演化方向。即在二叠纪末大灭绝(EPME)事件后不久,鱼龙类起源并在奥伦尼克期出现分化,一部分个体相对较大、前肢未特化、运动能力较强的鱼龙类实现了跨区交流,另一些个体相对较小、前肢特化、运动能力较弱的鱼龙类则成为地方性(东特提斯区)的独立演化分支。但两者之间的系统发生关系以及Chaohusaurus的单系性还有待进一步研究揭示。     

贵州关岭上三叠统卡洛维龙 (爬行动物：鱼龙类)一新种

根据采自贵州关岭上三叠统小凹组一件近乎完整的鱼龙骨架标本和一件压扁的头骨标本,笔者建立并系统描述了卡洛维龙的一个新种Callawayia wolonggangensis sp.nov.。分析和讨论了新种与Callawayia属其他种及其在关岭生物群中共生的各鱼龙属种之间的异同点,指出新种以具有发育的上颌骨上升支,窄的额骨及其与鼻骨之间宽缓的U-形接缝与该属模式种C.neoscapularis相区别。新种与关岭生物群中的Panjiangsaurus分子在头骨和四肢的一般形态特征上较为接近,但新种的鼻骨向后延伸与后额骨接触;额骨呈槽状向上颞孔方向延伸,并直接参与上颞孔前边缘的形成,以及后部顶骨脊之下具有发育的顶骨架而易于区别。另外,新种桡骨和桡侧腕骨前边缘直的特点也与Panjiangsaurus明显不同。     

西藏措勤盆地的上古生界-下中生界：潜在的油气沉积建造

新的地层和古生物学研究结果表明,措勤盆地在晚古生代一早中生代不存在长达75Ma以上的沉积间断．其中,晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期都是海相碳酸盐岩地层,晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世为陆缘碎屑岩地层．两者之间为角度不整合接触．措勤盆地在晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期一直处于海相碳酸盐岩盆地中．晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世仍然是接受巨厚沉积的低洼地区。从宏观的油气勘探的战略评价角度看．措勤盆地在中二叠世栖霞期-晚三叠世诺利期的海相碳酸盐岩地层具有生油层的性质,上三叠统瑞替阶-中下侏罗统具有盖层的性质,两者之间的角度不整合具有储集层的性质。措勤盆地中二叠统-下侏罗统构成一个油气的有利勘探层系．称为古格层系。     

西藏措勤盆地的上古生界—下中生界：潜在的油气沉积建造

新的地层和古生物学研究结果表明,措勤盆地在晚古生代一早中生代不存在长达75Ma以上的沉积间断．其中,晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期都是海相碳酸盐岩地层,晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世为陆缘碎屑岩地层．两者之间为角度不整合接触．措勤盆地在晚二叠世-晚三叠世诺利期一直处于海相碳酸盐岩盆地中．晚三叠世瑞替期-早中侏罗世仍然是接受巨厚沉积的低洼地区。从宏观的油气勘探的战略评价角度看．措勤盆地在中二叠世栖霞期-晚三叠世诺利期的海相碳酸盐岩地层具有生油层的性质,上三叠统瑞替阶-中下侏罗统具有盖层的性质,两者之间的角度不整合具有储集层的性质。措勤盆地中二叠统-下侏罗统构成一个油气的有利勘探层系．称为古格层系。     

晚三叠世—中侏罗世羌塘盆地的形成与演化

晚三叠世-侏罗纪是羌塘盆地大型海相沉积盆地形成时期,是研究羌塘盆地形成过程、判别盆地性质的重要时期.本文通过区域构造、盆地充填建造和岩相古地理分析,提出了该时期的羌塘盆地并非晚三叠世前陆盆地(或弧后盆地)和侏罗纪弧后盆地(前陆盆地),而是晚三叠世早期(肖茶卡期)的陆表海盆地和晚三叠世诺利期-中侏罗世巴柔期(那底岗日期-雀莫错期)的坳陷-裂陷盆.肖茶卡期内陆盆地主要受可可西里-金沙江活动带的控制,沉积期后出现的海退事件可能与冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆的碰撞作用有关;那底岗日期-索瓦期羌塘盆地的强烈拉张断陷可能反映冈瓦纳大陆边缘的总体构造背景.     

西藏昂仁县孔隆地区木纠错组诺利期牙形石的发现及其地质意义

拉萨地块晚二叠世-三叠纪地层的研究对认识青藏高原前新生代特提斯演化具有重要意义,但目前对该时期的沉积充填序列及古地理环境尚未形成统一认识.通过对西藏昂仁县孔隆地区开展的详细地层和牙形石相关研究,在木纠错组上部发现了晚三叠世诺利期Epigondolella sp.牙形石分子,在下拉组顶部发现了时代跨越晚二叠统长兴阶和早三叠统印度阶的牙形石Hindeodus typicalis;从而将研究区木纠错组时代重新厘定为晚二叠世长兴期至晚三叠世诺利期,指示拉萨地块西部三叠纪应仍为连续的浅海相沉积.      

粤中地区晚三叠世——早株罗世地层划分新认识

粤中地区晚三叠世－早株罗世岩石地层，自下而上为小坪组、金鸡组和桥源组，它们在区域上分布稳定，具有可填图性。小坪组的沉积演化序列与粤北的艮口群相似，其中含双壳类组合，介形虫组合和植物组合，地层时代属于晚三叠世卡尼期－诺得期，金鸡组中，凌云山段含介形虫组合，石塘段含菊石带、双壳类组合，地质时代属于早株罗世。凌云山段与下小伏小坪组马安段呈平行不整合接触，三叠系与株罗系的分界宜划在凌云山段之底。     

上扬子西南部晚三叠世古隆起演化及其构造意义

在大量野外地质调查和资料分析的基础上,通过不同剖面的沉积特征和地层对比分析,识别出上扬子西南部存在晚三叠世古隆起;并结合区域构造背景,探讨了古隆起的构造属性、演化和大地构造意义。研究结果表明,上扬子西南部普遍缺失上三叠统,这一地层的缺失不是后期剥蚀造成的,而是由于上扬子西南部在晚三叠世存在一个与上扬子西南缘近平行的古隆起。该古隆起的发育与金沙江-哀牢山-马江-八布洋、甘孜-理塘洋的关闭及之后的碰撞造山作用密切相关。在早三叠世末,金沙江-哀牢山-马江-八布洋关闭,上扬子西南部南缘的右江和楚雄盆地成为前陆盆地,形成的前缘隆起共同组成了该古隆起;至晚三叠世诺利期,甘孜-理塘洋关闭,上扬子西南部西缘发育西昌前陆盆地,其前缘隆起与右江、楚雄前陆盆地的前缘隆起一起组成古隆起;至瑞替期末,由于右江前陆盆地停止发育,古隆起仅由楚雄和西昌前陆盆地的前缘隆起组成。这一古隆起的发现对研究四川盆地晚三叠世盆地原型和上扬子西南部构造演化具有重要意义。     

羌塘盆地晚三叠世原型盆地性质探讨

通过系统地对羌塘地区晚三叠世盆地的区域构造格架、岩石大地构造及沉积建造研究，对晚三叠世盆地的原型盆地性质进行探讨。认为该区晚三叠世盆地形成于新特提斯分支洋盆孕育阶段，岩浆岩地球化学特征显示为板内拉张环境，盆地中央隆起和南北凹陷形成于不同的地质时期。多数地质事实不支持前人比较公认的该盆地为前陆盆地的观点。将该区晚三叠世盆地的盆地性质确定为准克拉通盆地。     

贵州中晚三叠世海生爬行动物研究概况

贵州中晚三叠世的海生爬行动物以鳍龙类为主,另有鱼龙类。主要产出层位有二个,即中三叠统安尼阶的关岭组及晚上三叠统卡尼阶的竹杆坡组和瓦窑组。它们仅见于贵州中晚三叠世的碳酸盐台地范围内,在深水陆源碎屑浊积盆地尚未见及,化石以原地埋藏为主,异地埋藏很少见及。多数属种特征与欧州阿尔插斯的同期类群料为接近,而与北美同期类群料为疏远。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。