地质灾害链

用系统的普遍联系和发展的观点看待各种地质灾害之间的相互关系是地质灾害链研究的出发点。当前,地质灾害链的研究还处于起步阶段,地质灾害链的理论及其评价方法和技术还不完善。在收集相关资料的基础上,阐述了地质灾害链的定义、分类和分级,初步总结中国地质灾害链的分布规律,综合分析地质灾害链的研究现状,阐明了其发展方向,并提出地质灾害链防治的一些措施和建议。按诱发因素,地质灾害链可以分为:内动力地质灾害链、外动力地质灾害链、人类工程活动地质灾害链以及复合型地质灾害链。依据地质灾害链的规模不同,地质灾害链依次可以分为四级:一级地质灾害链,全球级别的地质灾害链;二级地质灾害链,区域地质灾害链;三级地质灾害链,流域地质灾害链;四级地质灾害链,单条冲沟地质灾害链。在中国的东部尤其是东南沿海地区台风灾害链活动频繁、影响范围广、造成的损失巨大。在青藏高原地区尤其是南北向地震带,内、外动力地质灾害链活动频繁,影响深远。地震灾害链、崩塌和滑坡转化为泥石流问题、滑坡坝溃决问题、冰湖溃决灾害链、台风灾害链等问题将是未来地质灾害链的研究重点;地质灾害链评价、预测及其风险评估将是地质灾害链研究的关键科学问题。地质灾害链的防治是地质灾害链研究的最终目标。     

陕西省宝鸡市渭滨区地质灾害风险评价

在渭滨区地质灾害详细调查的基础上,通过统计分析确定了各类地质灾害危险性和易损性的主要影响因素,采用模型方法和定性评价方法分别进行了地质灾害的危险性评价和易损性评价,在此基础上进行了地质灾害风险评价。渭滨区地质灾害类型主要为滑坡、崩塌、泥石流3种,共发育地质灾害隐患点123个,其中有16个点直接威胁人民的生命和财产。分别统计了渭滨区各乡镇地质灾害的多少和危害程度,总结了区域内地质灾害的分布特征,分析了地质灾害的形成条件,建立了地质灾害风险评价的指标体系,确定了地质灾害危险性、易损性和风险的判别标准,进行了地质灾害风险性评价与区划。共划分为极高风险区、高风险区、中风险区、低风险区和极低风险区5个等级。     

南海地质灾害类型与分布规律

南海地质灾害用力学观点按其主要成因可划分为5种类型:水动力型地质灾害,气体动力型地质灾害,土力学型地质灾害,重力型地质灾害和内动力型地质灾害。大型地质灾害多发生在构造活动带;滑坡、浊流等主要集中在陆坡地带;内陆架地区浅层气、埋藏河道、古潟湖等比较发育;滨海地区水动力作用,尤其是风暴潮是诱发该区地质灾害的主导因素。南海地质灾害的特点还具有周期性、继承性和新生性。     

地质灾害防灾减灾技术研究现状及发展综述

中国是地质灾害最为严重的国家之一.许多学者和机构对如何防范地质灾害、减轻地质灾害的影响进行了研究.根据这些研究将地质灾害防灾减灾技术总结为4类：地质灾害监测,地质灾害预测预警,地质灾害风险评估和地质灾害风险管理.对国内外地质灾害的监测、预警、风险评估和风险管理等方面的研究进行了总结.分析了目前的发展状况和存在的问题.     

山东省枣庄市市中区地质灾害防治规划

枣庄市市中区是山东省地质灾害重点地区,主要地质灾害有岩溶塌陷、采空塌陷和崩塌,其形成主要受资源开发等人类经济活动影响。本文在地质灾害调查的基础上,进行了地质灾害经济损失评估;利用袭扰系数法,划分出地质灾害高易发区、中易发区、低易发区及不发育区;对地质灾害点进行了分级,最终确定了地质灾害重点防治区、次重点防治区和一般防治区,并对全区地质灾害防治提出了具体规划和措施等。     

四川康定城地质灾害危险性分区评价

以康定城为例,提出了城市地质灾害危险性分区评价的新方法,建立了地质灾害易发性和地质灾害社会经济易损性评价因子指标体系与评价方法,在地质灾害易发性和易损性评价基础上,进行地质灾害危险性分区评价。其危险性等级划分标准与国务院地质灾害防治条例和突发地质灾害应急预案函中的划分标准一致,评价结果可直接用于城市地质灾害防治规划编制工作,为城市防灾减灾和实施地质灾害避让搬迁、监测报警和防治工程的实施提供了科学依据。     

太原市主要地质灾害及防灾减灾措施研究

以太原市地质灾害详细调查资料为依据,总结了太原市地质灾害的主要类型,包括滑坡、崩塌、采矿地面塌陷、地面沉降、泥石流以及具潜在危险的不稳定斜坡等;归纳分析了太原市地质灾害的规模特征、成因特征,统计了地质灾害的危害和潜在威胁。通过近年来省内外尤其是太原市地质灾害防灾减灾措施的调查研究,结合太原市地质灾害隐患的具体特点,提出了加强地质灾害防治的有关制度建设、宣传培训工作、科学部署地质灾害防治、监测工程、强化建设项目的地质灾害危险性评估及监督检查、强化地质灾害隐患点的定期调查和隐患区外复杂地质环境条件区的地质灾害防治以及关闭矿山区的采空区勘查治理等地质灾害减灾防灾措施。     

商城县地质灾害气象预警研究

绝大多数地质灾害由人类工程活动和降雨协同作用诱发,降雨是滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害的主要激发因子,气象预报预警可有效预警滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害。商城县滑坡、崩塌、泥石流地质灾害发育,以地质灾害易发性区划图为基础划分为4个地质灾害预警区。充分考虑降雨对地质灾害发生的影响,对重点预警区及次重点预警区采用临界日综合有效过程降雨量模型判据法,进行地质灾害气象预警预报。     

地质灾害风险评估理论与实践

该书依托“重点地区地质灾害风险评估示范”项目成果,在广泛收集国内外地质灾害风险评估科研成果的基础上,分析、研究、借鉴了国内外地质灾害风险评估理论方法,比较系统地阐述了地质灾害风险评估研究的进展、地质灾害危险性评估、易损性评估、地质灾害风险评估和风险管理的过程与方法,拟定了区域地质灾害风险评估思路,并形成了具有一定层次特点的地质灾害风险评估系统,同时选择了一个典型地区进行了地质灾害风险评估实践。     

地质灾害气象预警区划方法研究——以湖北省巴东县为例

大气降雨是崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害主要的诱发因素之一。本次研究依据多年的地质灾害监测资料和气象数据,经过筛选和分析,选取巴东县有时间记载的274处地质灾害(崩塌、滑坡、泥石流),其中209处地质灾害的发生与降雨有关,占总数的76.3%。本文通过随机选取其中61处地质灾害与降雨量资料,进行相关性分析,确定了巴东县突发性地质灾害发生的临界降雨量和有效过程降雨量,建立了地质灾害气象预警模型,完成了地质灾害气象预警区划,为巴东县政府做好地质灾害预警工作提供了科学的依据。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.